Kuvutika ndi Nkhaŵa za Ndalama

Gawo 1a: Kukhupuka ndi Kugwa kwa Dongosolo Lamalonda

“Ngakhale kuti amayi ndi atate amatipatsa moyo, ndalama zokha ndizo zimausunga.”—The Japanese Family Storehouse; kapena, The Millionaires’ Gospel, olembedwa ndi Ihara Saikaku.

KODI munafunapo ndalama kwambiri? Kapena kodi zinakuchitikiranipo kuti munalibe ndalama zokwanira zolipirira chinthu chofunika kwambiri? Kapena kodi munaliwonapo banja lanu liri ndi njala kapena losoŵa zovala zabwino? Mamiliyoni a anthu lerolino angayankhe kuti inde ku mafunso amenewo. Amadziŵadi mmene nkhaŵa ya ndalama imakhalira.

Tangoyerekezerani nkhaŵa ya tate wokhala paulova amene ali ndi ana oti adyetse ndi ngongole zoti alipire. Talingalirani mmene amamverera nakubala wotopa ndi kuimirira m’mzera wokagulira zinthu zovuta kupeza amene pofika mkati mwa sitolo apeza kuti zinthu zatha kapena kuti mitengo njokwera kwambiri. Talingalirani kupsinjika kwa mkulu wa bizinesi amene kampani yake yatsala pang’ono kuthedwa ndalama kapena chitsenderezo paboma lokhala m’vuto lakuyesayesa kulipira ngongole zokwanira madola mabiliyoni ambirimbiri.

M’dziko la leroli ngakhale mawu ena amadzetsa nkhaŵa. Malipiro athu (ndalama, katundu, kapena mautumiki olandiridwa monga malipiro a ntchito kapena kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zina zothandiza) angakhale otsika kwakuti njira yathu ya moyo (mlingo wazachuma umene tiri ozoloŵera kukhala ndi moyo) imadodometsedwa kowopsa. Zimenezi zingachititsidwe ndi ulova, kutsika kwachuma kwakanthaŵi kapena kwanthaŵi yaitali, kapena ndi kukwera kwa mitengo (kumene kumachitika pamene kufunika kwa zinthu kuposa zinthu zoperekedwa, kwakuti ndalama zathu zimagula zochepa). Pokhala ndi ndalama zosakwanira sitingauthenso mtengo wa zofunika zamoyo (mtengo wogulira zinthu ndi wolipirira mautumiki amene timafuna tsiku ndi tsiku).

Mphamvu ya Zitsenderezo Zachuma

Bukhu lina likunena kuti Kutsika Kwazachuma Kwakukulu kwa m’ma 1930 kunali tsoka lazachuma limene “linayambukira dziko lirilonse ndi mbali iriyonse ya moyo, zakakhalidwe ndi zandale, m’dziko limodzi ndi m’maiko onse.” Mwakulimbitsa maulamuliro andale osakonda kusintha ku Jeremani ndi Italiya, kunathandiza kudzetsa Nkhondo Yadziko ya II, motero kusonyeza mphamvu ya zitsenderezo zachuma. Kunali monga momwe John K. Galbraith analembera m’bukhu lake lakuti Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went kuti: “Ku Jeremani kalelo mu 1933, Adolf Hitler anayamba kulamulira. Chipambano chake chachikulu chinachititsidwa ndi ulova wofala ndi kuchepa koŵaŵitsa mtima kwambiri kwa malipiro atsiku ndi tsiku, malipiro apamwezi, kukwera kwa mitengo ndi mapindu a katundu.” Akumathirira ndemanga yonena za kukwera kwa mitengo ku United States panthaŵiyo, Galbraith akuwonjezera kuti: “Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwa ndalama, palibe amene anakaikira kufunika kwa mantha amene kutsikako kunayambitsa.”

Kusintha kwa zandale kumene kunafalikira Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu kumapeto kwa ma 1980 kunasonkhezeredwa kwakukulu ndi mfundo zachuma. Kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi zirinso zofunika pochita masankho m’mademokrase Akumadzulo, kumene anthu, monga kwanenedwa mobwerezabwereza, amachita masankho atakopedwa ndi nkhani zimene zimayambukira ndalama zawo.

Kaŵirikaŵiri chitsenderezo chazachuma chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito poyesa kukakamiza maboma kusintha malamulo awo. Chotero, nthaŵi zina, ziletso zachuma zamakono zalingana ndendende ndi kumangira tsasa kwa magulu ankhondo kwamakedzana. Mu 1986, Yuropu, Japani, ndi United States anaika ziletso zachuma pa South Africa kutsutsa lamulo lake la kusankhana fuko, mwachiwonekere ndi chipambano m’mbali zina. Mu 1990 maiko ochuluka, oimiriridwa ndi UN, anaika chitsenderezo chazachuma pa Iraq, mosaikira ndi chipambano chochepa.

Komabe, kusinthako kukuwonekera bwino. Jacques Attali, wolemba Wachifalansa ndi phungu wa prezidenti, akunena kuti ‘amalonda akuloŵa mmalo mwa ankhondo monga ochita mbali yofunika koposa m’nkhani zadziko.’ Ndipo magazini ena ananena kuti: “[M’maiko ambiri] mphamvu yadziko ya chuma yatenga malo a mphamvu ya zankhondo kukhala njira imene iri yofunika.”

Kodi Vutolo Likuchepa?

Ngozi zachilengedwe, matenda, ndi upandu zimadodometsa chuma. Zimateronso ngongole ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama za bajeti. Malinga ndi The Collins Atlas of World History, “ngongole za dziko lonse [m’maiko osatukuka] nzochuluka kwambiri kwakuti nthaŵi zina, dziko limafika pamphembenu penipeni pa kugweratu kwa chuma, ndipo kuchuluka kwa umphaŵi, limodzi ndi kuthedwa nzeru ndi tsoka limene kungachititse, zakhala zowopsa kwambiri.”

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ena akukanthidwa ndi kukwera kwa mitengo kosalamulirika, ena akuyesayesa mwamphamvu kukuchinjiriza kwakanthaŵi. Kupanda chisungiko kukuwonekera m’malonda osakhazikika. Kudwala kwadzidzidzi kwa wolamulira wandale, kapena ngakhale mphekesera zosatsimikizirika, zingawononge chuma m’kanthaŵi kochepa. Kugwa kwa malonda mu Wall Street m’October 1987—kwakukulu kuposa kwa mu 1929—kunatchedwa mlungu woipitsitsa m’mbiri yazandalama. Pafupifupi madola a United States okwanira 385 biliyoni omwe anali mtengo wa chuma anawonongedwa. Malondawo analimbanso, koma akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti kugwa kwazandalama koipiratu kudzabwerabe. “Kungakhale bwino ngati dziko silingadziŵiretu mmene kugwa kotheratu kwa chuma kudzakhalira,” analemba motero mtola nkhaniyo George J. Church.

Kutalitali ndi kucheperako, vuto la zitsenderezo zachuma ndi nkhaŵa zimene zimadzetsa likuwonekera kukhala likukulirakulira. Chotero kodi nkwanzeru kusinkhasinkha pa kuthekera kwakuti mapeto a vutoli angakhale pafupi?