Rashi​—Wothirira Ndemanga Baibulo Wosonkhezera

KODI limodzi mwa mabuku a m’Chihebri oyamba kusindikizidwa ndi liti? Ndemanga zokhudza Pentatuke (mabuku asanu a Mose). Linafalitsidwa ku Reggio Calabria, Italy, mu 1475. Wolilemba? Mwamuna wina wotchedwa Rashi.

Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani buku la ndemanga linapatsidwa ulemu wapadera umenewo? M’buku lake lakuti Rashi​—The Man and His World [Rashi​—Munthuyo ndi Zochitika za mu Nthaŵi Yake], Esra Shereshevsky ananena kuti buku la ndemanga la Rashi “linakhala buku lofunika kwambiri m’nyumba yachiyuda ndi m’nyumba zamaphunziro. Palibenso buku lina lachiyuda limene layamikiridwa chotero . . . Pali mabuku enanso a ndemanga oposa 200 amene tikudziŵa kuti akufotokoza buku la Rashi la ndemanga zokhudza Pentatuke.”

Kodi ndi Ayuda okha amene akhudzidwa ndi buku la ndemanga la Rashi? Ngakhale kuti ambiri sakuzindikira, ndemanga za Rashi pa Malemba Achihebri zakhudza matembenuzidwe a Baibulo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Koma kodi Rashi anali yani, ndipo anakhala motani ndi chisonkhezero chotero?

Kodi Rashi Anali Yani?

Rashi anabadwira ku Troyes, France, m’chaka cha 1040.a Ali mnyamata, anaphunzira m’masukulu achipembedzo achiyuda a ku Worms ndi Mainz ku Rhineland. Kumeneko anaphunzitsidwa ndi ena mwa akatswiri achiyuda otchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya. Atafika zaka ngati 25 zakubadwa, anabwerera ku Troyes pa zifukwa za iye mwini. Pokhala wodziŵika kale monga katswiri wamaphunziro, Rashi mwamsanga anakhala mtsogoleri wachipembedzo wa Ayuda a kumeneko ndipo anatsegula sukulu yake yachipembedzo. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, malo ameneŵa amaphunziro achiyuda anakhala otchuka kwambiri kuposanso aja a aphunzitsi a Rashi a ku Germany.

Panthaŵiyo Ayuda ku France anali pabata ndi mtendere ndi anzawo ochita Chikristu, zimene zinapatsa Rashi ufulu waukulu wolondola zochita zake zaukatswiri wamaphunziro. Koma sanali wosiyana ndi anthu ena onse ngakhale anali katswiri wamaphunziro. Mosasamala kanthu kuti anali wolemekezeka monga mphunzitsi ndiponso mkulu wa sukuluyo, Rashi anali kupanga vinyo kuti azipeza zofunika za m’moyo. Kudziŵa bwino ntchito wamba kumeneku kunamupangitsa kuyandikana kwambiri ndi Ayuda wamba, zimene zinamuthandiza kuwamvetsa ndi kuwachitira chifundo pamikhalidwe yawo. Malonso a mzinda wa Troyes anawonjezera chidziŵitso cha Rashi. Pokhala pafupi ndi njira zazikulu za malonda, mzindawo unali ndi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo zimenezi zinapangitsa Rashi kudziŵa bwino khalidwe ndi miyambo ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kodi N’chifukwa Chiyani Panafunikira Buku la Ndemanga?

Ayuda ankadziŵika kuti anali anthu a buku. Koma “buku” limenelo​—Baibulo​—linali m’Chihebri, ndipo “anthu” amenewo tsopano anali kuyankhula Chiarabu, Chifalansa, Chijeremani, Chisipanya, ndi zinenero zinanso zambirimbiri. Ngakhale kuti Ayuda ambiri anali kuphunzitsidwabe Chihebri kuyambira paubwana wawo, mawu ambiri a m’Baibulo sanali kuwadziŵa. Ndiponso, kwa zaka mazana ambiri chizoloŵezi champhamvu m’Chiyuda cha arabi chinapangitsa anthu kuti asamafufuze tanthauzo lachindunji la mawu a m’Baibulo. Maphiphiritso ndi nthano zokhudza mawu ndi mavesi a m’Baibulo zinali zochuluka. Ndemanga ndi nthano zambiri zoterozo zinalembedwa m’mabuku ambirimbiri, onse pamodzi otchedwa kuti Midrash.b

Nachonso chidzukulu cha Rashi, Rabi Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam), chinali katswiri wa Baibulo. M’ndemanga yake yonena za Genesis 37:2, chinanena kuti “othirira ndemanga akale [Rashi asanakhaleko] . . . ankakonda kulalikira maulaliki (derashot), zimene ankaona ngati cholinga chachikulu koposa, [koma] sanali kufufuza mwakuya matanthauzo achindunji a mawu a m’Baibulo.” Ponena za chizoloŵezi chimenechi, Dr. A. Cohen (mkonzi wamkulu wa Soncino Books of the Bible) analemba kuti: “N’zoona kuti Arabi anaika lamulo lakuti palibe mamasuliridwe amene adzavomerezedwa ngati sagwirizana ndi peshat kapena kuti tanthauzo loonekeratu la mawuwo; koma kwenikweni iwo sanali kulitsatira lamulo limeneli.” Mumkhalidwe wachipembedzo umenewo, Myuda wamba sanali kudziŵa chochita poŵerenga Baibulo ndipo ankaona kuti akufunikira chiwiya china cholifotokoza.

Cholinga cha Rashi ndi Njira Zake

Cholinga cha Rashi pamoyo wake wonse chinali kumveketsa mawu a m’Malemba Achihebri kwa Ayuda onse. Kuti achite zimenezi, anayamba kulemba m’mabuku ndemanga zokhudza mawu ndi mavesi akutiakuti amene anaona kuti woŵerenga angavutike kumva. Ndemanga za Rashi zimenezo zinatchula mafotokozedwe a aphunzitsi ake ndipo zinachokera pa chidziŵitso chake chachikulucho cha zolembedwa zonse zamitundumitundu za arabi. Pofufuza chinenero, Rashi anafufuza magwero onse amene analipo. Anapenda mmene zizindikiro za Amasorete zolozera ku zilembo zina ndi zizindikiro zosonyeza kutsitsa kapena kukweza liwu zikukhudzira kamvekedwe ka mawuwo. Pofuna kumveketsa bwino liwu, buku lake la ndemanga zonena za Pentatuke nthaŵi zambiri limasonya ku matembenuzidwe achiaramaiki (Targum of Onkelos). Rashi sanali kuumirira pa chinthu chimodzi ndipo anali waluso pofufuza njira zotheka zimene sanazifufuze poyamba zofotokozera mapulipozishoni, alumikizi, matanthauzo a aneni, ndi mbali zina za galamala ndi kuloŵana kwa mawu. Ndemanga zimenezo zinathandiza kwambiri pofuna kumvetsa kuloŵana kwa mawu ndi galamala ya Chihebri.

Mosiyana ndi chizoloŵezi chofala m’Chiyuda cha arabi panthaŵiyo, Rashi nthaŵi zonse ankayesetsa kugogomezera tanthauzo losavuta kumva ndiponso lachindunji la mawu. Koma zolembedwa za Midrash zambirimbirizo, zodziŵika kwambiri kwa Ayuda, sakanazinyalanyaza. Mbali yochititsa chidwi ya buku la ndemanga la Rashi ndiyo mmene ankasonyera ku zolembedwa zenizenizo za Midrash zimene nthaŵi zambiri sizinasonyeze tanthauzo lachindunji la mawu a m’Baibulo.

Pothirira ndemanga pa Genesis 3:8, Rashi anafotokoza kuti: “Pali midrashim yochuluka ya aggadac imene Anzeru athu afotokoza kale bwino mu Bereshit Rabbah ndi zolembedwa zina za midrash. Koma ineyo ndikungofuna tanthauzo lachindunji (peshat) la vesili, ndiponso aggadot imene ikufotokoza chochitika cha m’Malemba chimenechi malinga ndi nkhani yake.” Mwa kusankha ndi kukonzanso midrashim imene anaona kuti ikuthandiza kufotokoza tanthauzo kapena nkhani ya vesi, Rashi anakonza, kapena kuti sanaphatikizemo, midrashim imene inkabutsa mikangano ndi kusokoneza anthu. Chifukwa cha kukonzanso kumeneku, mibadwo yam’tsogolo ya Ayuda inadziŵa kwambiri Midrash yolembedwa bwino yosankhidwa ndi Rashi.

Pamene kuli kwakuti anali kuthokoza aphunzitsi ake kwambiri, Rashi sanali kuzengereza kutsutsa pamene anaona kuti mafotokozedwe awo sanagwirizane ndi mfundo zomveka za mawuwo. Pamene sanamvetse ndime inayake kapena ataona kuti poyamba sanaifotokoze molondola, anali kuvomereza, ndipo anali kutchula ngakhale nkhani zimene ophunzira ake anamuthandiza kuwongolera kamvedwe kake.

Anakhudzidwa ndi Zochitika m’Nthaŵi Yake

Rashi ankadziŵadi zochitika m’nthaŵi yake. Wolemba nkhani wina anati mwachidule: “Chinthu chachikulu chimene [Rashi] anachita pa moyo wa Ayuda chinali kumasuliranso ndime zonse zofunikira m’chinenero cha m’nthaŵiyo, mwanjira yomveka ndiponso yolunjika chotero, mwaubwenzi ndiponso mwachifundo, mwaluso lapadera ndi ukatswiri, moti ndemanga zake zinakhala zolemekezedwa ngati malemba ndiponso zokondedwa ngati mabuku a nkhani wamba olembedwa mwaluso. Rashi ankalemba Chihebri ngati akulemba Chifalansa, mwanzeru ndi mwaluso. Akasoŵa mawu enieni achihebri, ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu achifalansa m’malo mwake, kuwalemba ndi zilembo zachihebri.” Mawu otengedwa m’Chifalansa ameneŵa​—Rashi anagwiritsa ntchito oposa 3,500​—akhala othandiza kwambiri kwa ophunzira Chifalansa Chakale ndi katchulidwe ka mawu.

Ngakhale kuti Rashi anabadwa m’nthaŵi ya bata, m’zaka za patsogolo iye anaona udani ukukula pakati pa Ayuda ndi odzitcha Akristu. Mu 1096 Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Mtanda inasakaza magulu a Ayuda a ku Rhineland, kumene Rashi anaphunzira. Ayuda zikwi zambiri anaphedwa. Zikuoneka kuti uthenga wa kuphedwa kwa Ayudako unasintha thanzi la Rashi (limene silinakhalenso bwino mpaka imfa yake mu 1105). Kuyambira pamenepo kumka m’tsogolo, panali kusintha kwakukulu m’ndemanga zake za Malemba. Chitsanzo chimodzi choonekeratu ndicho Yesaya chaputala 53, amene amanena za kuvutika kwa mtumiki wa Yehova. Poyamba, Rashi ankati mawu ameneŵa amanena za Mesiya, monga momwe Talmud imanenera. Koma zikuoneka kuti pambuyo pa Nkhondo za Mtanda, anaganiza kuti mavesi ameneŵa ankanena za Ayuda, amene anavutika popanda mlandu. Pamenepa mpamene mamasulilidwe achiyuda a malemba ameneŵa anasinthira.d Choncho, khalidwe losakhala lachikristu la Dziko Lachikristu linali kupambutsa ambiri pa choonadi cha Yesu, kuphatikizapo Ayuda.​—Mateyu 7:16-20; 2 Petro 2:1, 2.

Kodi Anakhudza Motani Kutembenuza Baibulo?

Posapita nthaŵi Rashi anasonkhezera anthu osakhala Ayuda. Mfranciscan wachifalansa wothirira ndemanga Baibulo Nicholas wa Lyra (1270-1349) nthaŵi zambiri anali kutchula malingaliro a “Rabi Solomon [Rashi]” moti anamupatsa dzina losemera lakuti “Wofanana ndi Solomon.” Ndiyeno, othirira ndemanga ambiri ndi otembenuza anatsatira zolemba za Lyra, kuphatikizapo amene anatsegulira njira otembenuza Baibulo la m’Chingelezi la King James Version ndi wosinthitsa zinthu Martin Luther, amene anayambitsa njira zatsopano zotembenuzira Baibulo ku Germany. Luther ankadalira kwambiri Lyra moti panali ndakatulo yakuti: “Chikhala Lyra sanaimbe zeze, Luther sakanavina.”

Rashi anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro a arabi amene sakugwirizana ndi choonadi chachikristu. Komabe, pokhala ndi chidziŵitso chachikulu chotero cha mawu achihebri a m’Baibulo, kuloŵana kwa mawu ake, ndi galamala ndiponso kuyesetsa kwake kosalekeza kuti apeze tanthauzo lenileni ndiponso lachindunji la mawu, Rashi anapatsa ofufuza ndi otembenuza Baibulo magwero othandiza kwambiri oyerekezera ndi ena.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Mawu: Per gentile concessione del Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali