Mtsogolo mwa Chipembedzo M’chiyang’aniro cha Nthaŵi Yake ya Kumbuyo
Gawo 20: zana la 19 kupita mtsogolo—Kubwezeretsedwa Kuyandika!
“Njira yabwino koposa yowonera kuwunika kwaumulungu ndiyo kuyatsa nyali yanu.”—Thomas Fuller, sing’anga Wachingelezi ndi mlembi (1654-1734)
ZAKA za zana la 19 zotchedwa imodzi ya nyonga zokhala ndi zochitika zambiri m’mbiri Yachikristu, poyerekeza ndi zaka za mazana oyamba ndiponso ndi zaka za nyengo ya Kukonzanso. Zifukwa zochititsa kuwonjezeka koteroko m’chidziŵitso ndi ntchito za chipembedzo n’zambiri ndipo zosiyanasiyana.
Mlembi Kenneth S. Latourette akundandalitsa mfundo zoyenerera 13, zina zomwe zinakambitsiridwa m’kope lapita la magazine ano. Iye akutero kuti “sizinachitike nkalelonse kuti m’nthaŵi yochepa motere chitaganya cha mtundu wa anthu chasinthidwa mokulira chotero ndipo m’njira zosiyanasiyana chotero.”
Mu United States, kuyambanso kwa chipembedzo kunali kowonekeratu. Mwachitsanzo, umembala wa tchalitchi unakwera kuchokera pa peresenti yochepera pa 10 ya chiŵerengero cha anthu onse kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana limenelo mpaka chifupifupi 40 peresenti kumapeto kwake. Masande sukulu—oyambitsidwa mu England mu 1780—anatchuka kwenikweni. Chopangitsa chinali chakuti, mosiyana ndi Europe, kupatukana kwa Tchalitchi ndi Boma mu United States kunatsekereza malangizo achipembedzo mu masukulu aboma. Kuwonjezerapo, unyinji wa makoleji achipembedzo ndi masosaite a Baibulo a zipembedzo zogwirizana anayambitsidwa, ndipo mkati mwa theka loyamba la zaka za zanalo, chifupifupi maseminale 25 a maphunziro a zaumulungu anakhazikitsidwa mu United States.
Panthaŵiyo, pa mlingo wa dzikolonse, chiphunzitso Chachiprotesitanti chinkayamba kulingalira za umishonale. Wopanga nsapato ndiponso mphunzitsi wa ku Britain, William Carey anatsogolera mu 1792 mwa kufalitsa bukhu lakuti An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens. Pamene ankatumikira mu India monga amishonale, Carey ndi anzake anatembenuza Baibulo lonse kapena mbali yake m’zinenero ndi zilankhulo Zachimwenye ndi zina ku Asia zoposa 40. Ntchito imene ena a amishonale oyambirira ameneŵa anaichita m’kugaŵira Mabaibulo njoyamikirika.
Sayansi yatsopano yofukula zofotseredwa ya Baibulo nayonso inatchuka mkati mwa zaka za zana lapita. Mu 1799 asilikali a ku France mu Igupto anapeza thanthwe la black basalt tsopano lotchedwa mwala wa Rosetta. Ilo linali ndi zilembo zozokotedwa zolembedwa kubwerezedwa katatu, kaŵiri m’mikhalidwe iŵiri yosiyana ya kalembedwe kozokota ka Chiigupto ndipo kamodzi m’Chigriki. Chotero linakhala laphindu koposa m’kumveketsa kalembedwe kozokota ka Chiigupto. Mwamsanga pambuyo pake zolembedwa za Asuri zinamveketsedwanso. Chotero, pamene kufukula za zofotseredwa kunayamba mu Asuri ndi Igupto mwamsanga pambuyo pake, zofukulidwazo zinakhala ndi tanthauzo latsopano. Zolembedwa zambiri za Baibulo zinatsimikiziridwa kufikira tsatanetsatane wa zinthu zochepetsetsa.
Kuyatsa Nyali za Iwo Eni
Pamene chikondwerero chachipembedzo chinkakula, chinateronso chiŵerengero cha okakhala osinthanso. Komabe, zinali zowonekeratu kuti sionse amene anali owona mtima. Mlembi wotchulidwa poyambapo Kenneth S. Latourette mosabisa akuvomereza kuti zina za zipembedzo zatsopano “zinakhalapo chifukwa cha kaduka, ndewu, ndi zikhumbo zaumwini.” Koma osinthanso oyatsa nyali za zikhumbo zaumwini sakanayembekezeredwa kukhala osankhidwa ndi Mulungu kaamba ka kubwezeretsa kulambira kowona.
Pakati pa nyali zaumwini zosayaka bwino zosokoneza zimenezi, maganizo a zaumulungu anasokonezedwa. Kusuliza kwa ophunzira, komwe makamaka kunali chotulukapo cha mayunivesite ku Germany, kunamasuliranso Malemba motsogozedwa ndi maganizo a sayansi “opita patsogolo.” Osuliza ophunzira anawona Baibulo kukhala cholembedwa wamba cha chipembedzo Chachiyuda. Ulamuliro wa Baibulo wofunikira kwambiri m’kusankha njira ya chipulumutso unakaikiridwa, ndiponso nzeru yake yabwino koposa ya miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino.
Kusuliza kwa ophunzira kunapeza chirikizo losavuta, makamaka pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo Achiprotesitanti. Mogwirizana ndi ripoti lina, podzafika 1897 panalibe chiŵalo nchimodzi chomwe cha mayunivesite a zaumulungu 20 Achiprotesitanti mu Germany chimene chinasungabe kawonedwe kamwambo ponena za kulembedwa kwa Pentateuch (mabukhu a Baibulo asanu oyambirira) kapena kwa bukhu la Yesaya.
Zaka zoŵerengeka pambuyo pake, mu 1902, mkangano pa kusuliza kwa ophunzira unabuka pa msonkhano wa General Assemblies of the Presbyterian Churches in Scotland. Nyuzipepala ya Edinburgh Evening News inasimba kuti: “Mogwirizana ndi kusuliza kwa ophunzira, . . . Baibulo liri nkhani zanthanthi zosonkhanitsidwa, kuchokera ku zimene mlaliki angatengeko mbali zoŵerengeka za kuphunzitsa zamakhalidwe mongadi mmene katswiri wa makhalidwe abwino angatengere mbali zoŵerengeka za makhalidwe kuchokera ku ‘Æsop’s Fables.’” Komabe, nyuzipepalayo inanena kuti: “Ogwira ntchito sali zitsiru. Iwo sangapezeke ku tchalitchi kukamvetsera kwa amuna amene iwo eni akukhala mu nkhungu ya maganizo.”
Nkhani yachiŵiri masiku oŵerengeka pambuyo pake inalidi yosapita m’mbali, mwakumati: “Palibe chifukwa chobisira nkhani. Tchalitchi Chachiprotesitanti chiri chinyengo cholinganizidwa, ndipo atsogoleri ake ali atambwali enieni. Chiri chowona kwenikweni kuti ngati mlembi wa ‘Age of Reason’ anali adakali ndi moyo lerolino sakananenedwa mosekedwa kukhala Tom Paine, mbuli yosakhulupirira, koma akanatchedwa Rev. Thomas Paine, D. D., Profesa wa Mamasulidwe a Chihebri ndi Chipangano Chakale wa, U[nited] F[ree] College, Glasgow. Iye sakanakhala ndi vuto kulalikira pa guwa Lachiprotesitanti . . . [ndi] kumalandira malipiro aakulu monga profesa wa nthanthi ya zaumulungu.”
Kuwukira Kwachipembedzo
Kuyambira pa chiyambi chake, chiphunzitso Chachiprotesitanti chinagogomezera pa kutembenuka kwaumwini ndi umoyo Wachikritsu, chinadalira mokulira pa Malemba, ndipo chinasuliza madzoma achipembedzo ndi mwambo.
M’ma 1830 ndi ma 1840, Alaliki Achiprotesitanti ambiri anayamba kulengeza za kuyandikira kwa kubwera kwachiŵiri kwa Kristu ndipo limodzi ndi chimenecho kuyambika kwa Zaka Chikwi. William Miller, mlimi wa ku New York, analingalira kuti kubwera kwachiŵiriko kungachitike chifupifupi mu 1843. Gulu lochirikiza kudza kwa zaka chikwi limeneli linathandizira kuyala maziko a mtundu wina wa chiphunzitso cha Ulaliki wotchuka ndi wowukira womwe unadzatchedwa Fundamentalism.
Chiphunzitso cha Fundamental kwenikweni chinali kuwukira kotsutsana ndi mzimu wachikaikiro, wa maganizo aufulu, wa kulingalira kwaumwini, ndi kunyonyotsoka kwa makhalidwe zimene chiphunzitso Chachiprotesitanti cholekerera chinachirikiza. Pambuyo pake chinatenga dzina lake kuchokera ku mpambo wa mabukhu 12 okhala ndi mutu wakuti The Fundamentals, ofalitsidwa kuchokera mu 1909 mpaka 1912 ndi Moody Bible Institute.
Chiphunzitso cha Fundamental, makamaka mu United States, chatchuka kupyolera m’maulaliki ake amphamvu a pa wailesi ndi TV, sukulu zake za Baibulo, ndi misonkhano yake yolengezedwa bwino lomwe ndi yodzutsa maganizo. Komabe, posachedwapa, kutchuka kwakeko kwadodomemetsedwa ndi maupandu a zandalama ndi zisembwere zakugonana zochitidwa ndi ena a atsogoleri ake otchuka. Icho chasulizidwanso chifukwa cha ntchito zake zowonjezereka m’ndale zadziko, makamaka chiyambire kupangidwa kwa chotchedwa Makhalidwe Aunyinji mu 1979, chomwe chinathetsedwa posachedwapa.
Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitso cha Fundamental, chikudzinenera kukhala chochirikiza Baibulo, m’chenicheni chachepsyanso ulamuliro wake. Njira imodzi imene icho chachitira tero ndiyo kumasulira m’lingaliro lenileni malemba amene momvekera bwino sayenera kutengedwa m’lingaliro lenileni. Chitsanzo cha ichi chiri kunena kwake kwakuti, mogwirizana ndi mbiri ya Genesis, dziko lapansi linalengedwa m’masiku 6 enieni a maora 24. Mowonekeratu, aŵa anali masiku ophiphiritsira a nthaŵi yaitali koposa. (Yerekezani ndi Genesis 2:3, 4; 2 Petro 3:8.) Njira zina zomwe chiphunzitso cha Fundamental chachepsyera Baibulo ndizo kuphunzitsa ziphunzitso zosakhala zamalemba, zonga ngati kuzunzika kwamuyaya m’moto wa helo, ndipo nthaŵi zina mwa kuchirikiza miyezo ya makhalidwe yosiyana ndi ija Yamalemba, yonga ngati kuletsa kumwa zoledzeretsa kapena kugwiritsira ntchito kwa akazi kwa zokometsera. Mwanjira zimenezi chiphunzitso cha Fundamental chachititsa anthu kukana uthenga wa Baibulo monga wachikale, wosalingalira, ndi wosakhala wasayansi.
Iri Nkhani ya Kusunga Nthaŵi
Momvekera bwino, chofunikira chinali kubwezeretsa, kubwezeretsedwa kwa kulambira kowona! Koma Mlaliki 3:1 amati: “Kanthu kalikonse kali ndi nthaŵi yake.”
Kubwerera m’zaka za zana loyamba, Yesu anayambitsanso kulambira kowona mu mkhalidwe Wachikristu. Komabe, iye analosera kuti padzakhala mpatuko. Iye adati Akristu owona, mofanana ndi tirigu, ndi Akristu achiphamaso, mofanana ndi namsongole, “[akulira] pamodzi kufikira pakututa.” Panthaŵiyo, angelo “[adzasonkhanitsa] namsongole, . . . kukamtentha,” pamene Akristu owona akasonkhanitsidwira ku chiyanjo cha Mulungu. (Mateyu 13:24-30, 37-43) Mu theka lachiŵiri la zaka za zana la 19, nthaŵi yoikidwiratu ya kubwezeretsa kulambira kowona kumeneku inafikadi pakhomo.
Charles Taze Russell anabadwa mu Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, mu 1852, ndipo ngakhale pamene adali mwana, anawonetsa chikondwerero chachikulu m’Baibulo. M’zaka zake zoyambirira za m’ma 20, analeka bizinezi ya banja kuti apereke nthaŵi yake yonse ku ntchito yolalikira. Podzafika mu 1916, pamene iye anamwalira pa msinkhu wa zaka 64, anasimbidwa kukhala anaphunzitsa maulaliki 30,000 ndi kulemba mabukhu okwanira ndi masamba oposa pa 50,000.
Pozindikira ntchito yoyamikirika yomwe ena anachita m’kuchirikiza Baibulo, Russell anawona kuti kutembenuza, kusindikiza, ndi kugawira Baibulo kokha sikokwanira. Chotero mu 1879 anayamba kufalitsa magazine yodziŵika lerolino monga Nsanja ya Olonda. Kope lake loyambirira linanena kuti: “Timakonda kufunsa kuti, Kodi tchalitchi changa chimanenanji pa funso lirilonse, m’malo mwakumati Kodi Malemba amanenanji? Maphunziro ochuluka a zaumulungu, ndi Baibulo sizokwanira. Chotero, ndi lingaliro lakuti ‘Malemba ali okhoza kutikhalitsa anzeru,’ kuti ‘maulaliki a Ambuye apangitsadi otsika kukhala anzeru,’ tiyeni tisanthule.”
Lerolino, pokhala itatha zaka 110 za kufalitsidwa kosadukiza, Nsanja ya Olonda (tsopano yofalitsidwa m’zinenero 106 ndi kugaŵidwa mu unyinji wa magazine 13 miliyoni kope lirilonse) ikupitirizabe kusanthula Mawu a Mulungu. Mamiliyoni a anthu aphunzira kuyamikira thandizo limene imapereka m’kuphunzira, kumvetsetsa, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa.
Russell sanali ngati anzake ambiri a malingaliro a kukonzanso mwa njira yakuti sanaphunzitse kafikiridwe kapadera kwa Mulungu, sanadzitame za masomphenya aumulungu kapena mavumbulutso, sanapeze mauthenga achinsinsi mu mkhalidwe wa mabukhu obisika kapena m’njira ina, ndipo sanadzinenere konse kukhala wokhoza kuchiritsa odwala mwakuthupi. Ndiponso, iye sanatsutse kuti akakhoza kumasulira Baibulo. Monga chiŵiya chofunitsitsa m’manja aumulungu, iye anatsutsa ziyeso zonse za kulola “nyali ya iye yekha” kuwala kuposa kuwunika kwaumulungu.
“Chiri chowonadi osati mtumiki wake chimene chiyenera kulemekezedwa ndi kulengezedwa,” Russell analemba tero mu 1900, akuwonjezera kuti: “Pali malingaliro opambanitsa a kutamanda chowonadi kwa mlaliki wake, moiwala kuti mwini chowonadi chonse ali Mulungu, yemwe amagwiritsira ntchito mtumiki mmodzi kapena wina kuchilengeza icho mogwirizana ndi chifuno chake.” Ichi ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chimene alembi ndi atembenuzi a zofalitsidwa za Watch Tower, limodzinso ndi ziŵalo za New World Bible Translation Committee, amasankha kusatchulidwa maina.
Mfumu ya Mulungu Iikidwa pa Mpando Wachifumu!
M’zaka za zana loyamba, Yohane Mbatizi analengeza kuyandikira kwa kufika kwa Yesu monga Mfumu yolinganizidwa ndi Mulungu. M’zaka za zana la 19, nthaŵiyo inafika yolengeza kufika koyandikira kwa Mfumu imeneyo mu mphamvu ya ufumu wakumwamba. Moyenerera, m’kope lake la March 1880, Zion’s Watch Tower inalengeza kuti: “‘Nthaŵi za Amitundu’ zidzathera mu 1914, ndipo ufumu wakumwamba sudzalamulira mokwanira kufikira nthaŵiyo.”
Chotero, gulu limene lerolino likutchedwa Mboni za Yehova linatchuka mofala bwino lomwe zaka zoposa mazana angapo zapitazo m’kudziŵikitsa kuti 1914 ikazindikiritsa chiyambi cha Ufumu wa Mulungu. Kuyikidwa pa ufumu kwa Mfumu ya Mulungu kunali sitepi loyambirira kulinga ku kuthetsa kotsirizira kwa kuyatsa nyali kochitidwa ndi chipembedzo chonyenga, kotero kuti kusaphimbe nyali yaumulungu.
Pamene zaka za zana la 19 zinayandikira mapeto ake, chipembedzo cha Dziko Lachikristu chinalibe zovala zochizindikiritsa kukhala mtumiki wa Mulungu. Chinayenerera kukanidwa ndi Mulungu. Nthaŵi yake ya chiweruzo inali kuyandikira. Phunzirani zambiri ponena za izi m’nkhani yathu yotsatira.
[Bokosi patsamba 23]
Ana Ena “Ofika Mochedwa” a Kukonzanso
Church of Christ, Scientist: Gulu lachipembedzo limeneli nlodziŵika mofala monga Christian Science. Ilo linayambidwa mu 1879 ndi Mary Baker Eddy, yemwe anali wosamalitsa thanzi laumoyo. Kuchira kwake kwa mwamsanga ku ngozi yowopsya mu 1866 kunamkhutiritsa kuti iye anapeza malamulo a kachitidwe omwe anakhozetsa Yesu kuchiritsa odwala ndi kuwukitsa akufa. Bukhu lake la mu 1875 lakuti Science and Health With Key to the Scriptures limaphunzitsa kuti chauzimu chimapambana chakuthupi, kuti chimo, nthenda, imfa, ndi zinthu zina zoipa ziri zinyengo zogonjetseka ndi chidziŵitso cha chowonadi ndi malingaliro otsimikiza mogwirizana ndi Maganizo, kutanthauza Mulungu.
Disciples of Christ: Tchalitchi chimenechi chinapangidwa mu 1832 ndi Apresbyterian a ku America okhala ndi malingaliro a kubwezeretsedwa. Silogani yawo inali yakuti: “Kumene Malemba alankhula, tilankhula; kumene Malemba akhala chete, tikhala chete.” Bukhu lina lolozerako likuwalongosola iwo kukhala “olekerera mopambanitsa m’nkhani za chiphunzitso ndi chipembedzo.” Ziŵalo zake zinalola ndale zadziko kuzigaŵanitsa mokulira mkati mwa Nkhondo Yachiweniweni ya U.S. Mu 1970 panali zipembedzo 118, kuphatikizapo matchalitchi a Churches of Christ opangidwa mu 1906.
Salvation Army: William Booth anayambitsa gulu lachipembedzo limeneli lolinganizidwa mwa makhazikitsidwe a zausilikali. Booth analoŵa uminisitala wa Methodist m’zaka zake zoyambirira za ma 20 ndipo anadzakhala mlengezi wodziimira payekha mu 1861. Iye ndi mkazi wake anakhazikitsa ntchito yolalikira pakati pa amphaŵi ku East End ya ku London. Dzina la gululo linasinthidwa mu 1878 kukhala Salvation Army m’malo mwa Christian Mission. Salvation Army imafuna “kupulumutsa miyoyo” mwa kupereka thandizo la zamakhalidwe kwa osoŵa nyumba, anjala, oponderezedwa, ndi amphaŵi.
Seventh-Day Adventists: Ichi ndicho chachikulu koposa pa zipembedzo 200 za Adventist. Dzina lawo lazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro m’kubwera kwachiŵiri, kapena kufika, kwa Kristu. A Adventist anachokera ku gulu la William Miller minisitala wamba wa Baptist kuchiyambi kwa ma 1840. Akumaphunzitsa kuti Malamulo Khumi akugwirabe ntchito, a Seventh-Day Adventist amasungabe sabata la Loŵeruka lenileni. Ziŵalo zina zimafikira pa kulunjikitsa kuwuzira kwa Baibulo ku zolemba za Ellen Gould White, mmodzi wa atsogoleri a gululo wachisonkhezero kwenikweni, yemwe anadzinenera kukhala anasonyezedwa mpambo wa masomphenya aumulungu.
[Chithunzi patsamba 22]
Mwala wa Rosetta wathandiza kutsimikizira Baibulo kukhala lowona
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum