Kodi Anthufe Ndife Chiyani?

ZIONEKA kuti anthu sadziŵa kuti iwo nchiyani kwenikweni. Wasayansi yachisinthiko Richard Leakey anati: “Kwa zaka mazana ambiri afilosofi akhala akufufuza zakuti umunthu nchiyani. Koma chodabwitsa nchakuti palibe yankho lomwe anamvana ponena za umunthu.”

Komabe, a kosungira nyama ku Copenhagen ananena mwamphamvu malingaliro awo mwa zomwe anaonetsa m’chipinda choonetseramo nyama za mtundu wa anyani. Britannica Book of the Year la 1997 linati: “Banja lina la ku Denmark linapita kukakhala m’nyumba ya kumalo osungira nyama zakuthengo ncholinga chomakumbutsa odzacheza kuti ali pa ubale ndi anyani.”

Mabuku ena a maumboni amavomereza kuti palidi ubale pakati pa nyama zina ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, The World Book Encyclopedia, imati: “Anthu, pamodzi ndi anyani, achanga, ankhwere, ndi ma tarsier, zonsezo zili m’gulu la nyama zotchedwa primates.”

Komabe, mfundo njakuti, anthu ali ndi makhalidwe ambiri apadera omwe si mbali ya chikhalidwe cha nyama. Pakati pa zimenezi pali chikondi, chikumbumtima, khalidwe labwino, uzimu, chilungamo, chifundo, nthabwala, kutha kulinganiza zinthu, kuzindikira nthaŵi, kudzidziŵa khalidwe, kusangalatsidwa ndi kukongola kwa zinthu, kudera nkhaŵa zamtsogolo, kukumbukira zinthu zochitika m’mibadwomibadwo, ndiponso chikhulupiriro chakuti imfa sindiyo mapeto enieni a kukhalapo kwathu.

Poyesa kugwirizanitsa makhalidwe ameneŵa ndi mmene nyama zilili, ena amanena za evolutionary psychology, imene ndi mphatikizo wa sayansi yachisinthiko, maganizo, ndiponso sayansi ya chikhalidwe. Koma kodi evolutionary psychology yathandiza kupeza yankho pa za chimene munthu ali?

Kodi Chifuno cha Moyo Nchiyani?

“Nkhani ya evolutionary psychology ndi yosavuta kumvetsetsa,” anatero wasayansi ya chisinthiko wotchedwa Robert Wright. “Monga mmene zilili ziŵalo zina zonse, ubongo wa munthu unapangidwa mwakuti uzitha kupatsira majini kwa mbadwo wotsatira; maganizo omwe umatulutsa timawamvetsa bwino malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi.” M’mawu ena, zolinga zathu zonse m’moyo, monga mmene zinalembedweratu kale m’majini athu ndipo zimaonekera m’kaganizidwe kathu, ndizo kubala ana.

Ndithudi, malinga ndi evolutionary psychology, “tinganene kuti zambiri pa khalidwe la munthu zimangochitika malinga ndi mmene majini afunira.” Buku lakuti The Moral Animal limati: “Kusankha kwa chilengedwe ‘kumafuna’ amuna azigonana ndi akazi ambiri.” Malinga ndi ganizo limeneli la za chisinthiko, nthaŵi zina chiŵereŵere cha akazi chimaonekanso monga choyenera mwachibadwa. Ngakhale chikondi cha makolo chimaoneka kuti chimachitika chifukwa cha majini pofuna kuthandiza kuti ana akule. Motero, kalingaliridwe kena kamagogomezera kufunika kwa kulandira majini kuti anthu apitirize kukhalapo.

Mabuku ena amalangizo tsopano amanena nkhani ya evolutionary psychology. Lina la iwo limanena zakuti munthu “sasiyana kwambiri ndi chimpanzee, gorilla, kapena nyani.” Limatinso: “Tikamanena za chisinthiko, . . . kwenikweni timanena za mmene zinthu zimabalirana.”

Kumbali ina, Baibulo limaphunzitsa kuti Mulungu analenga anthu osati ncholinga choti aziberekana chabe. Tinapangidwa “m’chifanizo” cha Mulungu, timatha kusonyeza makhalidwe ake, makamaka chikondi, chilungamo, nzeru, ndi mphamvu. Ndiye phatikizanipo makhalidwe a munthu omwe atchulidwa poyamba paja, zimasonyezeratu chifukwa chake Baibulo limaika munthu pamwamba pa nyama. Kunena zoona, Baibulo limavumbula kuti Mulungu sanangolenga anthu okhala ncholinga chofuna kukhala ndi moyo kosatha komanso oti angathedi kudzasangalala pakukwaniritsidwa kwa chilakolako chimenecho m’dziko lapansi latsopano la chilungamo lomwe Mulungu adzakonza.—Genesis 1:27, 28; Salmo 37:9-11, 29; Mlaliki 3:11; Yohane 3:16; Chivumbulutso 21:3, 4.

Zomwe Timakhulupirira Zimakhudza Kwambiri Moyo Wathu

Kunena za chimene tili si nkhani yoti tingaithe mwa kumangonenapo, chifukwa zimene timakhulupirira ponena za chiyambi chathu zingathe kukhudza kwambiri moyo wathu. Wolemba mbiri yakale H. G. Wells analemba zomwe anthu ambiri analingalira pambuyo pa kufalitsidwa kwa buku la Charles Darwin lakuti Origin of Species mu 1859.

“Anthu analeka makhalidwe abwino. . . . Chitapita chaka cha 1859 anthu anataya chikhulupiriro. . . . Anthu ambiri apamwamba omwe analipo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 anakhulupirira kuti akapambana chifukwa cha kumenya nkhondo kuti apitirize kukhalapo, kumene wamphamvu ndi wanzeru amagonjetsa ofooka ndi owakhulupirira. . . . Ankalingalira kuti munthu ndi nyama yokonda kukhalira pamodzi ndi zinzake monga mimbulu yosaka nyama ya ku India . . . Ankakuona monga koyenera kuti anthu amphamvu ayenera kumenya ndi kugonjetsa ena.”

Nzoonekeratu kuti nkoyenera kuti tizindikire chimene kwenikweni tili. Monga mmene wasayansi yachisinthiko wina anafunsira, “ngati nkhani yachikale ya Darwin . . . inawononga makhalidwe ku maiko otukuka a ku Madzulo, nanga chidzachitika nchiyani ngati chiphunzitso chatsopano [cha evolutionary psychology] chidzaloŵerera?”

Popeza zimene timakhulupirira ponena za kumene tinachokera zimakhudza mmene timaonera moyo ndiponso chabwino ndi choipa, nkofunika kuti tionetsetse nkhani imeneyi.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 20]

Wolemba mbiri yakale H. G. Wells analemba zimene anthu ambiri analingalira pambuyo pa kufalitsidwa kwa buku la Charles Darwin lakuti Origin of Species mu 1859: “Anthu analeka makhalidwe abwino. . . . Chitapita chaka cha 1859 anthu anataya chikhulupiriro”