M’Chifanizo cha Mulungu Kapena cha Nyama?

MUNTHU woyamba, Adamu, anatchedwa “mwana wa Mulungu.” (Luka 3:38) Palibe nyama imene inatchulidwapo choncho. Komabe, Baibulo limatchula kuti anthu ali ndi zambiri zomwe amafanana ndi nyama. Mwachitsanzo, onse munthu ndi nyama ndi miyoyo. Pa Genesis 2:7 pamati pamene Mulungu anaumba Adamu, ‘anakhala wamoyo.’ Akorinto Woyamba 15:45 amavomereza kuti: ‘Munthu woyamba, Adamu, anakhala . . . wamoyo.’ Anthu ndi miyoyo, choncho moyo si kachithunzithunzi kosiyana ndi thupi kamene kamapitiriza kukhalapobe thupi litafa.

Ponena za nyama, Genesis 1:24 amati: ‘Dziko lapansi libale zamoyo monga mwa mitundu yawo, ng’ombe, ndi zokwawa, ndi zinyama za dziko lapansi monga mwa mitundu yawo.’ Motero ngakhale kuti limalemekeza anthu mwa kunena kuti tinalengedwa m’chifanizo cha Mulungu, Baibulo limatikumbutsanso za kuchepa kwathu monga miyoyo padziko lapansi, pamodzi ndi nyama. Koma, pali chinanso chimene munthu ndi nyama amafanana.

Baibulo limalongosola kuti: “Chomwe chigwera ana a anthu chigweranso nyamazo; ngakhale chowagwera nchimodzimodzi; monga winayo angofa momwemo zinazo zifanso . . . Munthu sapambana nyama . . . onse apita ku malo amodzi; onse achokera m’fumbi ndi onse abweranso kufumbi.” Inde, pa imfa munthu ndi nyama amafanananso. Onse amabwerera “kufumbi” komwe anachoka.—Mlaliki 3:19, 20; Genesis 3:19.

Koma nanga nchifukwa chiyani anthu amadandaula kwambiri ndi imfa? Nchifukwa chiyani timalakalaka kukhala ndi moyo kosatha? Ndipo nchifukwa ninji tiyenera kukhala ncholinga m’moyo? Ndithudi, timasiyana kwambiri ndi nyama!

Mmene Timasiyanirana ndi Nyama

Kodi mungakondwe kumakhala ndi moyo popanda cholinga china chilichonse koma kumangodya, kugona, ndi kubala ana? Zimenezi sizikondweretsa ngakhale asayansi yachisinthiko. Wasayansi yachisinthiko T. Dobzhansky analemba kuti: “Makono anthu ozindikira zinthu koma okayikakayika ndi osatsimikizirawa sangaleke kufufuza paokha za mafunso akaleŵa: Kodi moyo wanga uli ndi tanthauzo ndi cholinga chilichonse kuposa kumakhala ndi moyo ndi kupitiriza kupatsirako ena moyo? Kodi chilengedwe chimene ndimakhalamochi chili ndi tanthauzo lina lililonse?”

Ndithudi, kumati kulibe Mlengi sikulepheretsa munthu kufunafuna tanthauzo la moyo. Richard Leakey, pogwira mawu wolemba mbiri yakale Arnold Toynbee, analemba kuti: “Chibadwa chokonda zauzimu cha [munthu] chimamchititsa kukhala pankhondo moyo wake wonse yofuna kumvetsetsa chilengedwe chimene iye anabadwiramo.”

Komabe mafunso ofunika onena za chimene munthu ali, kumene tinachokera, ndi kukonda zauzimu satha. Mwachionekere pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri pakati pa munthu ndi nyama. Kodi kusiyana kumeneku nkwakukulu motani?

Kusiyana Kwakukulu Kovuta Kufananiza?

Vuto loyamba pa chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko ndilo kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu ndi nyama. Kodi, kwenikweni pali kusiyana kwakukulu motani? Lingalirani za zinthu zina zimene asayansi yachisinthiko eniwo anena pankhaniyi.

Wophunzitsa za chisinthiko wotchuka wa m’zaka za zana la 19, Thomas H. Huxley, analemba kuti: “Palibe wina angadziŵe bwino kuposa ine za kusiyana pakati pa . . . munthu ndi nyama . . . , chifukwa ndiye yekha amene ali ndi nzeru yodabwitsa yotha kulankhula zomveka [ndi] . . . luso lapamwamba kwambiri, kuposeratu kutalitali anzake apansiwo.”

Wasayansi yachisinthiko Michael C. Corballis anati “pali kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndi anyani . . . ‘Ubongo wathu ndi waukulu nthaŵi zitatu kuposa mmene wakhalira wa nyani wamkulu ngati ife.’ Ndipo katswiri wa mitsempha yonyamula mauthenga m’thupi Richard M. Restak analongosola kuti: “Ubongo wa [munthu] ndiwo chiŵalo chokha chodziŵika m’chilengedwe kuti chimafunafuna kudzimvetsetsa bwino.”

Leakey anati: “Kuzindikira kwathu zomwe zikutichitikira asayansi sakumvetsetsa, ndipo ena amakhulupirira kuti sikudzamvetsetseka. Kukhala ndi nzeru yozindikira zinthu kumene aliyense wa ife ali nako nkwapamwamba kwambiri koti kumatipangitsa kudziwa zomwe tikuganiza ndi kuchita.” Iye anapitiriza kunena kuti: “Nzoonadi kuti chilankhulo chimapangitsa ma Homo sapiens [anthu] kusiyana kwambiri ndi china chilichonse mchilengedwe.”

Posonyeza chinthu chinanso chodabwitsa ndi malingaliro a munthu, Peter Russell analemba kuti: “Mosakayika kukumbukira zinthu ndiko limodzi la luntha lofunika kwambiri kwa munthu. Popanda ilo sipakadakhala kuphunzira . . . , sipakadakhala nzeru, sipakadakhala chilankhulo, kapena makhalidwe alionse . . . amene munthu amakhala nawo.”

Kuwonjezera apo, palibe nyama imene imalambira. Motero, Edward O. Wilson anati: “Kukhala wokonda zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndi chinthu chovuta ndi champhamvu kwambiri m’malingaliro a munthu ndipo nthaŵi zonse ndicho chinthu chosati nkuchithetsa mwa munthu.”

“Khalidwe la munthu ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zovuta kulongosola pa chiphunzitso cha Darwin,” anatero wasayansi yachisinthiko Robert Wright. “Kodi ntchito ya nthabwala ndi kuseka nchiyani? Nchifukwa chiyani anthu amalapa machimo pamene ali pafupi kufa? . . . Kodi kwenikweni ntchito ya chisoni nchiyani? . . . Popeza munthuyo tsopano amakhala atafa, tsono chisoni chija chimathandiza motani a pabanjapo?”

Wasayansi yachisinthiko Elaine Morgan anavomereza kuti: “Zinthu zinayi zodabwitsa kwambiri ponena za munthu ndi: (1) nchifukwa chiyani amayenda ndi miyendo iŵiri? (2) bwanji alibenso ubweya? (3) nchifukwa chiyani anakhala ndi ubongo waukulu ngati umenewu? (4) nchifukwa chiyani anaphunzira kulankhula?”

Kodi a zachisinthiko amayankha motani mafunso ameneŵa? Morgan analongosola kuti: “Mogwirizana amapereka mayankho akuti: (1) ‘Padakali pano sitidziŵa’; (2) ‘Padakali pano sitidziŵa’; (3) ‘Padakali pano sitidziwa’, ndi (4) ‘Padakali pano sitidziŵa.’”

Chiphunzitso Chosadalirika

Mlembi wa buku lotchedwa kuti The Lopsided Ape anati cholinga chake “chinali kulongosola mfundo zonse za kusinthika kwa munthu m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Zambiri za mfundozo zangokhala zongopeka basi, makamaka poona kuti zatengedwa pa zinthu zakale zochepa monga mano, mafupa ndi miyala.” Ndithudi, ngakhale chiphunzitso cha Darwin chenichenicho ambiri sachikhulupirira. Richard Leakey anati: “Chiphunzitso cha Darwin cha mmene zinthu zinasinthikira chinali mbali yofunika kwambiri pasayansi yotchedwa anthropology kufikira mpaka zaka pang’ono zapitazo, ndiye chinapezeka kukhala cholakwa.”

Malinga nkunena kwa Elaine Morgan, ambiri mwa asayansi yachisinthiko “sakhulupiriranso mayankho amene ankaganiza kuti anali nawo zaka 30 zapitazo.” Motero, nzosadabwitsa kuti zina za ziphunzitso zimene asayansi yachisinthiko anali nazo zatha.

Zotsatirapo Zomvetsa Chisoni

Kufufuza kwina kunasonyeza kuti nyama zazikazi zomwe nyama zazimuna zimakwerana nazo zimakhala zocheperapo msinkhu poyerekeza ndi zazimuna. Chifukwa cha zimenezi ena ananena kuti munthu ayenera kumagona ndi akazi monga mmene amachitira anyani otchedwa chimpanzee, popeza aamuna, mofanana ndi anthu amuna, amakhala okulirapo pang’ono kuposa aakazi. Motero ena amati monga anyani, anthunso ayenera kuloledwa kumagonana osati ndi munthu mmodzi yekha. Ndipo, zoonadi, anthu ambiri amatero.

Koma zomwe kwa anyani zimakhala bwinobwinozi zasonyeza kuti kwa munthu zimabweretsa mavuto. Zapezeka kuti chiwerewere chimabweretsa mavuto a kutha kwa mabanja, kuchotsa mimba, matenda, chisoni, nsanje, chiwawa m’banja, ndi kusiyidwa kwa ana omwe sakula bwino ayi, amenenso amapitiriza moyo wa mavutowo. Ngati chitsanzo cha nyama chili bwino, nchifukwa ninji munthu amagwa nazo m’mavuto choncho?

Malingaliro a zachisinthiko amapangitsa kukayikira kuti moyo wa munthu ngwopatulika. Tinganene bwanji zakuti moyo wa munthu ngwopatulika ngati kulibe Mulungu ndipo timadziona tokha chabe monga nyama zapamwamba? Mwina chifukwa tili ndi nzeru? Zikanakhala choncho, ndiye funso lofunsidwa m’buku lotchedwa The Human Difference likanakhala loyenerera kwambiri: “Kodi nkoyenera kumatenga anthu ngati ofunika kwambiri kuposa agalu ndi amphaka chifukwa chakuti tinachita mwayi pa [chisinthiko]?”

Pamene malingaliro atsopano onena za chisinthiko akufala, “mosakayika adzakhudza kwambiri mmene anthu amaonera makhalidwe,” linatero buku lakuti The Moral Animal. Koma makhalidwe ozikidwa palingaliro lakuti tinapangidwa mwa “kusankha kwa chilengedwe” ngoipa; njira mwa imene, malinga ndi kunena kwa H. G. Wells, “amphamvu ndi anzeru amagonjetsa ofooka.”

Mwachionekere ziphunzitso zambiri za a chisinthiko zimene zakhala zikuwononga makhalidwe abwino pang’onopang’ono kwa zaka zambiri anazipeza kukhala zopanda pake pamene akatswiri ena anazipenda. Koma vuto nlakuti kuwononga kumene ziphunzitsozo zinachita kumapitirizabe kukhalapo.

Kulambira Chilengedwe Kapena Mlengi?

Chisinthiko chimapangitsa anthu ofuna kupeza mayankho a mafunso awo kuyang’ana chilengedwe pansi pano, m’malo moyang’ana kumwamba kwa Mlengi. Kwinaku, Baibulo limatiuza kuti tiyang’ane kumwamba kwa Mulungu yekha woona kuti tikhale ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi kukhala ndi chifuno cha moyo. Limalongosolanso chifukwa chake timafunikira kuyesayesa kupewa kuchita choipa ndiponso chifukwa chake ndi anthu okha amadandaula ndi imfa. Kuwonjezera apo, malongosoledwe ake onena za chifukwa chake timakhala ndi mtima wofuna kuchita choipa ndi omveka bwino ndi ogwira munthu mtima. Tikukupemphani kupenda malongosoledwe amenewo.

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu motani pakati pa munthu ndi nyama?