Insyo zironsa umuntu umutsima

WAMYE uvugwa ko “utunga ubuzima”, ko ari “imfungurwa iza imbere y’izindi zose”, ko ari “wo wamye ubungabunga umuntu ukanamuzigama”. Egome, kuva kera cane umutsima wamye ari imfungurwa nyamukuru. Nkako, kimwe mu bintu umuntu yamye akenera mu buryo bwihuta camye ari ukwironsa ico afungura ku musi ku musi.

Ibintu nyamukuru bikenewe kugira ngo umuntu aronke umutsima, ni ifu iba yavuye mu ntete zasyewe canke mu bududu. Gusya rero ni ubuhinga bwamyeho kuva kera na rindi. Ese ukuntu gusya intete gushika aho zicika ifu ata mashini zikwiranye n’ico gikorwa ufise gitegerezwa kuba cari igikorwa kitoroshe! Mu bihe vya Bibiliya, umuntu yumvise ijwi ry’urusyo yaca abona ko ibintu vyifashe neza, ko hari itekane. Kutaryumva na vyo vyasobanura yuko ata kigenda.—Yeremiya 25:10, 11.

Ivy’ugusya vyagiye bisaba iki uko imyaka yagiye irengana? Ni uburyo bumwebumwe ubuhe be n’ibikoresho bimwebimwe ibihe vyagiye birakoreshwa mu gusya? Kandi ni insyo bwoko ki zituma umuntu aronka ico afungura muri iki gihe?

Kubera iki zari zikenewe?

Yehova yabwiye wa mugabo n’umugore ba mbere Adamu na Eva ati: “Ehe ndabahaye ivyatsi vyose vyama utubuto biri kw isi yose, n’igiti cose cama ivyamwa birimw’imbuto zavyo: bibabere ivyo kurya vyanyu” (Itanguriro 1:29). Mu mfungurwa Yehova Imana yahaye abantu, harimwo n’intete ziva ku biterwa vyama udutete. Iryo sôko ry’imfungurwa ryari ntahara kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kubaho kubera yuko intete zose, aho tukaba twovuga ingano zisanzwe, sayiri, izitwa seigle, ingano z’ibishenza, umuceri, uburo, amasaka be n’ibigori, zirimwo ingaburo yitwa carbohydrate d’amidon umubiri ushoboye guhinduramwo ingaburo ntanganguvu yawo yitwa glucose.

Ariko rero, umuntu ntafise muri we ivyangombwa bikwiye vyomufasha gusya intete uko zakabaye. Ku bantu, izo ntete usanga zirushiriza kworoha gufungura iyo zasyewemwo ifu hanyuma igacumbwa. Uburyo bworoshe kuruta ubundi bwo guhindura urugero runaka rw’intete mw’ifu ni kuzihura mw’isekuro, kuzisya ku rusyo n’ingasiro, canke gukoresha icarimwe ubwo buryo bwompi uko ari bubiri.

Insyo zakoreshwa n’amaboko y’umuntu

Udushusho dutoduto twakuwe mu mva za kera zo mu Misiri turerekana ikoreshwa ry’ubwoko bw’urusyo rw’igitako rusya intete rwakoreshwa mu ntango. Rwiswe gutyo kubera yuko rwari rumeze nka kurya kw’igitako uwunyonga ikinga yicarako. Urwo rusyo rwari rugizwe n’amabuye abiri, ibuye rifukuye gatoyi kandi rihengamiye gatoyi imbere ryaba riri munsi, hejuru na ho hakaba ibuye ritoyi (ari ryo ngasiro). Nyene gusya, mu bisanzwe akaba yari umukobwa canke umugore, yapfukama inyuma y’urwo rusyo hanyuma agafata ibuye ryo hejuru ari ryo ngasiro n’amaboko yiwe yompi. Yaca afyondera nya buye ryo hejuru (ari ryo ngasiro) kw’ibuye ryo munsi akoresheje uburemere bwiwe bwose bw’igice c’umubiri co hejuru, maze akaza ararisunika ajana imbere yongera asubiza inyuma kuri rya buye ryo munsi (urusyo), bigatuma intete ziri hagati y’ayo mabuye abiri ziza ziramenagurika. Urazi ukuntu cari igikoresho kibayabaye ariko kikaba kirumara!

Ariko rero, kumara amasaha n’amasaha upfukamye vyaragira ingaruka mbi ku mubiri. Kuza urasuguma ingasiro uyishikana ku mpera y’imbere y’urusyo wongera uyigarukana inyuma cari ikintu cama kiruhisha umugongo, amaboko, ibibero, amavi be n’amano vya nyene gusya. Ivyigwa vyagizwe ku bijanye n’utugorane tw’amagufa yo mu biti vy’imigongo vyakuwe muri Siriya ya kera, vyatumye abahinga mu vy’ugutohoza ibisigarira vy’ibinyabuzima vya kera bashika ku ciyumviro c’uko gusyesha izo nsyo vyama vyateje ingorane abigeme: nk’uguhongagurika kw’ingasiro y’ivi, ukwononekara kw’uruti rw’umugongo, be n’indwara y’ibungika ry’amagufa mw’ino rikuru. Muri Misiri ya kera, gusya n’urusyo rw’amaboko bisa n’uko bwari bwo buzima bw’abasukukazi (Kuvayo 11:5)a. Incabwenge zimwezimwe zemera yuko igihe Abisirayeli bava mu Misiri, mwene izo nsyo ari zo bagiye bajanye.

Mu nyuma, mu kuryohora izo nsyo, barakorongoshoye ayo mabuye yompi kugira ngo igikorwa kirushirize kworoha. Kubera yuko mu ngasiro bahavuye bakorongoshoramwo ikintu kimeze nk’umubirikira, vyatuma nyene gusya yuzuza intete aho hantu hakorongoshowe, intete zo nyene ubwazo zigaca rero ziza zirishungurura ku rusyo ziciye mu mwenge wo munsi w’ingasiro igihe umuntu yaba ariko arasya. Mu kinjana ca kane canke ca gatanu B.G.C., mu Bugiriki harakozwe imashini yo gusya ikozwe mu buryo busanzwe. Uruhini rurambitse, rufise ahantu ruzungurukira amaja ku mpera imwe, baruboherako ibuye ryo hejuru ari ryo ngasiro. Bafashe ku yindi mpera ya nya ruti ata kintu caba kiriko hanyuma bakaza barasuguma bajana irya gatoyi bongera bagarukana ino gatoyi, vyatuma rya buye ryo hejuru rikorongoshowemwo ikintu kimeze nk’umubirikira caba capakiwemwo intete riza ririkuba kw’ibuye ryo hasi.

Hari ibintu bikomeye izo nsyo zose duhejeje kuvuga zitashoboye gutorera umuti. Kugira zikore, vyasaba kuza urasunika ujana imbere wongera usubiza inyuma, akaba ata gikoko na kimwe cashobora kumenyerezwa ngo gikore ico gikorwa. Ku bw’ivyo, izo nsyo zose zahakesha inguvu z’umuntu kugira zikore. Maze, hahavuye haboneka ubuhinga bushasha, harakorwa urusyo rufise igihimba kizungurutswa. Ico gihe rero, ibitungwa vyarashobora gukoreshwa.

Insyo zifise igihimba kizungurutswa zarorohereje igikorwa

Birashoboka rwose ko urwo rusyo rw’igihimba kizungurutswa rwoba rwakorewe mu karere ka Mediterane nko mu kinjana ca kabiri B.G.C. Mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., Abayuda bo muri Palesitina bari bamenyereye mwene urwo rusyo kubera yuko Yezu yavuze ivy’“urusyo ruhindukizwa n’indogobwe”.—Marko 9:42, UB.

Urusyo rukoreshwa n’igitungwa rwarakoreshejwe mu Buroma no mu gice kitari gito c’iyo nganji nganzabami. Nyinshi muri mwene izo nsyo ziracariho i Pompéi. Zari zigizwe n’ibuye ryo hejuru riremereye rimeze nk’imibirikira ibiri icurikiranijwe ryahereza intete iryo munsi risongoye ryaryinjiramwo. Mu gihe ibuye ryo hejuru ryaba ririko rizunguruka kw’ibuye ryo hasi, intete zaca zimenagurikira hagati y’ayo mabuye maze zigacika ifu. Amabuye yo hejuru akiriho ya mwene ubwo bwoko usanga apima santimetero ziri hagati ya 45 na 90 z’ubwaguke. Izo nsyo zari zifise uburebure bw’amaduga bungana na santimetero 180.

Ntibizwi neza nimba izo nsyo zizungurutswa zakoreshwa n’iminwe zakozwe barabiye ku nsyo zakoreshwa n’ibitungwa, canke nimba izakoreshwa n’ibitungwa ari zo bakoze barabiye ku zakoreshwa n’iminwe. Uko biri kwose, urusyo rufise igihimba kizungurutswa n’iminwe rworwo rwari rufise akarusho kubera ko rwari rworoshe gutwara kandi rukaba rwari rworoshe gukoresha. Rwari rugizwe n’amabuye abiri y’umuzingi y’isantimetero ziva kuri 30 gushika kuri 60 z’ubwaguke bw’incahagati. Uruhande rwo hejuru rw’ibuye ryo munsi rwari rumeze nk’urwiburungushuye, uruhande rwo munsi rw’ibuye ryo hejuru na rwo rukamera nk’urufukuye kugira ngo rushobore kwinjirwamwo n’iryo munsi. Ibuye ryo hejuru ryari rifise akantu rizungurukirako kari hagati na hagati maze bakaba barizungurutsa bafashe ikirindi c’igiti gishinzwe muri ryo. Mu bisanzwe, abagore babiri baricara barabana, maze umwumwe wese agafata nya kirindi n’ukuboko kumwe kugira ngo bazungurutse ibuye ryo hejuru (Luka 17:35). Umwe muri nya bagore akoresheje ukuboko kwiwe ata co gufashe, yaza arashira intete nkenke mu ntoboro yo mw’ibuye ryo hejuru, uwundi mugore na we akaza aregeranya ifu uko yazanana ku mpera z’urusyo ikisukira mu kintu baba bateze canke ku gitambara baba bashashe munsi ya nya rusyo. Ubwo bwoko bw’urusyo bwarafasha cane abasirikare, abagendera mu mato, be n’imiryango mitomito, baba bari kure y’isyero.

Izakoreshwa n’amazi canke umuyaga

Nko mu 27 B.G.C., umuhinga w’Umuroma yitwa Vitruvius yaradondoye ukuntu insyo zakoreshwa n’amazi zo mu gihe ciwe zari zimeze. Amazi yaba ariko ashunguruka yarasuguma amapedari y’ikurudumu ihagaze ariko ifise aho iguma izungurukira mu gihe ayo mazi yisutse kuri nya mapedari. Amenyo yo kuri nya kurudumu yaca azungurutsa igiti gifatanye n’igisyo kinini, ico giti na co kigaca kizungurutsa igihimba co hejuru c’ico gisyo.

None urusyo rukoreshwa n’amazi rwasya ibingana iki ugereranije n’ivyo za zindi nsyo zasya? Insyo z’iminwe biharurwa ko zasya ibiro vy’intete biri munsi ya cumi kw’isaha, insyo zibangutse cane zakoreshwa n’ibitungwa na zo zigasya gushika ku biro 50. Ariko rero, urusyo rukoreshwa n’amazi rwa Vitruvius rwarashobora gusya ibiro biri hagati ya 150 na 200 kw’isaha. Uretse utuntu tutari duke twagiye turahindagurwa n’utwagiye turaryohorwa, ubwo buhinga bw’ishimikiro bwa Vitruvius bwarabandanije gukoreshwa n’abahinguzi b’insyo mu binjana bitari bike.

Amazi atemba si yo yabaye isôko ntanganguvu ryonyene ryakoreshwa ku nsyo. Amakurudumu azungurutswa n’amazi aramutse asubirijwe ibitambara nka bimwe bitwara ubwato vyo ku nsyo zikoreshwa n’umuyaga, intumbero yoshitsweko yobaye ari ya yindi nyene. Insyo zikoreshwa n’umuyaga zahavuye zikoreshwa i Buraya nko mu kinjana ca 12 G.C., kandi zarakoreshejwe cane mu gusya mu Bubiligi, mu Budagi, mu Buholande n’ahandi. Zarabandanije gukora gushika habonetse insyo zikoreshwa n’umwuka be n’ayandi masôko ntanganguvu yagiye buhorobuhoro atuma ayandi masôko ntanganguvu yose ataba agikoreshwa.

“Ivyo kurya dukwiranye uyu musi”

Naho habaye iterambere, bumwebumwe mu buryo bwo gusya bwa kera buracariho mu mihingo imwimwe y’isi. Isekuro n’umuhini biracakoreshwa mu mihingo imwimwe yo muri Afirika no muri Oseyaniya. Muri Megizike no muri Amerika yo Hagati, insyo zimeze nk’ibitako zirakoreshwa mu gusya ibigori vyo gucumbamwo umutsima. Kandi insyo zitari nke zikoreshwa n’amazi be n’izikoreshwa n’umuyaga, ziracakoreshwa hirya no hino.

Ariko rero, menshi mu mafu akoreshwa mu gukora umukate canke mu gucumba umutsima mu bihugu vyateye imbere muri iki gihe, aba yasewe n’imashini zikozwe mu buhinga bwa none kandi zitarinda gukoreshwa n’ukuboko kw’umuntu. Intete usanga buhorobuhoro ziza zirahinduka ifu uko ziza zirasyerebwa hagati y’ivyuma bibiri vy’imero y’umuzingi bikorongoshoye bikaza birasya bitsiritanako ku bunyarutsi butandukanye.

Nta gukeka, kuronka ifu yo gucumbamwo umutsima ntibikiruhisha nk’uko vyaruhisha kera. Yamara rero, ntitwobura gukengurukira Umuremyi wacu kubona yaraduhaye ivyamwa vy’intete akongera akaturonsa n’ubuhinga bwo kuzihinduramwo “ivyo kurya dukwiranye uyu musi”.—Matayo 6:11.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 23]

Urusyo rw’igitako rwo mu Misiri

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Soprintendenza Archeologica per la Toscana, Firenze

[Ifoto ku rup. 23]

Mu rusyo rwakoreshwa n’igitungwa, imise y’imwelayo barayisya bakayikamvuramwo amavuta

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 22]

From the Self-Pronouncing Edition of the Holy Bible, containing the King James and the Revised versions