Neiko Dzinza Riri Nhau Huru?
CHIBVIRO chamavambo enhau yakanyorwa, mufungo wokuti pane mukaha pakati pa“vo” ne“su” wakadzora kufunga kwavanhu. Vazhinji vakazvipwisa vamene kuti ivo ndivo bedzi nomutoo womuzvarirwo vane nzira dzakanaka dzokuita chinhu chiri chose. Izvi ndizvo masayendisiti anodana kuti mviromviro yamadzinza, pfungwa yokuti vanhu vokwako umene nenzira ndizvo bedzi zvinokosha.
MaGiriki ekare, somuenzaniso, haana kufunga nenzira isina kunaka nezve“vanhu vasina kudzidza,” shoko ravaishandisa kumunhu upi noupi akanga asiri muGiriki. Shoko rokuti “vasina kudzidza” rakabva munzira iyo ndimi dzokumwe dzainzwika munzeve dzamaGiriki, kufanana nama“bar-bar” akawanda asina ungwaru. VaEgipita kutanga uye vaRoma pashure vakazvirangarirawo kuva vakakwirira kuvanhu vakasiana navo.
Kwamazana amakore maChina akadana nyika yawo kuti Zhong Guo, kana kuti Umambo Hwapakati, nemhaka yokuti vakapwiswa kuti China yakanga iri musimboti wenyika kana isati iri yechisiko chose. Gare gare, apo vafundisi veEurope vane bvudzi rakatsvukuruka, maziso egirini, uye chitarisiko chokunze chakatsvuruka vakauya kuChina, maChina akavaidza kuti “vanadhiabhorosi vokumwe.” Nenzira yakafanana, apo vokuMabvazuva vakatanga kusvika muEurope neNorth America, maziso avo akatsveyama uye chakanga chichirangarirwa setsika dzechienzi zvakavaita vave zvipfuro zviri nyore zvokunyombwa nokunyumwirwa.
Bva, pane idi rinokosha rokurangarira, sokutaura kunoita bhuku rinonzi The Kinds of Mankind kuti: “Kudavira ukuru hwe[dzinza] romumwe ndechimwe chinhu; kuedza kuruvandudza, kupfurikidza nokushandisa zviwanwa zvesayenzi, inhau yakasiana chose chose.” Nhamburiko dzokubvumikisa kuti rimwe dzinza rakakwirira kune rimwe itsva zvishoma. Muzivi wamadzinza avanhu Ashley Montagu akanyora kuti “mufungo wokuti kune madzinza omusikirwo neokuitwa amarudzi avanhu ayo anosiana norumwe norumwe mundangariro pamwe chete nomumuviri ipfungwa isina kutangwa kutozosvikira rutivi rwapashure rwezana ramakore rechisere.”
Neiko nhau youkuru hwedzinza yakava yakakura zvikuru mukati mezana ramakore rechi 18 nerechi 19?
Kutengeswa Kwavaranda Nedzinza
Chikonzero chikuru ndechokuti kutengeswa kune mhindu kwavaranda panguva iyoyo kwakanga kwasvika mwero wakakwirira wako, uye mazana ezviuru zvavaAfrica zvakanga zvichitorwa nemanikidziro nedzvinyiriro kuenda muuranda muEurope nenyika dzeAmerica. Kazhinji kazhinji mhuri dzaiparadzaniswa, navarume, vakadzi, uye vana vachitumirwa kumativi akasiana-siana enyika, zvokusazotongoonana zvakare. Vatengesi vavaranda navaridzi vavaranda, vazhinjisa vavo vaitaura kuva vechiKristu, vaigona sei kutsigira zviito zvakadaro zvoutsinye?
Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mufungo wokuti vaAfrica vatema vakanga vakaderera nenzira yomuzvarirwo. “Ndinokombamira kunyumwira manegro ose, uye kazhinji kazhinji mamwe marudzi ose avanhu kuva akaderera nenzira yomuzvarirwo kuvachena,” akanyora kudaro muzivi weScotland wezana ramakore rechi 18 David Hume. Kutaura idi, Hume akataura kuti munhu anogona kuwana “pasina zviitwa zvoungwaru pakati pa[maNegro], pasina unyanzvi, pasina sayenzi.”
Zvisinei, kutaura kwakadaro kwakanga kusina kururama. The World Book Encyclopedia (1973) rakati: “Umambo hwamaNegro hwakakwirira zvikuru hwaiva mumativi akasiana-siana eAfrica mazana amakore akapfuura. . . . Pakati pa 1200 na 1600, yunivhesiti yamaNegro namaArab yakabudirira paTimbuktu muWest Africa uye yakava yakakurumbira muSpain mose, North Africa, uye Middle East.” Kunyanguvezvo, avo vaibatanidzwa mukutengeswa kwavaranda vakakurumidza kugamuchira murangariro wavazivi vakadai saHume wokuti vatema vaiva dzinza rakaderera kuvachena, zvamazvirokwazvo, kunyange vanhu venhando.
Rudzidziso Nedzinza
Vatengesi vavaranda vakawana tsigiro yakati nokuda kwemirangariro yavo youdzinza kuvatungamiriri vorudzidziso. Pakuvamba sapama 1450, mirairo yavanapapa veRoma Katurike yakabvumira kudzorwa nokuitwa varanda kwa“vahedheni” na“vasingadi zvorudzidziso” kuitira kuti “mweya” yavo igoponeserwa “Umambo hwaMwari.” Zvavakagamuchira zvikomborero zvechechi, vaongorori vapakuvamba veEurope navatengesi vavaranda havana kunzwa vane mhaka nokuda kwokubata kwavo kwoutsinye vanhu vokumwe.
“Muma 1760, somumakumi akawanda amakore aizouya, kuitwa varanda kwavatema kwakabvumirwa navafundisi navakuru vakuru vechechi veKaturike, Angirikeni, Lutheran, Presbyterian, uye Reformed,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Slavery and Human Progress. “Hakuna chechi yazvino uno kana kuti sekete yakanga yatsvaka kuodza mwoyo mitezo yayo mukuva kana kuti kunyange kutengesa varanda vechitema.”
Kunyange zvazvo mamwe amachechi akataura pamusoro pouhama hwechiKristu hwenyika yose, akatsigirawo dzidziso dzakakudziridza kakavadzano youdzinza. Somuenzaniso, Encyclopaedia Judaica inotaura kuti “kwakanga kuchingova bedzi pashure peparapatiko refu nekurukurirano dzoruzivo rwaMwari apo vaSpania vakaona madzinza emo avakawana muAmerica savanhu vakapiwa mweya.”
Revo yacho yakanga iri yokuti chero bedzi “mweya” yavanhu vamadzinza emo akadaro yakanga “ichiponeswa” kupfurikidza nokutendeutsirwa kuchiKristu, kwakanga kusingakoshi kuti vakanga vachibatwa sei mumuviri. Uye pakureva nezvemugariro wavatema, vatungamiriri vazhinji vorudzidziso vakataura kuti vakanga vatukwa havo naMwari. Magwaro akashandiswa zvisina kufanira kuedza kubvumikisa ikoku. Mufundisi Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, naDavid Brown, mutsinhiro yavo yeBhaibheri, vanoti: “Kanani ngaatukwe [Genesi 9:25]—iyi shurikidzo yakazadzikwa mukuparadzwa kwavaKanani—mukuderera kweEgipita, uye kuitwa varanda kwavaAfrica, vazukuru vaHami.”—Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Whole Bible.
Dzidziso yokuti tateguru wedzinza ravatema akatukwa haitongodzidziswi hayo muBhaibheri. Zvokwadi ndeyokuti, dzinza ravatema rakabva kuna Kushi, kwete Kanani. Muzana ramakore rechi 18, John Woolman akataura kuti kushandisa uku kutuka kweBhaibheri kururamisa kuitwa varanda kwavatema, kuvanyima maruramiro avo omuzvarirwo, “ifungidziro yakaipa zvikuru zvokusagona kubvumwa mundangariro yomunhu upi noupi anoshuva zvapachokwadi kudzorwa nenheyo dzakasimba.”
Sayenzi Yenhema Nedzinza
Sayenzi yenhema yakawedzerawo simba rayo munhamburiko yokutsigira nhauro yokuti vatema idzinza rakaderera. Bhuku rinonzi Essay on the Inequality of Races, rakanyorwa nomunyori weFrance womuzana ramakore rechi 19 Joseph de Gobineau, rakavanzarika hwaro nokuda kwamabasa mazhinji akadaro okutevera. Mariri, Gobineau akakamuranisa marudzi avanhu mumadzinza matatu akaparadzana munhevedzano youkoshi hwahwo: vachena, vashore, uye vatema. Iye akataura kuti mavara echienzi edzinza rimwe nerimwe akapfuudzwa muropa uye kuti nokudaro kuvhenganisa kupi nokupi kupfurikidza neroorano yamarudzi akasiana kungaguma nokuderedzwa nokuraswa kwamavara makuru.
Gobineau akataura kuti kwaimbova nedzinza rakanaka ravanhu vachena, varefu, vane bvudzi rakanaka, vane maziso ebhuruu avo akatumidza kuti vaAryan. Vakanga vari vaAryan, iye akataura kudaro, vakasuma pepuko nomutauro wechiSanskrit kuIndia, uye vakanga vari vaAryan vakatanga pepuko dzeGirisi yekare neRoma. Asi kupfurikidza neroorano yamarudzi akasiana navanhu vakaderera vomunzvimbomo, idzi dzaichimbova pepuko dzine mbiri dzakarasika, pamwe chete namavara oungwaru naakaisvonaka edzinza ravaAryan. Vanhu vari pedyosa nevaAryan vachiripo, akakarakadza kudaro Gobineau, vaifanira kuwana kuchamhembe kweEurope, ndiko kuti, pakati pavanhu veNord uye, kupfurikidza nokubatanidza, veGermany.
Mifungo mikuru yaGobineau—mapoka amadzinza matatu, mutsara weropa, dzinza ravaAryan—yakanga isina hwaro hwesayenzi zvisinei, uye anozvidzwa chose chose nenzanga yanhasi yesayenzi. Kunyanguvezvo, yakakurumidza kugamuchirwa navamwe. Pakati pavo pakanga pane murume weEngland, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, uyo akanga achidisa zvikuru mifungo yaGobineau zvokuti akagara muGermany ndokukurira chisakiso chokuti kupfurikidza bedzi navaGermany pakanga pane tariro yokuchengetedza kunaka kwedzinza ravaAryan. Sezviri pachena, manyoro aChamberlain akaraviwa zvakafara muGermany, uye muuyo wacho wakanga wakashata.
Muuyo Wakashata Woudzinza
Mubhuku rake rinonzi Mein Kampf (Kuparapatika Kwangu), Adolf Hitler akataura kuti dzinza reGermany rakanga riri dzinza guru ravaAryan iro rakanga rakatemerwa kutonga nyika. Hitler akarangarira kuti vaJudha, avo iye akati vakanga vane mutoro wokuparadza mugariro wezvemari weGermany, vakanga vari chikanganiso kuuku kutemerwa kune mbiri. Nokudaro kwakatevera kubviswa kwavaJudha navamwe vorushoma veEurope, uko kwakanga kuri imwe yenhambo dzerima zvikurusa dzenhau yomunhu nenzira isingarambwi. Uku kwakanga kuri muuyo une ngozi wemifungo youdzinza, kubatanidza iya yaGobineau naChamberlain.
Ushati hwakadaro hwakanga husina kuganhurirwa kuEurope, zvisinei. Mhiri kwenyanza muinonzi nyika itsva, rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwemifungo isina hwaro rwakaunza kutambura kukuru kuzvizvarwa zvavanhu vasina mhaka. Kunyange zvazvo varanda vechiAfrica pakupedzisira vakasunungurwa muUnited States pashure peHondo yaVagari Vemo, mitemo yakaitwa muhurumende dzakawanda yairambidza vatema kuva neropafadzo dzakawanda idzo vamwe vagari vemo vaifarikanya. Chikonzero neiko? Vagari vemo vechichena vakafunga kuti dzinza ravatema rakanga risina mano oungwaru okutora rutivi mumabasa omumataundi nehurumende.
Kuti mirangariro yakadaro yakasimbiswa zvakadini kunoenzanisirwa nechinoitika chinobatanidza mutemo unorwisana neroorano yamarudzi akasiana. Uyu mutemo wakarambidza roorano pakati pavatema navachena. Mukuranga varoorani vakaputsa uyu mutemo, mutongi akati: “Mwari Wamasimba ose akasika madzinza avachena, vatema, vashore, vaMalay, uye vatsvuku, uye Iye akavaisa munyika dzakaparadzana, uye kudai kwaiva kusina vhiringidzo negadziriro Yake kwaizova kusina chikonzero cheroorano dzakadaro.”
Mutongi akataura izvi, kwete muzana ramakore rechi 19 uye kwete munharaunda yechinyakare, asi muna 1958—uye asati achipfuura makiromita 100 kubva kuUnited States Capitol! Zvamazvirokwazvo, kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muna 1967 apo Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakabvisa mitemo yose yairwisana neroorano yapakati pamadzinza.
Mitemo yorusaruro yakadaro—pamwe chete nourudzi muzvikoro, machechi, uye mamwe masangano avose uye kusarura mubasa nedzimba—yakatungamirira kusagadzikana kwavagari vemo, kuratidzira, uye masimba masimba ayo azova zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvoupenyu muUnited States nedzimwe nzvimbo zhinji. Kuparadzwa kwoupenyu nezvinhu, shungu, ruvengo, uye kuzvidzana kwavanhu vamwe navamwe nokutambura izvo zvakava muuyo zvinogona bedzi kurangarirwa senyadzi noruzvidzo zvenzanga inonzi yakapepuka.
Nokudaro, udzinza hwazova rimwe ramasimba anokamuranisa zvikurusa ari kutambudza chaunga chavanhu. Zvirokwazvo, hunosundira tose zvedu kunzvera mwoyo yedu timene, tichizvibvunza timene, kuti: Ndinoramba dzidziso dzipi nedzipi dzinozivisa rimwe dzinza kuva rakakwirira kudarika rimwe here? Ndakatsvaka kuzvibvisira ndimene kunzwa kwakaipa kupi nokupi kungabvira kwokuzvikwidziridza kwedzinza here?
Kwakakodzerawo kuti tibvunze, kuti: Itariroi iripo yokuti unyengeri hwoudzinza nokusagadzikana, zvakapararira zvikuru nhasi, zvingazombobviswa? Vanhu vamarudzi akasiana-siana, mitauro, uye tsika vanogona kugara pamwe chete murugare here?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Vatema vairangarirwa savanhu venhando navachena vazhinji
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Yakabudiswazve kubva muDESPOTISM—A Pictorial History of Tyranny
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]
Misasa yokutambudzira yeNazi yaiva muuyo une ngozi wemifungo youdzinza
[Kwazvakatorwa]
U.S. National Archives photo