Chepfu Yomutobvu—Tapuro Dzayo Dzinoparadzanya
‘HOSHA youhwana yakakomba inozivikanwa zvikurusa.’ “Tyisidziro hurusa yemhoteredzo kuvana.” Sezvaungave wakafungidzira, tyisidziro dzinorondedzerwa muno dzinonongedzera kuchinhu chimwe chetecho: chepfu yomutobvu.
Mukuwirirana neCDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control), “vana vanotapurwa zvikurukuru netapuro dzechepfu yomutobvu.” Chepfu yomutobvu, zvikurukuru, yakavanzika: vana vakadya chepfu zvikurusa havana zviratidzo. Naizvozvo, zvizhinjisa zvikuru zvezvinoitika zvinotapura zvisinganzverwi uye zvisingarapwi. . . . Hachisati chiri chose chose chinetso chavana vechikamu cheguta kana kuti vorushoma. Hakuna boka romugariro wemari renzanga, nharaunda yomugariro wapasi, kana kuti chiverengero chavagari vemo chedzinza kana kuti chorudzi chinohesvurwa.” Mushumo unowedzera, kuti: “Chepfu yomutobvu youhwana chinetso munyika yose.”
Matapurire Anoita Mutobvu Vana
Kunofungidzirwa kuti kubvira pavana vane mamirioni matatu kusvikira kumamirioni mana vari pasi pamakore matanhatu ezera muUnited States moga vane mwero yomutobvu muropa ravo yakakwirira zvakaringanira kukuvadza kukura kwenguva dzose. Ikoku kungagona kureva chinhu chipi nechipi chinobvira paunyanzvi hwokurava hunotideredzwei kusvikira kuvhiringidziko izere yendangariro. Uye kana ikoko kukaitika munyika imwe, zviverengero munyika yose zvinofanira kuva zvinokatyamadza.
MuAfrica, Asia, Mexico, uye Middle East, mutobvu padzimwe nguva uchiri kushandiswa somushonga naavo vasiri kuziva ngozi dzawo. Unoshandiswa kunyevenutsa kupatirwa, kudzivisa kutapurwa nehosha dzorukuvhute, uye kunyange somushonga wavana wokupodza manyada.
Ngozi haisati iri yakakura zvikuru zvokuti vana vari kuputsika uye vari kufa nechepfu yomutobvu. Sezvinoratidzirwa nechinyorwa cha 1991 cheFDA Consumer, nzufu dzapauhwana dzinoparirwa nechepfu yomutobvu dzazova dzisingawanzoitika zvikuru. Asi tapuro dzacho dzichiri kuparadzanya. Mutobvu wakaidzwa nomutoo wakakodzera kuti “muurayi woungwaru.” Magazini yeNewsweek yakanokora mashoko mukuru mumwe woutano seanoti: “Kune chiverengero chikuru zvikuru chavana vanokuwana kwakaoma kuita basa rokunzvera kana kuti kunyange kumira mumutsetse mukefeteria nokuti uropi hwavo hwakazara nemutobvu.”
Zvimwe zviratidzo zvavana vakadya mutobvu zvinobatanidza chinya, kushaiwa hope, kurumaruma kwomudumbu, perevedzo yamasero matsvuku, uye kukura kwakakuvadzwa. Gadziriro yetsinga yakakuvadzwa, inova pamwe chete nokusazorora kusingaperi—sokuya kwemhuka yakavharirwa mudanga, sokukurondedzera kwakaita chiremba mumwe—zvingaratidzirawo mwana akadaro. Mune zvinoitika zvakakomba zvikuru, vamwe vana vangatambura koma nepfavi, uye kunyange pashure pokusvika ukuru, vangapfuurira kutambura zvinetso zvendangariro. Dzimwe dzeidzi tapuro dzingava dzechigarire, anodaro mukuru weLead Poisoning Prevention Branch yeCDC. Kutozosvikira kunzvera kwakafanira kwaitwa, vabereki vanowanzovhiringidzwa pamusoro pechisakiso cheiyi hosha yamanomano.
Neiko Vana Vachitapurwa Zvikuru?
Mutobvu une ngozi zvikurukuru kuvana nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Kutanga, vana vanotapurwa nomwero yakaderera zvikuru kwazvo yomutobvu kupfuura inotapura vakura. Uropi hwavo negadziriro yetsinga zvazvichiri kukura, zvinotapurwa zvikurukuru netapuro yomutobvu. Chechipiri, vana, nemhaka yokuzvibata kwavo nomubato, vane bviro huru yokunamatirwa nomutobvu mumhoteredzo yavo.
Somuenzaniso rangarira pendi ine mutobvu, ichiri manyuko anokosha okushatsa. Munyika uko kuri kwapamutemo kushandisa pendi yakadaro mudzimba, zvinoitika zvechepfu yomutobvu zvine chokwadi chokupfuurira kuwedzera. Uye nepo nyika dzakawanda dzakarambidza kushandiswa kwependi yakadaro ine mutobvu mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, pendi ichirimo mudzimba dzakare zvikuru. Madziro, zvivivo zvapasi zvamafafitera, zvimudhori, tumibhedha twavana, uye fenicha zvose zvingave zvichine pendi yomutobvu. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States mwero yakakwirira yomutobvu yakasara iri mudzinenge dzimba dzina mamirioni 57. Pakati pama 1980, vana veAmerica vane mamirioni 13,6 vari pasi pamakore manomwe ezera vaigara mudzimba dzine pendi ine mutobvu. Vanopfuura mirioni imwe vaivava zvimwe vakanga vane mwero yomutobvu yakakwira nomutoo une ngozi muropa ravo.
Pamusoro pakapendwa nependi yakakwenenzverwa pangasaparira ngozi ipi neipi. Asi pendi zvainogarisa, inovamba kutsemuka uye kufunuka. Sezvo mutobvu uchitapira, vana sezvinobvira vangadya mafunurwa ependi. Vacheche vakadya mutobvu unobva muzvivivo zvapasi zvamafafitera zvinomeduka. Uye pakupedzisira apo pendi inoshanduka kuva guruva, vana vanoibatira paminwe yavo ichibva pamidhori, huriri, uye pamakapeti—nomutoo usingadzivisiki inobva ipapo ichipinda mumuromo mavo, mumukoto woura, uye mutsinga dzeropa. Vana vari pakati pezera remwedzi mitanhatu namakore matanhatu vanotapurwa zvikurukuru.
“Kunoda mutobvu mushomanene zvikuru kuparira chepfu yomutobvu,” inonyora kudaro magazini yeNewsweek. “Mwana anogona kuva anodya chepfu yomutobvu zvikuru (60-80 microgram/dl) kupfurikidza nokudya milligram imwe yehuruva yependi yomutobvu—yakaenzana neanenge magranule matatu eshuga—zuva rimwe nerimwe mukati mouhwana.” Kuti mwana angovawo zvake pangozi bedzi, kupinza kwake huruva yependi kungava kwakaenzana negranule imwe bedzi yeshuga pazuva. “Ndokusaka mwana achigona kuva anorwara nokungogarobata bedzi chivivo chapasi chefafitera dzokonokei oyamwa gunwe rake,” inoshuma kudaro Newsweek, ichiwedzera kuti vabereki vakawanda “havambozivi—kana kuti havagoni kudavira—kuti huruva iri pachivivo chapasi chefafitera ravo nomutoo usingaoneki ingave ichikuvadza kukwanisa kwomunguva yemberi kwomwana.”
Mutobvu Nomwana Asati Aberekwa
Chinetso chinopinda kunyange mumimba dzavakadzi vane pamuviri, umo uropi hunokura uye gadziriro yetsinga zvavana vasati vaberekwa zvingakuvadzwawo. Apo amai vanokarira vanopinza mutobvu mumuviri wavo, kungava kupfurikidza nokudya kana kuti kupfurikidza nokufema, iwo unopinda mutsinga dzeropa. Ipapo unopfuuridzirwa kumwana asati aberekwa kupfurikidza norukuvhute. Mwana angatambura kuvadziko yegadziriro yetsinga kana kuti mwero woungwaru wakaderedzwa. “Kana mukadzi ane mimba akadya kunyange chitsama chiduku chomutobvu,” anodaro munyori mumwe woutano, “unogona kupfuura nomuravakuru kuenda kumwana asati aberekwa.” Uye Science News yakashuma, kuti: “Kufunda kwakasimbisa kuti vakadzi vanoshanda nomutobvu mumafekitari vanotambura mwero yakakwirira yokusabereka, kupfupfudzika, kubereka nguva isati yakwana uye zvinetso zvokubereka.”
Vanababawo vangabetsera kungozi dzakadaro. Mutobvu uri mutsinga dzeropa ravarume ungaita kuti urume hukuvadzike uye husava nesimba, uko kungadzivisa kunamba kana kuti kuparira vana vasati vaberekwa vakaremara. Vana vasati vaberekwa vane 400 000 muvakadzi veAmerica vakashatswa zvikuru nomutobvu zvokuti ivo vachatambura kuvadziko yokukura. Chepfu yomutobvu zvairi denda renyika yose, chiverengero chavana vasati vaberekwa vanotapurwa zvamazvirokwazvo chinofanira kuva chikuru.
Handi Vana Bedzi
Nomutoo wakajeka, vakura vari mungoziwo. Kuti vadzivirire vana vavo, vanofanira kuzvidzivirira vamene. Vanoratidzirwa sei kumutobvu? Nyanzvi dzinobvuma kuti kunze kwependi yemba, manyuko anozivikanwa zvikurusa okuratidzirwa nhasi ndiwo mutobvu uri mumvura nemhaka yokugadzirwa kwamapombi (sezvo kunyange mapombi endarira angave akabhurezwa nomutobvu) uye peturo yakasanganiswa nomutobvu. Muzvikoro nomumahofisi, manyuko emvura ane matangi emvura ane majoini akabhurezwa nomutobvu. Mukuru mumwe weEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) anofungidzira, kuti: “Inenge 20 muzana yokuratidzirwa kumutobvu inobva mukunwa mvura.” Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry yomubatanidzwa yakashuma kuti mwero womutobvu “unobva mumadonhodzo emvura amagetsi unogona kuva wakakwirira zvikuru, uye unogona kuparira ngozi yechepfu yakakwirira zvikuru nokuda kwavanhu vose, kwete vana bedzi.”
Kuwedzera kuchinetso, vabereki vangaunza mutobvu kumba uri pazvipfeko zvavanopfeka munzvimbo yokushandira ndokuratidzirazve vana vavo. Kwakakarakadzwa kuti vanenge vashandi vana mamirioni masere muUnited States moga vakaratidzirwa kumutobvu mumhoteredzo yavo yokushandira. Chikamu chikuru muzana chaivava ndivo vakadzi.
Avo vanochengeta zvinwiwa zvinodhakisa kana kuti zvimwe zvinwiwa mumagirazi akagadzirwa namabwe omutobvu vari kuzvipinzawo mungozi yakati kuti, sezvo mutobvu unobva mumudziyo wakagadzirwa namabwe ungapinda muchinwiwa. Nomutoo wakafanana, midziyo yomunyakwe isina kupiswa pamwero wakakwirira zvikuru ingaparadzira zvimedu zvomutobvu zvinobva mukukwenenzvera zvichipinda muzvokudya. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vakaroorana vakatenga makapu avo ekofi apo vakanga vachifamba rwendo munyika yokumwe. Kwakawanwa kuti makapu acho aibudisa mutobvu nakane 300 kupfuura mipimo youtano inobvumirwa munyika yavo vamene. Vakaroorana vacho vakarwara zvakakomba pashure pokushandisa makapu kwenguva pfupi. Mukuwedzera, mutobvu wokubhureza uri mumagaba ezvokudya, uchiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe nyika, unoparira chikamu muzana chechepfu yomutobvu chomwero wakaderera.
Vananyambavarira vokupfura nepfuti variwo mungozi yechepfu yomutobvu. Neiko? Eya, fundo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakaratidzira kuti avo vanowanzoenda kunzvimbo uko vanhu vanorovedza kupfura zvipfuro vane mwero yakakwirira yomutobvu unobva mukufema huruva yomutobvu. Kuputika uye kupfupfunyuka kusingaoneki kwamabara omutobvu zvaanofamba nomumapembe epfuti zvinopinza zvimedu zvomutobvu mumhepo, uye mupfuri anozvipinza mumapapu ake, inoshuma kudaro magazini yeScience News. Zvimwe zvezviratidzo zvakarongwa ihambe isingaperi uye kuswinywa kwetsinga dzamaoko. Dzimwe fundo dzakaratidzira kuti mitezo yemhuri ingapindawo mungozi yokuratidzirwa kumutobvu kunoparira navashandisi vepfuti vanounza kumba huruva yomutobvu iri pazvipfeko zvavo.
Chepfu yomutobvu zvayakapararira zvikuru uye ine ngozi zvikuru kuvana navakurawo, mubvunzo unotevera wakajeka zvikuru: Chii chinogona kuitwa kuidzivisa?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 25]
Muviri Unogona Kushivirira Mutobvu Wakawanda Zvakadini?
MUTOBVU wakawanda zvakadini unonzi wakanyanyowanda? Muviri unogona kupinza wakawanda zvakadini nenzira yakakotsekana? Nepo masayendisiti achiri kukurukura mibvunzo yakadaro, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita mitemo yokudzivisa chepfu yomutobvu, zvimwe inobva mupendi yomutobvu. Australia yakaisa mutemo wakadaro mumabhuku kare mukuvamba kwama 1920. Great Britain, Greece, Poland, uye Sweden zvakaita mitemo yakafanana gare gare mugumi ramakore iroro. United States haina kuita Lead Paint Poisoning Prevention Act yayo kutozosvikira muna 1971.
Zvisinei, United States yakaita mitemo yorumano inowedzera muna ikoku chifo chaipapo. Muna 1985, CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control) yakaderedza mwero unogamuchirika womutobvu muropa kusvikira kumamicrogram 25 (zvikamu 25 zvemirioni zvegiramu) womutobvu padeciliter (chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chepaindi) weropa. Iwoyo wakanga uri hafu yechitsama chomutobvu muvhiyi mukuru akanga anongedzera kwauri shure muna 1970, uyo wakanga uri mamicrogram 60 padeciliter. Asi sezvo makore akapfuura, kunzvera kwakawanda kwakakarakadza kuti vana vangakuvadzwa nounotova mwero wakaderera zvikuru womutobvu. Naizvozvo muna 1991 CDC yakaderedza zvakare mwero unogamuchirika kusvikira kuisingasviki hafu, ichiuderedza kusvikira kumamicrogram 10 padeciliter.
Kunyange zvazvo pane kakavadzano yakasimba pamusoro peimwe fundo huru yakaparira iyi chinjo, dzimwe fundo dzakava nemiuyo yakafanana. Fundo mbiri muScotland, somuenzaniso, dzakabatanidza mwero womutobvu weropa sowakaderera kusvikira kumamicrogram 11 padeciliter noungwaru hwakaderedzwa uye zvinetso zvokuzvibata muvana. Uye sokucherekedza kwakaita Bangkok Post pakuvamba muna 1992, mitemo yakadai souyo uri muThailand unodzivirira vakuru pamutobvu ungasadzivirira vana—zvikurukuru vasati vaberekwa.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]
Chepfu Yomutobvu—Chinetso Chekare
MUTOBVU ungave wakashandiswa kare somuna 3000 P.N.V. VaEgipita vekare vakaushandisa nokuda kwokuveza nokuumba, vaPhoenicia navaKardhea vaiita shavo nomauri, uye vaGiriki navaAtene vakauchera kwamazana manomwe amakore. Asi vakanga vari vaRoma, mukati mokutonga kwavana Kesari, vakatanga kuwana bviro yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwomutobvu—uye vakatambura zvikuru nemhaka yokuwana ikoko.
VaRoma vakaudana kuti plumbum. Vashandi vane unyanzvi vaipeta mutobvu wakakura kuva mapombi 15 ourefu hukuru nokuda kwokushandisa mugadziriro dzavo huru dzokufambisa mvura. Vose vari vaviri vaRoma navaGiriki vakagadza muenzaniso nokuda kwavagadziri vepombi vomuzuva razvino kupfurikidza nokuisa pombi dzomutobvu mune imwe. Nokudaro makiromita epombi aigona kubatanidzwa pamwe chete kuti atakure mvura madaro marefu. VaRoma vakaumbawo mutobvu kuva midziyo yokunwira, zvokuchengetera waini, uye midziyo yokubikira. Marata asingatapurwi nomugariro wokunze akagadzirwa nomutobvu akatangwa nokuda kwokupfirira.
Asi sezvo kushandiswa kwomutobvu kusati kuri kutsva, idi rokuti unoita kuti vanhu varware harisati richitongovawo kuwana kwazvino uno. “Kwaanenge makore 2 000,” inonyora kudaro magazini yeScience News, “nzanga dzakaziva mutobvu somuchetura une simba nepo dzichiramba dzisingazivi kuti unochetura sei.” Zvisinei, vaRoma vekare vairatidzika zvikurusa kuva vasingazivi ngozi chaidzo dzomutobvu. Mukuwirirana naJerome Nriagu weCanadian National Water Research Institute, vaiwanzowedzera kuwaini yavo muto wamazambiringa uyo wainge wavirisirwa mumidziyo yakagadzirwa nomutobvu. Magazini yeNewsweek inonokora mashoko Nriagu saanoti: “Chipunu chimwe chete chamanyuchi akadaro chaizova chakawanda zvikuru kuti chiparire chepfu yomutobvu isingaperi.” Uye vatungamiriri veRoma vaiva vanwi zvikuru vewaini. Nriagu anokarakadza kuti mukuru mukuru weRoma ainwa yakawanda kuvambira parita imwe kusvikira kumashanu ayo zuva riri rose!
“Kunofungidzirwa kuti chimwe chezvikonzero zvokuti nyika yeRoma iparare,” inoshuma kudaro The Medical Post yeCanada, “kwakanga kuri kudisa kwavo kutapirisa waini yavo nomutobvu.” Mumwe mushumo unoti: “Chepfu inobva mukunyanyoshandiswa kwomutobvu mumidziyo, zvombo, zvizorwa, midziyo yewaini, uye pombi dzemvura zvingava zvakakonzera kupenga kwamadzimambo [eRoma] uye kusakwanisa kubereka uye mwero yokupfupfudzika izvo zvakadzivisa mapoka anofunga kuzvitsiva amene.”
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 28]
Mutobvu Musango
KANA uri mudi wemhuka dzomusango, kungakuvhiringidza kuziva kuti shiri dzomumvura dzinosvika mamirioni matatu dzinofa gore rimwe nerimwe nechepfu yomutobvu. Panowo chepfu yomutobvu inonzi “chirwere chisingaoneki” sezvo chichiwanzoitika chisingacherekedzwi. Department of the Interior yeU.S. inoshuma kuti nokuda kweshiri imwe neimwe iyo vavhimi vanokwanisa kuuraya, mabara akagadzirwa nomutobvu wamakirogiramu 0,23 anoguma ava mumhoteredzo. Nyanzvi dzoupenyu hwemhuka dzichinzvera masendimita mashomanene pasi pevhu rakanyorova, zvitubu, uye makungwa dzakawana mune dzimwe nzvimbo mabara anopfuura 100 000 pahekita! Zvinorema zvokuredzesa zvakagadzirwa nomutobvu zvakarasika zvinoshatisawo pasi.
Pashure pokunge mwaka wokuvhima wapfuura, madhadha nedzimwe shiri dzomumvura mukutsvaka zvokudya dzinomedza aya mabara. Mazuva matatu kusvikira kugumi gare gare, chepfu inosvika mutsinga dzeropa uye inotakurwa kumativi makuru—mwoyo, chiropa, uye itsvo. Panozosvika mazuva 17 kusvikira ku 21, shiri inova nokusaziva uye inofa. Makunguwo ane ruvara ruchena mumusoro nomumutsipa anogona kuwana chepfu yomutobvu mukumedza mabara akagadzirwa nomutobvu unovanda mumiviri yeshiri dzomumvura dzaanodya. Chifo cha 1966, dzinopfuura 120 dzeidzi shiri dzinodya dzimwe shiri dzisingawanzoonekwa dzakawanwa dzakafa nechepfu yomutobvu—inopfuura hafu yaidzodzi chifo cha 1980. Chokwadika, ichi chiverengero chinomirira makunguwo aye bedzi ane mitumbi yakanzverwa uye chisakiso chorufu chikazivikanwa; zvimwe chinongova bedzi chikamu chehwerengedzo chaiyoiyo.