Vana Vari Munjodzi

Mukomana, wezera ramakore 12, anoshanda zvakaoma maawa 11 pazuva achiputsa matombo pakwari muIndia. Anowana Z$4,25 pazuva.

Musikana, wamakore gumi, anotengesa muviri wake panzvimbo yamahure muBangkok. Haasati ari ikoko nemhaka yokuti anoda kuvako. Baba vake vakamutengesa neZ$2 000.

Murwi muduku, wamakore gumi, anobetsera mukushanda pamugwagwa panomiswa motokari mune imwe nyika yeAfrica. Chigwagwagwa chinorembera papfudzi rake; anoshandisa nguva inowanika achisvuta marijuana.

MIGARIRO yakadaro yakarovedzeka zvikuru mumarudzi achiri kubudirira. Vana vari munjodzi vanosvika mumamirioni muchiverengero. Mamirioni manomwe anotizira mumisasa yavapoteri; mamirioni 30 anodzungaira nemigwagwa asina misha yokugara; mamirioni 80 ari pakati pamakore 10 ne 14 anoshanda pamabasa anokanganisa kukura kwavo kwomuzvarirwo; vanosanopfuura mamirioni 100 vanotarisana norufu mugumi rino ramakore nokuda kwokushaiwa zvokudya, mvura yakachena, uye tarisiro youtano.

Rangarira zvinetso zvishomanene bedzi zvinotarisana navana mukupota nyika yose.

Hosha

Vanenge vana vane 8 000 vanofa zuva rimwe nerimwe nemhaka yokuti havana kudzivirirwa kuhosha dzakadai segwirikwiti nechikosoro chorurakatira. Vamwe 7 000 vanofa zuva nezuva nemhaka yokuti vabereki vavo havazivi nzira yokubata nayo nokupera kwemvura mumuviri kunoparirwa namanyoka. Zuva riri rose vamwe vana 7 000 vanofa nemhaka yokuti havapiwi mishonga inoparadza utachiona inodzivirira zvirwere zvamabayo inongotengwa neZ$5,00 bedzi kuti irwise kutapurwa kwomudumbu.

Kwamakore mishonga uye kurapa zvave zvichiwanika kuti zvidzivirire kana kuti kurapa zvirwere zvakawanda zvakatambudza mhuri yomunhu kwenguva refu. Asi hazvina kusvika mamirioni anozvida. Somuuyo, mukati mamakumi maviri amakore apfuura, vana vanenge mamirioni zana vakaparara nemhaka yehosha yamanyoka uye mabayo bedzi. “Kwakaita sokunge kuti mushonga pakupedzisira wakanga wawanwa nokuda kwekenza asi ipapo mushoma wakashandiswa kwamakore 20,” yakanyunyuta kudaro UNICEF’s State of the World’s Children 1990.

Pasinei zvapo nomugariro wakashata, fambiro mberi yakaitwa. Somuenzaniso, UNICEF neWHO (World Health Organization) zvakaronda nhimbe yakasimba yokudzivirira zvirwere. Muna 1991 kwakaziviswa kuti 80 muzana yavana vomunyika vakanga vadzivirirwa pazvirwere zvitanhatu zvinogona kudziviririka kupfurikidza nokubaiwa nhomba—gwirikwiti, tetanus, diphtheria, polio, tuberculosis, uye chikosoro chorurakatira. Pamwe chete nenhamburiko dzakasimba mukudzorwa kwehosha dzamanyoka, ikoku kwakaguma nokuponeswa kwoupenyu hwavaduku vane mamirioni anoverengeka gore rimwe nerimwe.

Asi mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya imwe hosha—AIDS—yakatanga kutyisidzira uye zvimwe kunyange kudzosera kumashure fambiro mberi yose yakaitwa mukupukunyuka kwavana veAfrica mumakore gumi apfuura. Mukati mamakore gumi ama 90, vakawanda sevaduku vane mamirioni 2,7 vangafa neAIDS muAfrica moga. Pakuzosvika mugore ra 2000, mamwe mamirioni matatu okuwedzera kusvikira kumashanu avana muCentral neEast Africa vangaitwa nherera nemhaka yokuti vabereki vavo vakafa neAIDS.

Zvokudya Zvisingavaki Muviri

Isu tose takarovedzana nenzira inorwadza nemifananidzo inotyisa yavana vanoziya nenzara vaine miviri yakafanana namarangwanda, matumbu akazvimba, uye maziso akasviba akatarira pasina chinhu. Vaduku vanonzwisa tsitsi ivavo vanomirira rutivi rwechinetso chiduku zvikuru chokusava nezvokudya zvinovaka muviri. Munyika dzose dzichiri kubudirira, vana vanenge mamirioni 177—1 mu 3—vanorara nenzara. Uye chiverengero chavo chiri kuwedzera.

Kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri kunopfuurira kunodzivisa vana kusvika bviro yavo yakazara yepfungwa nomuviri. Vana vazhinjisa vanopiwa zvokudya zvisingavaki muviri vane utera, havana simba, vane meso akasviba, uye vanonzwisa tsitsi. Vanotamba kashoma uye vanononoka kudzidza kupfuura zvinoita vana vanodyiswa zvakanaka. Ivowo ndivanyajambwa vokutapurwa nezvirwere, chikonzero chikuru chinoparira chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenzufu dzavana vane mamirioni 14 munyika dzichiri kubudirira gore riri rose.

Sezvo sayenzi yazvino uno yakabudisa mishonga yokurwisa zvirwere, naizvozvo yakaitawo kuti kubvire kuita ndokubudisa zvokudya zvakawanda zvikuru zvokudyisa munhu ari wose pasi pano. Asi hakuna nzira dzokukurumidza dzokupedza kushaikwa kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri. Hakugoni kubviswa nokugoverwa kwezvokudya namapiritsi amavhitamini. Chikonzero chako chiri muurombo husingadzoreki, kusaziva kwakapararira, mvura isina kuchena, migariro isina utsanana, uye kushaikwa kwenzvimbo yokurima munharaunda dzine urombo.

Zvinetso Zvemhoteredzo

Sezvo njodzi yenyika yose inokura, vana ndivo vanonyanyotapurwa. Rangarira kushatiswa kwemhepo. Mwana ari pasi pezera ramakore matatu arere anofema mweya wakanaka wakawanda unopfuura nekaviri, uye pamwe chete nawo kushatiswa kukuru kunopfuura nekaviri, sezvinoita mukuru akarara. Uye sezvo vana vasati vava neitsvo dzakanyatsokwana, zviropa, uye gadziriro yokudzeya, havakwanisi kubvisa zvinoshatisa nenzira inobudirira sezvinogona kuita vakura.

Vana nokudaro vanotambura zvikuru kuvadziko kupfuura zvinoita vakura muzvinhu zvine mutobvu uri mupeturo uye mumagasi akadai secarbon monoxide, nitric oxides uye sulfur dioxide. Uku kutapurika kunopira zvakananga kurufu rwavana vanopfuura mamirioni 4,2 vari pasi pamakore mashanu ezera avo vanofa nezvirwere zvamabayo gore rimwe nerimwe munyika dzichiri kubudirira. Vazhinji vavapukunyuki vanokura nezvirwere zvamabayo zvinovanetsa kwoupenyu hwavo hwose.

Sezvo vachiri kukura mumuviri, vana vanotapurikawo zvikuru kutapuro dzezvokudya zvisina kunaka kupfuura vakura. Munyika nenyika, vana ndivo varasikirwi vakuru vokudukupa kwamasango, kukura kwamagwenga, uye kukukurwa kweminda yakanyanyoshandwa, inova isingabudisi zvibereko zvakawanda, uye inobereka zvokudya zvishomanene. MuAfrica moga vana vanenge mamirioni 39 vakaitwa kuti kukura kwavo kusakurumidze nemhaka yezvokudya zvakashata.

Chinowedzera kuchinetso chacho kuperevedza kwakakomba kwemvura yakanaka. Munyika dzose dzichiri kubudirira, hafu bedzi yavana inowana mvura yokunwa yakachena, uye kunyange vashoma vanowana nzvimbo dzinorasirwa tsvina dzoutsanana.

Hondo

Munguva dzakapfuura, vanyajambwa vazhinjisa vehondo vaiva varwi. Kwete zvino. Chifo chehondo yenyika yechipiri, 80 muzana yamamirioni 20 akaurawa uye mamirioni 60 akakuvadzwa mukurwisana kwakasiana-siana vaiva vanhuwo zvavo—zvikurusa vakadzi navana. Pane imwe nhambo mukati mama 1980, vana 25 muAfrica vaifa awa iri yose somuuyo wokurwisana kwakadaro! Zviverengero zvisingaverengeki zvavana vakaurawa, vakakuvadzwa, vakasiiwa, vakaitwa nherera, kana kuti kupambwa sorubatso.

Mamirioni avana avo zvino vari kukurira mumisasa yavapoteri vanowanzonyimwa zivikanwo uye rudzi pamwe chete nezvokudya zvakakwana, utano hwakanaka, uye dzidzo. Vakawanda vanokuwana kusingabviri kuwana unyanzvi uhwo huchavawanisa basa munzanga.

Asi vana havasati vachingovawo zvavo vanyajambwa vehondo; ivowo varwi vehondo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura vaduku vane 200 000 vari pasi pezera ramakore 15 vakapinzwa muhondo, vakaitwa mauto, uye vakarovedzwa kuuraya. Pakati pavo paiva naavo vakarasikirwa noupenyu kana kuti kuremara sezvo vakateerera mirairidzo yokuzarura nzira vachigura nomunzvimbo yezvimbambaira.

Kubatwa Zvisina Kufanira Kwavana

Munyika dzose dzichiri kubudirira, urombo hunoparira vabereki kutengesa vana vavo nokuda kwechitsama chiduku zvikuru kuti vadzivise nzara kana kuti kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo. Chii chinoitika kuna ava vaduku? Vamwe vanomanikidzirwa kupinda muuhure kana kuti muuranda munzvimbo dzakatsvikinyidzana. Vamwe vanotengeswazve nokuda kweZ$50 000 navanovatenga kana kuti masangano anorera okuMadokero.

Ratidziro dzinoratidza kuti uhure hwavana huri kuwedzera uye hunobatanidza kunyange vana vaduku zvikuru, vose vari vaviri vakomana navasikana. MuBrazil moga, vanofungidzirwa kuva vakawanda samahure ane 500 000 vachiri kuyaruka. Mabhuku emifananidzo outere hwavana huri kuwedzerawo uye hwakapiwa simba kupfurikidza nemidziyo inowanika nenzira iri nyore yevhidhiyo.

Zvokutanga

Kwakaoma kunzwisisa kurwadza uye kutambura kunoparirwa nezviverengero. Nenzira inonzwisa tsitsi, hatigoni kunzwisisa kutambura kuri kuitwa namamirioni kana kuti nezviuru. Bva, vakawanda vedu tinoziva kuti kunotyisa sei kuona kutambura kana kuti rufu rwomwana mumwe bedzi—munhu ane hunhu hwake hwakasiana, mweya unokosha kuna Mwari, munhu ane maruramiro okurarama nokukura somumwe munhu wosewo zvake.

Pasina kupedzera nguva yakawanda tichirangarira mubvunzo usingafadzi wechikonzero nei mugariro wavana uri mumugariro wawo wazvino, nhumwa dzoMusangano Wavakuru venyika nokuda kwaVana dzakataura nechivimbo pamusoro penguva yemberi uye dzakapika kusachashivirirazve mugariro wacho. “Rongedzero Yechiito” yavo yakasarudza, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kusvitsa nharidzano dzinotevera panozosvika gore ra 2000:

◻ Kuderedza chiverengero chavana vasati vasvika makore mashanu vakafa mukati megore ra 1990 nechikamu chimwe muzvitatu.

◻ Kuderedza kushaikwa kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri kwakakomba nokune mwero pakati pavana vasati vasvika makore mashanu kumwero wechikamu chimwe nehafu wa 1990.

◻ Kugovera kuwanikwa kwapose pose kwemvura yokunwa yakakotsekana uye mitoo youtsanana yokuraswa kwetsvina.

◻ Kudzivirira vana mumigariro yakaoma zvikuru, zvikurukuru mumigariro yerwisano yezvombo.

Mutengo wokuwedzera wegadziriro dzokusvitsa nharidzano idzo dzinogona kudzivisa rufu rwavana vane mamirioni 50 muma 1990 wakakarakadzwa kuva Z$12,5 bhirioni pagore.

Iyoyo haisati iri mari huru mukutaura kwenyika. Mugore rimwe makambani eAmerica anopedzera mabhirioni Z$12,5 pakushambadzira midzanga yefodya. Muzuva rimwe nyika inopedza mabhirioni Z$12,5 pahondo.

Pari zvino, ndyiko dzehondo—dzinosanorangarirwa neChibatanwa chaMarudzi kuva dzinopfuura matiririoni Z$5 pagore negore—dzinopfuura mari yakabatanidzwa yegore negore yehafu yavarombo zvikurusa vorudzi rwomunhu. Kukamurwa kwe 5 muzana yeichi chitsama chakakura kungava kwakaringana kukurumidzisa fambiro mberi kukusvika nharidzano dzomusangano wavakuru venyika. Somuenzaniso, mutengo wejeti imwe yehondo yeF/A-18 (unopfuura mamirioni Z$150) wakaenzana nomutengo wemishonga yakakwana yokudzivirira vana vane mamirioni 400 pahosha dzinouraya.

Marudzi anokwanisa kusvitsa nharidzano dzouchinendirini dzinogadzwa pamusangano wavakuru venyika. Vane ruzivo, unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu, uye mari. Mubvunzo unoramba uripo, Vachadaro here?

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

Kurwisa Kushaikwa Kwezvokudya Zvinovaka Muviri

Mapfundo Matanhatu Vabereki Vanofanira Kuziva

1. Mukaka womuzamu woga ndiwo chokudya chakanakisisa kwemwedzi mina kusvikira mitanhatu yokutanga youpenyu hwomwana. Unogovera zvinovaka muviri zvakakwana uye unodzivirira mwana pazvirwere zvakarovedzeka.

2. Pazera remwedzi mina kusvikira kumitanhatu, mwana anoda zvimwe zvokudya. Kumupa zvokudya zvakasimba pamberi pezvi kunowedzera ngozi yokutapurwa nezvirwere; kumupa gare gare kunoparira kushaya zvinovaka muviri.

3. Mwana ari pasi pamakore matatu ezera anoda kudyiswa kazhinji kazhinji kanopfuura nakaviri mukuru, nohuwandu hushoma hwezvokudya zvinopa simba.

4. Zvokudya nezvokunwa hazvifaniri kuregwa apo mwana anenge achirwara kana kuti ane manyoka.

5. Pashure pokurwara, mwana anoda zvokudya zvokuwedzera pazuva kwevhiki kuti adzorere kurasikirwa kwokukura.

6. Anenge makore maviri pakati pokuzvarwa anokosha nokuda kwoutano hwokuvakwa muviri kwavose vari vaviri amai nomwana.

[Credit Lines]

Manyuko: United Nations Children Fund

UNICEF/3893/89/ Maggie Murray-Lee

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Hafu bedzi yavana vomunyika vanowana mvura yokunwa yakachena

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UNICEF/C/91/ Roger Lemoyne

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Mwana mumwe nomumwe, nohunhu hwake hwakasiana, anokosha kuna Mwari uye ane maruramiro okurarama nokukura somumwe munhu wosewo zvake

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mufananidzo: Cristina Solé/Godo-Foto