Shandisa Mishonga Nokuchenjera

YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUNIGERIA

MUKADZI wacho akanyunyuta kuti iye akanga achitemwa nomusoro uye airwadziwa mudumbu make. Chiremba akataura naye nokupfupikisa. Iye ipapo akanyora kosi yemazuva matatu yemajekiseni emarariya, paracetamol (acetaminophen) yokupodza kutema kwomusoro, mirimo miviri yokunyaradza chingave chakanga chiri ronda romudumbu, mirimo yokuderedza funganyo yake, uye pakupedzisira, mukuwedzera, kosi yemavhitamini mazhinji. Bhiri racho rakanga richidhura, asi mukadzi wacho haana kuramba. Akabva achifara, ane chivimbo chokuti mirimo yacho yaizopedza zvinetso zvake.

Kutsvaka betsero kwakadaro kunozivikanwa muWest Africa. Imwe nzvero mune rumwe rudzi rukuru yakaratidza kuti vashandi vanotarisira utano munzvimbo dzavose dzoutano vanonyora tsamba dzemishonga dzeavhareji yemirimo ye3,8 yakasiyana-siyana pamurwere pashanyo imwe neimwe. Kuvanhu vakawanda, kutaura idi, chiremba wakanaka ndeuyo anonyorera mishonga yakawanda.

Zvichida chivimbo cheWest Africa mumishonga chinonzwisisika apo unorangarira izvo mamirire ezvinhu ezvoutano aichimbova. Anopfuura makore 40 akapfuura, munyori John Gunther akanyora pamusoro penguva dzapakuvamba, kuti: “Iyi Slave Coast haina bedzi . . . kuuraya vatema; yakaurayawo vachena, uye rutivi rweAfrica runozivikanwa kungano se‘White Man’s Grave.’ Mambo asingapokanidzwi weGuinea Coast akanga, kwamazana amakore, ari umhutu. Yellow fever, blackwater fever, marariya, zvakanga zviri zvombo zvakasarudzwa uye zvakaipisisa zvouyu mambo. Kuuya kwakaipa kwomumiriro wekunze weWest Coast hakusiri nhau yechinyorwa chekare, asi iyeuko mhenyu. Imwe nhauro inodiwa inorondedzera mukuru mukuru wevamiriri vokudzimwe nyika uyo, kasiri kare zvikuru, akazviwana amene agoverwa kuNigeria ndokukumbira penjeni yake. ‘Penjeni?’ mukuru wake muColonial Office akapindura. ‘Mudikani, hakuna munhu anoenda kuNigeria anomborarama zvakareba zvokurega basa.’”

Nguva dzachinja. Nhasi, kune mirimo yokurwisa kwete bedzi hosha dzinoparadzirwa nenhunga asi dzimwe hosha dzakawandawo. Nhomba dzoga dzakaderedza zvinoshamisa vanofa negwirikwiti, chikosoro chorutakatira, tetenasi, uye diphtheria. Nemhaka yenhomba, chibhokisi chakabviswa. Poriyo nokukurumidza ingavawo hosha yomunguva yakapfuura.

Hakushamisi kuti vagari vomuAfrica vakawanda nhasi vane kutenda kwakasimba muukoshi hwemushonga. Chokwadika, kutenda kwakadaro hakuna kuganhurirwa kuWest Africa. MuUnited States, vanachiremba vanonyora tsamba dzemishonga dzinopfuura mabhiriyoni 55 gore riri rose. MuFrance vanhu vanotenga avhareji yemabhokisi 50 emapiritsi gore rimwe nerimwe. Uye muJapan munhuwo zvake anopedzera inopfuura $3 800 gore negore mumirimo yokurapa.

Betsero Dzinorwisana Nengozi

Mirimo yazvino uno yakaita zvakawanda kubetsera rudzi rwomunhu. Apo inoshandiswa zvakarurama, inosimudzira utano hwakanaka, asi apo inoshandiswa zvisina kururama, inogona kukuvadza uye kunyange kuuraya. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, vanhu vanenge 300 000 vanoiswa muchipatara gore rimwe nerimwe nemhaka yokusawirirana kwakakomba nemirimo yokurapa, uye 18 000 vanofa.

Kuti ushandise mirimo nokuchenjera, kunokosha kubvuma kuti nguva dzose pane rutivi rwengozi. Murimo upi noupi, kunyange aspirin, inogona kuparira tapuro dzapashure. Bviro yetapuro dzapashure ihuru kana ukanwa mirimo inoverengeka munhevedzano. Chokudya uye chokunwa chinopesvedzerawo mashandire anoita murimo mumuviri wako uye zvinogona kuwedzera kana kuti kuderedza tapuro dzawo.

Kune dzimwe ngozi. Ungava nokudavidza kwokusawirirana nomurimo wakati. Kana ukasanwa mirimo sezvanyorwa mutsamba yomushonga—chiyero chakarurama nokuda kweurefu hwenguva hwakarurama—iyo zvichida haisati ichizokubatsira uye inogona kunyange kukukuvadza. Mugumisiro mumwe chetewo ungaitika kana chiremba wako akakunyorera murimo usiriwo kana kuti mirimo isiri madikanwa. Unozviisawo mungozi yokukuvara kana ukanwa mirimo yakapera simba, isina runako runodiwa, kana kuti yokunyepedzera.

Kuti uderedze ngozi dzacho, unofanira kuziva zvakawanda sezvingabvira pamusoro pomurimo upi kana upi waunonwa. Unogona kubetserwa zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuziva maidi.

Maantibiotic—Kunaka Kwao Nokuipa Kwao

Chibviro chokutangwa kwao anenge makore 50 apfuura, maantibiotic, akaponesa upenyu hwamamiriyoni avanhu. Akakurira hosha dzinotyisa zvikuru, dzakadai semaperembudzi, tibhii, mabayo, scarlet fever, uye njovhera. Anoitawo rutivi runokosha mukuporesa kumwe kutapura.

Dr. Stuart Levy, purofesa wemushonga paTufts University Medical School muUnited States, akati: “[Maantibiotic] atorera mishonga nzvimbo. Iwo chishandiswa chimwe chadokuchinja nhau yezvokurapa.” Chimwe chiremera chezvokurapa chinoti: “Iwo hwaro uhwo mishonga yazvino uno yakavakirwa pahuri.”

Zvisinei, usati wamhanyira kuna chiremba wako ndokukumbira mugove, rangarira miuyo yakaipa. Maantibiotic, apo anoshandiswa nenzira isina kururama, anogona kukukuvadza zvikuru kupfuura kukubetsera. Ikoku imhaka yokuti maantibiotic anoshanda kupfurikidza nokurwisa nokuparadza utachiona huri mumuviri. Asi haaparadzi nguva dzose utachiona hwose hunokuvadza; mamwe marudzi outachiona anogona kukurira denho yacho. Aya marudzi anokurira haangopukunyuki bedzi asi anowedzera uye ndokupfuura kubva kune munhu kuenda kune mumwe munhu.

Penicillin, somuenzaniso, yakambenge ichibudirira zvikuru mukurapa kutapurwa. Zvino, murutivi nemhaka yokuwedzera kwemarudzi anokurira eutachiona, makambani emirimo anotengesa mazana anoverengeka emarudzi akasiyana-siyana epenicillin.

Chii chaunogona kuita kuti udzivise zvinetso? Kana uchida chaizvoizvo maantibiotic, iva nechokwadi chokuti unonyorerwa nachiremba akakwaniriswa uye anowanikwa mumanyuko apamutemo. Usamanikidzira chiremba wako kukurumidza kukunyorera maantibiotic—iye angada kuti iwe uve nenzvero dzomuimba yokunzverera kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti wanyorwa ndiwo chaiwo nokuda kwourwere hwako.

Kunokoshawo kuti ushandise mwero wakarurama nokuda kweurefu hwakarurama. Unofanira kunwa kosi yacho yose yemaantibiotic, kunyange kana ukanzwa zviri nani isati yapera.

Majekiseni Ari Nani Kupfuura Mapiritsi Here?

“Ndinoda jekiseni!” Aya mashoko anonzwiwa navashandi vakawanda vezvoutano munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Hwaro hwechikumbiro chakadaro kudavira kuti mushonga wacho unobayirwa zvakananga muropa uye unogovera kurapa kune simba kupfuura zvinoita mapiritsi. Mune dzimwe nyika kunozivikanwa kuona ‘vanachiremba vemajekiseni’ vasina kunyoreswa vachitsvaga basa.

Majekiseni ane ngozi idzo mapiritsi asina. Kana tsono yacho isina kuchena, murwere anogona kutapurwa nehepatitis, tetenasi, uye kunyange AIDS. Tsono yakasviba inogona kuparirawo mota rinorwadza. Ngozi dzinowedzera kana jekiseni rikapiwa nomunhu asingakwanirisi.

Kana uchida jekiseni chaizvoizvo, iva nechokwadi chokuti rinopiwa nomumwe munhu anokwaniriswa munhau dzokurapa. Nokuda kwedzivirirwo yako, nguva dzose iva nechokwadi chokuti zvose zviri zviviri tsono nechubhu yacho zvacheneswa.

Mirimo Yokunyepedzera

Indasitiri yezvemishonga yenyika yose ibhizimisi guru, rinounza anenge mabhiriyoni $1 615 gore rimwe nerimwe, maererano neWorld Health Organization (WHO). Vachidisa kushandisa mumiriro wacho wezvinhu, vanhu vasina kutendeseka vakagadzira mishonga yokunyepedzera. Mirimo yokunyepedzera inoratidzika kuva semirimo yechokwadi—ndizvo zvinoitawo mabutiro ayo uye mainoisirwa—asi haibetseri.

Nepo mishonga yokunyepedzera iri kwose kwose, yakakurumbira zvikurukuru munyika dzichiri kusimukira, uye inounza migumisiro ine ngwavaira. MuNigeria, vana vane 109 vakafa nekukundikana kushanda kweitsvo pashure pokumedza manyuchi anopedza marwadzo ane zvinonyungudutsa zvomuindasitiri. MuMexico, vanyajambwa vokutsva vakatambura hosha dzokurwadza kweganda kubva mumishonga yaifungidzirwa yakanga iine mupfupfunyurwa wamapuranga, kofi, uye tsvina. MuBurma, vagari vomumisha vazhinji vakafa nemarariya somugumisiro wokunwa murimo wekunyepedzera uyo usina kurwisa chirwere chemarariya. “Vari pangozi huru,” inotaura kudaro WHO, “ndivo, zvakare, varombo zvikurusa, avo padzimwe nguva vanofunga kuti ibetsero yakanaka apo vanotenga unoratidzika kuva mushonga unoshanda unogadzirwa nekambani inoremekedzwa.”

Unogona sei kuzvidzivirira umene pamirimo yokunyepedzera? Iva nechokwadi chokuti chaunotenga chinobva mumanyuko anomukurumbira wakanaka, akadai somuchitoro chemishonga chomuchipatara. Usatenga kuvatengesi vomumugwagwa. Imwe nyanzvi yokugadzira mishonga muBenin City, Nigeria, inonyevera, kuti: “Kuvatengesi vomumugwagwa, kutengesa mirimo rinongova bedzi bhizimisi. Vanoparadzira mirimo sokunge kuti zviwitsi kana kuti mabhisikiti. Mirimo yavanotengesa kazhinji kazhinji ndeyekare kana kuti ndeyokunyepedzera. Ava vanhu havazivi chinhu chipi kana chipi pamusoro pemirimo yavari kutengesa.”

Chinetso Chourombo

Kurapwa nemishonga uko munhu anogamuchira kazhinji kazhinji kunotemwa nokuwanda kwemari iyo anayo. Kuti vaderedze ndyiko shoma uye kuti vachengetedze nguva, vanhu vari munyika dzichiri kusimukira vangarega kuenda kuna chiremba ndokunanga kuchitoro chemishonga kundotenga mirimo iyo kupfurikidza nomutemo inoda tsamba yemishonga. Nemhaka yokuti vakamboshandisa murimo wacho kare kana kuti shamwari dzinoutsigira, vanoziva chavanoda nokuda kweurwere hwavo. Asi chavanoda chingave chisiricho chiri madikanwa.

Vanhu vanoedza kuderedzawo mitengo mudzimwe nzira. Chiremba anoita kuti nzvero yomuimba yokunzverera iitwe uye anonyora mushonga wakati. Murwere anoenda netsamba yomushonga kuchitoro chemishonga asi anowana kuti mutengo wacho mukuru. Naizvozvo panzvimbo pokutsvaka mari yokuwedzera, vanhu kazhinji kazhinji vanotenga murimo wakachipa kana kuti kungotenga bedzi mimwe yemishonga yakanyorwa.

Unoda Kurapwa Nemishonga Chaizvoizvo Here?

Kana uchida mushonga chaizvoizvo, ziva chauri kunwa. Usanyara kubvunza chiremba kana kuti nyanzvi yokugadzira mishonga mibvunzo pamusoro pemurimo wanyorwa. Une kodzero yokuziva. Pashure pazvose, muviri wako ungatambura.

Kana ukasashandisa mishonga yako nenzira yakarurama, ungasapora. Unofanira kuziva uwandu hwaunofanira kunwa, apo unofanira kuunwa, uye kuti unofanira kuutora kwenguva yakareba sei. Unofanira kuzivawo zvokudya, zvinwiwa, uye mimwe mishonga kana kuti mibato zvokudzivisa apo unenge uchiunwa. Uye unofanira kuziva nezvetapuro dzapashure uye zvokuita kana dzikavapo.

Zivawo kuti mirimo haigoveri mhinduro kuchinetso chiri chose chezvokurapwa. Ungasada mirimo chose. Magazini yeWorld Health, chinyorwa cheWHO, inotaura, kuti: “Shandisa mushonga bedzi apo unenge uri kudiwa. Zororo, zvokudya zvakanaka nezvinwiwa zvizhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvakakwana kubetsera munhu kuva ari nani.”

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

“Chiuru chokurwara chinoda chiuru chokurapwa,” akanyora kudaro mumwe mudetembi wechiRoma makore 2 000 apfuura. Nhasi, mudetembi wacho angadai akanyora kuti, ‘Chiuru chokurwara chinoda chiuru chemapiritsi’! Zvirokwazvo, panoratidzika kuva nepiritsi nokuda kwekurwara kuri kose, kwechokwadi kana kuti kwokufungidzira. Maererano neWorld Bank, kune marudzi anenge 100 000 emirimo, akaitwa nezvinhu zvinoshanda zvinopfuura 5 000.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Kushandiswa Kune Mufungo Kwomushonga

1. Usashandisa mirimo yakapfuudza mazuva ayo.

2. Tenga kubva kumanyuko ane mukurumbira wakanaka. Usatenga kubva kuvatengesi vomumugwagwa.

3. Iva nechokwadi chokuti unonzwisisa uye unotevedzera mirayiridzo.

4. Usashandise mirimo yakanyorerwa mumwe munhu.

5. Usaomerera pamajekiseni. Mirimo inopinzwa nomumuromo inoshandawo zvakafanana.

6. Chengeta mishonga iri munzvimbo inotonhorera, isingasvikwi navana.