Kutongwa Nokuurawa kwo“Mupanduki”
YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUITALY
KUNE rumwe rutivi rweimba yedare inotyisa kune bhenji hombe, rakakwirira revatongi. Chigaro chasachigaro chiri pakati chakafukidzwa nedenga rejira dema, riri pamusoro pemuchinjikwa wemuti muhombe wakareba kupfuura zvimwe zvose mukamuri racho rose. Pamberi pacho, pane bhokisi.
Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo matare eDare Rokubvunzurudza reKaturike akaipa aiwanzorondedzerwa nayo. Pomero inotyisa yakaunzwa mukurwisana naava vapomerwi vanosiririsa yakanga iri “kupanduka,” shoko iro rinoyeuchidza nezvemifananidzo yokutambudzwa nokuurawa kupfurikidza nokupiswa padanda. Dare Rokubvunzurudza (kubva mushoko rinoratidzira chiito rechiLatin inquiro, “kubvunza nezvechinhu”) rakanga riri dare chairo rechechi rakatangwa kuti riparadze kupanduka, ndiko kuti, mifungo kana kuti dzidziso dzisingawirirani nokudzidzisa kunogamuchirwa neRoma Katurike.
Manyuko echiKaturike anotaura kuti rakatangwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Pope Lucius III akavamba Dare Rokubvunzurudza paMusangano weVerona muna 1184, uye kurongwa kwaro nemiitiro zvakanatsiridzwa—kana shoko rakadaro richigona kushandiswa kurondedzera sangano iroro rinotyisa—nevamwe vanapapa. Muzana remakore rechi13, Pope Gregory IX akavamba matare ekubvunzurudza mumativi akasiyana-siyana eEurope.
Dare Rokubvunzurudza rokuSpain rine mukurumbira wakaisvoipa rakavambwa muna 1478 nemurayiro wapapa wakarayirwa naPope Sixtus IV pakukumbira kwachangamire Ferdinand naIsabella vaitonga. Rakatangwa kuti rirwise vaMarrano, vaJudha vakanyepedzera kutendeukira kuchiKaturike kuti vanzvenge kutambudzwa; vaMorisco, vateveri veChichawa vakatendeutsirwa kuchiKaturike nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chetecho; uye vapanduki vokuSpain. Nemhaka yokushingaira kwake kwokunyanyisa, mubvunzurudzi mukuru wokutanga muSpain, Tomás de Torquemada, mumongi anotevera “St.” Dominic, akava chiratidzo chemativi akaipisisa eDare racho Rokubvunzurudza.
Muna 1542, Pope Paul III akatanga Dare Rokubvunzurudza reRome, iro rakanga richidzora nyika yose yechiKaturike. Akagadza dare guru revafundisi vakuru vatanhatu, rainzi Sangano reDare Rokubvunzurudza Kutsvene kweRome Nekwemunyika Yose, boka rechechi iro rakava “hurumende inotyisa iyo yakazadza Rome yose norutyo.” (Dizionario Enciclopedico Italiano) Kuurawa kwevapanduki kwakatyisidzira nyika dziya umo boka rinotonga revafundisi veKaturike raidzora.
Kutongwa uye Auto-da-fé
Nhau inobvumikisa kuti vabvunzurudzi vaitambudza vaipomerwa kupanduka kuti vaite kuti vareurure. Munhamburiko yokurerutsa mhaka yeDare Rokubvunzurudza, vatsinhiri veKaturike vakanyora kuti panguva yacho, kutambudzwa kwakanga kuchizivikanwa navose mumatare enyikawo. Asi izvozvo zvinoruramisa mubato wakadaro waiitwa nevashumiri vaiti vamiririri vaKristu here? Vaisafanira kuve vakaratidza tsitsi idzo Kristu akaratidzira vavengi vake here? Kuti tirangarire izvozvi nenzira yokusasarura, tingarangarira mubvunzo mumwe wakapfava: Jesu Kristu aizodai akashandisa kutambudza paavo vaisiyana naye padzidziso dzake here? Jesu akati: “Idai vavengi venyu; muitire zvakanaka vanokuvengai.”—Ruka 6:27.
Dare Rokubvunzurudza harina kuvimbisa mupomerwi ruramisiro ipi neipi. Mukushanda chaikoiko, mubvunzurudzi aiva nemasimba asina kuganhurirwa. “Kunyumwira, pomero, kunyange runyerekupe, zvakanga zvakakwanira mubvunzurudzi kushevedza munhu kuti auye pamberi pake.” (Enciclopedia Cattolica) Italo Mereu, wezvenhau wemutemo, anosimbisa kuti raiva boka rinotonga ravafundisi veKaturike pacharo iro rakafunga ndokugamuchira muitiro wokubvunzurudza wekutongwa kwemhosva, vachirega muitiro wekupomera wekare wakatangwa nevokuRome. Mutemo weRome wairayira kuti mupomeri abvumikise kutaura kwake. Kana paiva nokusava nechokwadi kupi nokupi, zvaiva nani kusunungura panzvimbo pokupinda mungozi yokupa mhaka mumwe munhu akanga asina mhaka. Boka rinotonga ravafundisi veKaturike rakatsiva iyi nheyo yapakuvamba nepfungwa yokuti kunyumwira kwaifanoratidzira mhaka, uye mupomerwi ndiye aifanira kuratidzira kuva kwake asina mhaka. Mazita ezvapupu zvairoverera mhaka (vamhan’ari) aisaziviswa, uye gweta rinodzivirira, apo raivapo, raipinda mungozi yokuva nomukurumbira wakaipa uye yokurasikirwa nenzvimbo yaro kana rikadzivirira anonzi mupanduki nenzira inobudirira. Somugumisiro, inobvuma kudaro Enciclopedia Cattolica, “vapomerwi vakanga vasina dziviriro chaizvoizvo. Izvo gweta racho raigona kuita bedzi kwaiva kupa zano munhu wacho ane mhaka kuti areurure!”
Kutonga kwacho kwaiguma neauto-da-fé, shoko rechiPutukezi rinoreva “chiito chokutenda.” Chaiva chii? Mifananidzo yenhambo yacho inoratidzira kuti vapomerwi vaitemerwa zvisina kururama vaipomerwa kupanduka vakava vanyajambwa vechiono chinotyisa. Dizionario Ecclesiastico rinorondedzera auto-da-fé se“chiito chepachena chokuyanana chaiitwa nevapanduki vakapiwa mhaka nevanopfidza” pashure pokunge kubvumikiswa kwavo kuva nemhaka kwaraviwa.
Kubvumikiswa kuva nemhaka kwevapanduki zvaisundirwa mberi kuitira kuti vanoverengeka vagogona kubatanidzwa muchiono chimwe chinotyisa kaviri pagore kana kuti kupfuura. Mudungwe murefu wevapanduki waforeswa pamberi pevaoni, avo vaitora rutivi nokutya kukuru kwakasangana nokufadzwa kwoutsinye hukuru. Vaibvumikiswa kuva nemhaka vaiitwa kuti vakwire pamachanja pakati penzvimbo huru isina chinhu, uye tongero dzavo dzairaviwa zvinonzwika. Avo vairega dzidziso dzavo, ndiko kuti, kuramba dzidziso dzokupanduka, vaimboregerwa pajambwa rokurambidzwa kutora rutivi musakaramende uye kutongerwa zvirango zvakasiyana-siyana kubatanidza kuva mutorongo kwoupenyu hwose. Avo vaisarega dzidziso dzavo asi panguva yokupedzisira vaireurura kumuprista vaiendeswa kuzviremera zvomunyikamo kuti vadzipwe, kusungirirwa, kana kuti kugurwa musoro, zvichiteverwa nokupiswa. Vaisapfidza vaipiswa vari vapenyu. Kuurawa kwacho kumene kwaiitika nguva yakati gare gare, pashure pechimwe chiono chepachena.
Mubato weDare Rokubvunzurudza reRome wakanga wakavharidzirwa nokuvandika kukurusa. Kunyange nhasi, nyanzvi hadzibvumirwi kutsvaka mashoko munzvimbo yaro inochengeterwa zvinyorwa zvenhau. Zvisinei, nzvero yokushivirira yakabudisa zvinyorwa zvokutonga kwematare eRome. Zvinozivisei?
Kutongwa Kwomufundisi Mukuru
Pietro Carnesecchi, akaberekerwa muFlorence pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi16, akaita fambiro mberi yokukurumidza mubasa rake roufundisi pamusha paPope Clement VII, uyo akamugadza somunyori wake pachake. Zvisinei, basa raCarnesecchi rakaguma kamwe kamwe, apo papa wacho akafa. Gare gare, akazivana neboka ravanhu vakakwirira nevafundisi avo, kufanana naye, vakagamuchira dzimwe dzedzidziso dzaidzidziswa neChinjo yePurotesitendi. Somugumisiro, akatongwa katatu. Atongerwa rufu, akagurwa musoro, uye muviri wake wakapiswa.
Kupfigirwa mutorongo kwaCarnesecchi kwakarondedzerwa nevatsinhiri soupenyu hwokutambura kusina tariro. Kuti atere, akatambudzwa ndokuziyiswa nenzara. Pana September 21, 1567, auto-da-fé yake inosuruvarisa yakaitwa vanenge vafundisi vakuru vose varipo muRome. Carnesecchi akaravirwa mutongo wake ari pamachanja pamberi peboka. Wakaguma nomuitiro wenguva dzose nomunyengetero kumitezo yedare romunyikamo, uko mupanduki wacho akanga ava kuda kuendeswa, kuti ‘isanyanyokombese mukumupa mutongo uye kusamutongera rufu kana kuti kumutambudza zvakanyanyisa.’ Ikoku kwaisava kunyengera kukuru here? Vabvunzurudzi vacho vaida kubvisa vapanduki asi, panguva imwe cheteyo, vainyepedzera kukumbira zviremera zvokunyika kuti zvishandise ngoni, nokudaro ndokudzivisa kukuvadza mukurumbira wavo uye kubvisa mutoro wemhaka yeropa. Pashure pokunge mutongo waCarnesecchi waraviwa, akapfekedzwa sanbenito, nguo yesaga yeyero ine michinjikwa mitsvuku nokuda kweanopfidza kana kuti nhema ine mirazvo yemoto naanadhiyabhorosi nokuda kweasingapfidzi. Mutongo wacho wakaitwa mazuva gumi gare gare.
Neiko uyu aichimbova munyori wapapa akapomerwa kupanduka? Zvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvokutongwa kwake, izvo zvakawanwa pamugumo wezana ramakore rakapfuura, zvinoratidzira kuti akawanikwa aine mhaka yepomero 34 dzinowirirana nedzidziso dzaakarwisana nadzo. Pakati padzo paiva nedzidziso pamusoro pepurigatori, kusaroora kwevaprista nemanani, kushanduka, kusimbisa, kureurura, kurambidzwa kwezvokudya, kuregererwa, uye minyengetero ku“vasande.” Pomero yechisere inofadza zvikuru. (Ona bhokisi, riri papeji 15.) Kupfurikidza nokutongera rufu avo vaigamuchira sehwaro hwedzidziso “shoko raMwari rinotaurwa muMagwaro Matsvene” bedzi, Dare Rokubvunzurudza rakaratidza nenzira yakajeka kuti Chechi yeKaturike hairangariri Bhaibheri Dzvene kuva manyuko bedzi akafuridzirwa. Hakushamisi nokudaro kuti zhinji dzedzidziso dzechechi yacho dzakavakirwa, kwete paMagwaro, asi pagamuchidzanwa rechechi.
Kuurawa Kwemudzidzi Muduku
Nyaya youpenyu pfupi neinoorora yaPomponio Algieri, akaberekerwa pedyo neNaples muna 1531, haizivikanwi zvikuru, asi yakabuda munguva yakapfuura isingazivikanwi, nemhaka yenzvero dzezvenhau dzokushingaira dzenyanzvi dzakati. Kupfurikidza nokuonana kwake nevadzidzisi nevadzidzi vanobva mumativi akasiyana-siyana eEurope apo aifunda paYunivhesiti yePadua, Algieri akasumwa kuvanonzi vapanduki uye kudzidziso dzeChinjo yePurotesitendi. Kufarira kwake Magwaro kwakawedzera.
Akavamba kudavira kuti Bhaibheri bedzi rakafuridzirwa, uye somugumisiro, akaramba dzidziso dzakati dzeKaturike, zvakadai sokureurura, kusimbiswa, purigatori, kushanduka, uye kupindira kwe“vasande,” pamwe chete nedzidziso yokuti papa ndiye mumiririri waKristu.
Algieri akasungwa ndokuedzwa neDare Rokubvunzurudza muPadua. Akaudza vabvunzurudzi vake kuti: “Ndiri kudzokera kutorongo nokudisa, zvichida kunyange kurufu rwangu kana zvirizvo zvinoda Mwari. Kupfurikidza nokubwinya kwake, Mwari achavhenekera mumwe nomumwe zvikuru. Ndichatsungirira kutambudzwa kuri kwose nomufaro nemhaka yokuti Kristu, Munyaradzi akakwana wemweya inotambudzwa, uyo ari kuvhenekera kwangu nechiedza chechokwadi, anokwanisa kudzinga rima.” Pashure pazvo, Dare Rokubvunzurudza reRome rakamugamuchidza ndokumutongera rufu.
Algieri aiva nemakore 25 okukura paakafa. Zuva raakaurawa muRome, akaramba kureurura kana kuti kugamuchira Sakaramende. Chakashandiswa kumuuraya chaitove choutsinye zvikuru kupfuura chenguva dzose. Haana kupiswa nemasvinga ehuni. Panzvimbo pezvo, tangi hombe rakazara nezvinhu zvinokurumidza kubata moto—mafuta, tara, uye resin—rakaiswa pamachanja panoonekwa zvizere neboka. Rasungwa, jaya racho rakadzikiswa mukati, uye zvaiva mukati zvakatungidzwa. Akapiswa zvishoma nezvishoma ari mupenyu.
Mamwe Manyuko Emhaka Yakakomba
Carnesecchi, Algieri, uye vamwe avo vakaurawa neDare Rokubvunzurudza vakanga vaine kunzwisisa Magwaro kusina kukwana. Zivo yakanga ichigere kuva yak“awanda” mukati me“nguva yokupedzisira” yetsika ino yezvinhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakanga vakagadzirira kufira mwero wakati we‘zivo yechokwadi’ iyo vakanga vakwanisa kuwana muShoko raMwari.—Dhanieri 12:4.
Kunyange vaPurotesitendi, kubatanidza vamwe vaVachinji vavo, vakabvisa vapanduki kupfurikidza nokuvapisa padanda kana kuti vakaita kuti vaKaturike vaurawe nebetsero yezviremera zvokunyika. Calvin, somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo akanga achida hake kuvagura musoro, akaita kuti Michael Servetus apiswe ari mupenyu somupanduki anorwisana noUtatu.
Idi rokuti kutambudzwa nokuurawa kwevapanduki zvakanga zvakarovedzeka kuvose vari vaviri vaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi haritongopembedzi mabasa iwayo. Asi mapoka anotonga evafundisi orudzidziso ane mumwe mutoro wakakomba—wokutaura kuti anoruramiswa neMagwaro nokuda kwokuuraya uye ipapo wokunyepedzera kuti Mwari amene akanga arayira mabasa akadaro. Izvozvi hazvitutiri ruzvidzo pazita raMwari here? Nyanzvi dzakati dzinosimbisa kuti Augustine, “Fata Wechechi” yeKaturike akakurumbira, aiva wokutanga kutsigira nheyo yokumanikidza “kworudzidziso,” ndiko kuti, kushandiswa kwesimba kurwisa kupanduka. Mukuedza kushandisa Bhaibheri kururamisa muitiro wacho, akanongedzera kumashoko ari mumufananidzo waJesu unowanwa pana Ruka 14:16-24: “Uvagombedzere vapinde.” Sezviri pachena, aya mashoko, akamonyaniswa naAugustine, airatidzira mutsa worupo, kwete kumanikidza kwoutsinye.
Kunokosha kuti kunyange apo Dare Rokubvunzurudza rakanga richishingaira, vatsigiri vokushivirira kworudzidziso vairwisana nokutambudzwa kwevapanduki, vachinongedzera kumufananidzo wegorosi nemashawi. (Mateo 13:24-30, 36-43) Mumwe wavo aiva Desiderius Erasmus, weRotterdam, uyo akati Mwari, Muridzi wemunda, aida vapanduki, mashawi, kuti vashivirirwe. Martin Luther, kune rumwe rutivi, akamutsa masimba masimba mukurwisana nevapanduki vomumapurazi, uye vanoda kusvika 100 000 vakaurawa.
Tichiona mutoro wakakomba wemarudzidziso eChikristudhomu ayo akasimudzira kutambudzwa kwevanonzi vapanduki, tinofanira kusundwa kuitei? Zvirokwazvo tinofanira kuda kutsvaka zivo yechokwadi yeShoko raMwari. Jesu akataura kuti chiratidzo choMukristu wechokwadi chaizova kuda kwake Mwari nomuvakidzani—rudo urwo sezviri pachena rwaisazobvumira masimba masimba.—Mateo 22:37-40; Johane 13:34, 35; 17:3.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 15]
Dzimwe Pomero Idzo Carnesecchi Akawanwa Aine Mhaka
8. “[Warambirira] pakuti hapana chimwe chinhu kunze kweshoko raMwari rinotaurwa muMagwaro Matsvene chinofanira kudavirwa.”
12. “[Waomerera] kuti kureurura kwesakaremende hakusi de jure Divino [maererano nomutemo waMwari], kuti hakuna kutangwa naKristu uyewo hakubvumikiswi neMagwaro, uyewo kuti rudzi rwupi norwupi rwokureurura harusi madikanwa kunze kwokuna Mwari amene.”
15. “Hauna kuva nechokwadi pamusoro pepurigatori.”
16. “Warangarira bhuku ravaMaccabee, iro rinobata neminyengetero nokuda kwevakafa, kuva renhema.”
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]
The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck