VaCathar—Vakanga Vari Vafiri Kutendeka vechiKristu Here?

“VAURAYEI vose; Mwari achacherekedza Vake amene.” Pazuva iroro rezhizha ra1209, vagari vemo veBéziers, muFrance yokumaodzanyemba, vakapondwa. Mumongi Arnold Amalric, akagadzwa somumiririri wapapa pamuzinda wavarwi vechiKristu vechiKaturike, haana kuratidza ngoni. Apo varume vake vakabvunza kuti vaizosiyanisa sei pakati pavaKaturike navapanduki, sezvinoshumwa akapa mhinduro ine mukurumbira wakashata yanokorwa mashoko pamusoro apa. Vezvenhau vechiKaturike vakanetesa mhinduro yacho kukuti: “Musanetseka. Ndinodavira kuti vashoma zvikuru vachatendeutswa.” Ipi kana ipi yaiva mhinduro yake chaiyoiyo, mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kuurawa kwavanenge varume, vakadzi, uye vana 20 000 pamaoko avarwi vechiKristu vanenge 300 000, vakatungamirirwa navafundisi veChechi yeKaturike.

Chii chakaparira uku kupondwa kwavakawanda? Kwakanga kuri chete mavambo eHondo yechiKristu yavaAlbigense iyo Papa Innocent III akanga atanga mukurwisana navainzi vapanduki muruwa rweLanguedoc, kumaodzanyemba kwapakati peFrance. Isati yapera makore 20 gare gare, sezvinobvira vanhu vane miriyoni imwe—vaCathar, vaWaldense, uye kunyange vaKaturike vakawanda—vakanga varasikirwa noupenyu hwavo.

Kusiyana Kworudzidziso muEurope yeMiddle Ages

Kukura kwokukurumidza kwokutengeserana muzana ramakore rechi11 C.E. kwakaparira chinjo huru mumamiriro enzanga noupfumi muEurope yeMiddle Ages. Mataundi akavapo kuti achengete nhamba inokura yenyanzvi dzemabasa amaoko navatengesi. Ikoku kwakagovera mukana wemifungo mitsva. Kusiyana kworudzidziso kwakadzika midzi muLanguedoc, umo shambidziko inoshivirira zvikuru nehuru yakabudirira kupfuura nzvimbo ipi neipi muEurope. Guta reToulouse muLanguedoc rakanga riri guta rakapfuma rechitatu zvikurusa muEurope. Yakanga iri nyika umo vaimbi vakabudirira, dzimwe dzenziyo dzavo dzakanongedzera kunhau dzamatongerwe enyika nedzorudzidziso.

Richirondedzera mamiriro ezvinhu erudzidziso mumazana amakore echi11 neechi12, bhuku rinonzi Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses rinoti: “Muzana ramakore rechi12, somuzana ramakore rakapfuura racho, tsika dzavafundisi, upfumi hwavo, ushati hwavo, uye unzenza hwavo, zvakapfuurira kupanikirwa, asi hwakanga huri zvikurukuru upfumi nesimba zvavo, kuwirirana kwavo kwapachivande nezviremera zvenyika, uye kuzviisa pasi kwavo kwekubata kumeso zvakatsoropodzwa.”

Vaparidzi Vanofambira

Kunyange Papa Innocent III akacherekedza kuti uipi hwakapararira mukati mechechi hwakaparira kuwedzera kwavaparidzi vanopandukira, vanofambira veEurope, zvikurukuru muFrance yokumaodzanyemba neItaly yokuchamhembe. Vazhinji vaivava vakanga vari vaCathar kana kuti zvimwe vaWaldense. Akanyomba vaprista nokuda kwokusadzidzisa vanhu, achiti: “Vana vanoshayiwa chingwa icho musingaitire hanya kuvamedurira.” Bva, panzvimbo pokusimudzira dzidzo yeBhaibheri nokuda kwavanhu, Innocent akataura kuti “kuoma kwoRugwaro rwoumwari kwakakura kwazvo, zvokuti havasi bedzi vanhuwo zvavo navasina kudzidza, asi kunyange vakangwara navakadzidza, havazivi zvizere kuedza kurinzwisisa.” Kurava Bhaibheri kwakarambidzwa kuvanhu vose kunze kwavafundisi, uye ipapo ndokubvumirwa muchiLatin bedzi.

Kumisa kuparidza kunofamba kwavapandukiri, papa akatendera kuvambwa kweOrder of Friars Preachers, kana kuti vaDominic. Mukupesana navafundisi vechiKaturike vakapfuma, ava vashandi vaizova vaparidzi vanofambira vakapiwa basa rokudzivirira dzidziso dzakagadzwa dzechiKaturike pa“vapanduki” muFrance yokumaodzanyemba. Papa akatumawo vamiririri kuti varangarire navaCathar ndokuedza kuvadzosa mudanga rechiKaturike. Sezvo nhamburiko idzi dzakakundikana, uye mumwe wavamiririri vake akaurawa, sezvinofungidzirwa nomupanduki, Innocent III akarayira Hondo yechiKristu yavaAlbigense muna 1209. Albi rakanga riri rimwe ramataundi umo vaCathar vakanga vakawanda zvikuru, naizvozvo varondedzeri vechechi vakanongedzera kuvaCathar savaAlbigense (chiFrench, Albigeois) ndokushandisa shoko racho kuratidzira vose “vapanduki” vose vaiva munharaunda iyoyo, kubatanidza vaWaldense. (Ona Bhokisi riri pazasi.)

Ndivanaani Vaiva vaCathar?

Shoko rokuti “cathar” rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki rokuti ka·tha·rosʹ, rinoreva “kuchena.” Kubva muzana ramakore rechi11 kusvikira kune rechi14, chiCathar chakapararira zvikurukuru muLombardy, Italy yokuchamhembe, uye muLanguedoc. Zvitendero zvavaCathar zvaiva musanganiswa wechitendero chokuMabvazuva chokuti munhu anoumbwa nenyama nemudzimu uye Chitendero Chokuti Nyama Yakaipa, wakapinzwa zvichida navatengesi vokumwe navafundisi. The Encyclopedia of Religion inorondedzera chitendero chokuti munhu anoumbwa nenyama nomudzimu chechiCathar sokudavira mu“nheyo mbiri: imwe yakanaka, yaidzora zvose zvakanga zviri zvomudzimu, imwe yacho yakashata, yaiva nechokuita nenyika inooneka yenyama, kubatanidza muviri womunhu.” VaCathar vaidavira kuti Satani akasika nyika inooneka, iyo nenzira isingachinjiki yakashurikidzwa kuruparadziko. Tariro yavo yakanga iri yokupukunyuka zvakashata, nyika inooneka.

VaCathar vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri, vafundisi navatendi. Vafundisi vakavambwa nemuitiro worubhapatidzo rwomudzimu, rwainzi consolamentum. Irworwu rwaiitwa nokuiswa kwamaoko, pashure pokuedzwa kwegore. Muitiro wacho waifungwa sounosunungura munhu ari kuedzwa mukutonga kwaSatani, kumuchenesa pachivi chose, uye kupa mudzimu mutsvene. Ikoku kwakaparira zita rokuti “vafundisi,” richishandiswa kuvakanakisisa vashomanene zvikuru vaishanda savashumiri kuna vatendi. Vafundisi vaiita mhiko dzokuzvinyima zvimwe zvokudya, kuchena, uye urombo. Kana akaroora, mufundisi aifanira kusiya mukwanyina wake, sezvo vaCathar vaidavira kuti vatano yakanga iri chivi chapakuvamba.

Vatendi vakanga vari vanhu avo, vasingagamuchiri mararamiro okuzvinyima zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro vaigamuchira dzidziso dzavaCathar. Nokupfugama mukuremekedza vafundisi mumuitiro wainzi melioramentum, mutendi aikumbira kanganwiro nechikomborero. Kuzvigonesa vamene kurarama upenyu hwenguva dzose, vatendi vakaita navafundisi convenenza, kana kuti chibvumirano, chaigonesa chiito chorubhapatidzo rwomudzimu apo vanenge vava mumaawa okupedzisira oupenyu, kana kuti consolamentum.

Chimiro Chendangariro kuBhaibheri

Kunyange zvazvo vaCathar vainokora mashoko Bhaibheri zvikuru, vairirangarira zvikurukuru samanyuko engano nenhema. Vairangarira kuti rutivi rukuru zvikurukuru rwaMagwaro echiHebheru rwakabva kuna Dhiyabhorosi. Vaishandisa mativi aMagwaro echiGiriki, akadai samagwaro anosiyanisa nyama nomudzimu, kutsigira uzivi hwavo hwechitendero chokuti munhu anoumbwa nenyama nomudzimu. Mumunyengetero waShe, vakanyengeterera “chingwa chedu chinopfuura chenyama” (kureva kuti “chingwa chomudzimu”) panzvimbo pe“chingwa chedu chezuva nezuva,” chingwa chenyama chichiva chakaipa chiri madikanwa mumeso avo.

Dzidziso dzakawanda dzavaCathar dzaipokanidzana zvakananga neBhaibheri. Somuenzaniso, vaidavira kusafa kwomweya uye kuberekwazve. (Enzanisa naMuparidzi 9:5, 10; Ezekieri 18:4, 20.) Vaivakirawo zvitendero zvavo pamagwaro eapocrypha. Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, sezvo vaCathar vakashandura mativi aMagwaro mumutauro womunzvimbomo, kusvika kutambanuko yakati, vakaita Bhaibheri bhuku rinozivikanwa zviri nani muMiddle Ages.

Vakanga Vasiri vaKristu

Vafundisi vaizvirangarira vamene savatsivi vane maruramiro vavaapostora uye, somugumisiro, vakazviti vamene “vaKristu,” vachisimbisa ikoku nokuwedzera “vechokwadi” kana kuti “vakanaka.” Chaizvoizvo, zvisinei, zvitendero zvizhinji zvavaCathar zvakanga zviri zvechienzi kuchiKristu. Nepo vaCathar vakabvuma Jesu soMwanakomana waMwari, vakaramba kuva kwake akauya munyama uye chibayiro chake chinodzikinura. Vachidudzira zvisina kururama kushurikidza kweBhaibheri nyama nenyika, vakarangarira nyama yose seyaibva kuuipi. Ivo naizvozvo vakataura kuti Jesu aigona bedzi kuva akanga ava nemuviri wemudzimu uye kuti ari pasi pano akangooneka zvake kuva aiva nemuviri wenyama. Savakaramba kutenda vomuzana rokutanga ramakore, vaCathar vakanga “vasingapupuri kuti Jesu Kristu akauya panyama.”—2 Johane 7.

Mubhuku rake Medieval Heresy, M. D. Lambert anonyora kuti chiCathar “chakatsiva tsika yechiKristu nokuzvinyima kwekugombedzera, . . . chakabvisa rudzikinuro kupfurikidza nokuramba kubvuma simba rinoponesa ro[rufu rwaKristu].” Anorangarira kuti “kuda kwechokwadi kwavafundisi kwaiva muvadzidzisi vanozvinyima vokuMabvazuva, vabonze navafakir veChina kana kuti India, nyanzvi dzezvakavanzika zvaOrpheus, kana kuti vadzidzisi veDzidziso Yokuti Nyama Yakaipa.” Muchitendero chavaCathar, ruponeso rwaitsamira, kwete pachibayiro cherudzikinuro chaJesu Kristu, asi panzvimbo pezvo paconsolamentum, kana kuti rubhapatidzo mumudzimu mutsvene. Nokuda kwaavo vakanzarwozvo kucheneswa, rufu rwaizoparira rusununguko munyama.

Hondo yechiKristu Isati Iri Tsvene

Vanhuwo zvavo, vaneta nezvinodikanwa zvakanyanyisa nouipi hwakapararira zvavafundisi, vakakwezviwa namararamire oupenyu avaCathar. Vafundisi vakazivisa Chechi yeKaturike uye vakuru vakuru vayo ne“sinagoge raSatani” uye “mai vemhombwe” zvaZvakazarurwa 3:9 uye 17:5. ChiCathar chakanga chichibudirira nokutsiva chechi muFrance yokumaodzanyemba. Kuita kwaPapa Innocent III kwakanga kuri kutanga nokutsigira nemari yainzi Hondo yechiKristu yavaAlbigense, hondo yokutanga yechiKristu yakarongwa mukati mechiKristudhomu mukurwisana navanhu vaitaura kuva vaKristu.

Kupfurikidza netsamba uye vamiririri, papa akanetsa madzimambo echiKaturike, vapfumi, machinda, uye vakuru vakuru veEurope. Akavimbisa ruregerero neupfumi hweLanguedoc kuna vose vaizorwa kuparadza kupanduka “nomutoo upi kana upi.” Chikumbiro chake hachina kufuratirwa. Vachitungamirirwa navafundisi vechiKaturike namamongi, hondo yakasiyana-siyana yavarwi vechiKristu vaibva kuFrance yokuchamhembe, Flanders, uye Germany vakananga kumaodzanyemba kupfuura Rhône Valley.

Kuparadzwa kweBéziers kwakaratidzira mavambo ehondo yorukundo iyo yakaparadza Languedoc mumwoto usingadzorwi neropa. Albi, Carcassonne, Castres, Foix, Narbonne, Termes, uye Toulouse ose akakundwa navarwi vechiKristu vanoda kuteura ropa. Munhare dzeCathar dzakadai seCassès, Minerve, uye Lavaur, mazana avafundisi akapiswa padanda. Mukuwirirana nemurondedzeri wechimongi Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay, varwi vechiKristu ‘vakapisa vafundisi vari vapenyu, nomufaro mumwoyo yavo.’ Muna 1229, pashure pamakore 20 egakava neruparadziko, Languedoc yakava pasi peHurumende yeFrance. Asi kuuraya kwakanga kusati kwapera.

Bvunzurudzo Inoisa Chiito Chokupedzisa

Muna 1231, Papa Gregory IX akatanga Bvunzurudzo yavana papa kupa tsigiro kuhondo.a Tsika yebvunzurudzo pakutanga yakanga yakavakirwa pashurikidzo nokumanikidza uye, gare gare, pakutambudza kwakarongwa. Chinangwa chayo chakanga chiri chokuparadza icho munondo wakanga wakundikana kuparadza. Vatongi veBvunzurudzo—zvikurukuru vaDominic uye vashandi vaFrancis—vaizvidavirira bedzi kuna papa. Rufu kupfurikidza nokupisa chakanga chiri chirango chehurumende nokuda kwokupanduka. Kwakadaro kwakanga kuri kunyanyisa uye utsinye zvavabvunzurudzi zvokuti kupanduka kwakavamba, pakati pedzimwe nzvimbo, muAlbi neToulouse. MuAvignonet, mitezo yose yedare reBvunzurudzo yakapondwa.

Muna 1244 kutera kwenhare yapagomo yeMontségur, utiziro hwokupedzisira hwevafundisi vazhinji, kwakanga kuri chiito chokupedzisa nokuda kwechiCathar. Varume navakadzi vanenge 200 vakaparara mukupiswa kukuru padanda. Mumakore akapfuura, Bvunzurudzo yakapedzisa vaCathar vakanga vasara. MuCathar wokupedzisira akashumwa kuva akapiswa padanda muLanguedoc muna 1330. Bhuku rinonzi Medieval Heresy rinoti: “Kuwa kwechiCathar kwakanga kuri chiitwa chikuru chakaitwa neBvunzurudzo.”

VaCathar vakanga vasitongori vaKristu vechokwadi. Asi kutsoropodza kwavo Chechi yeKaturike kwakaruramisa kuparadzwa kwavo kwoutsinye navanonzi vaKristu here? Vatambudzi vavo vechiKaturike navapondi vakazvidza Mwari naKristu uye vakakwenengera zvisina kururama chiKristu chechokwadi sezvavakatambudza nokuuraya makumi iwayo ezviuru avapanduki.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]

VAWALDENSE

Nechokumugumo kwezana ramakore rechi12 C.E., Pierre Valdès, kana kuti Peter Waldo, mutengesi akapfuma weLyons, akatsigira nemari shanduro dzokutanga dzamativi eBhaibheri mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yomunzvimbomo yeProvençal, mutauro womunzvimbomo waitaurwa muFrance yokumaodzanyemba uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. MuKaturike wapachokwadi, akasiya bhizimisi rake ndokuzvitsaurira amene kukuparidza Evhangeri. Vasemburwa navafundisi vakaipa, vamwe vaKaturike vazhinji vakamutevera ndokuva vaparidzi vanofambira.

Waldo akakurumidza kunangana noutsinye hwaibva kuvafundisi vomunzvimbomo, avo vakanyengetedza papa kurambidza kupupura kwake kwapachena. Mhinduro yake yakashumwa yaiva yokuti: “Tinofanira kuteerera Mwari panzvimbo pavanhu.” (Enzanisa naMabasa 5:29.) Nemhaka yekupfuurira kwake, Waldo akadzingwa. Vateveri vake, vainzi vaWaldense, kana kuti Varombo veLyons, vakavavarira nokushingaira kutevera muenzaniso wake, vachiparidza vari vaviri vaviri mumisha yavanhu. Ikoku kwakaguma nokupararira kwokukurumidza kwedzidziso dzavo muFrance yokumaodzanyemba, mabvazuva, uye mativi ose okuchamhembe kweFrance, pamwe chete nokuchamhembe kweItaly.

Zvikurukuru, vakatsigira kudzokera kuzvitendero nemiitiro zvechiKristu chapakuvamba. Vakashora, pakati pedzimwe dzidziso, purigatori, minyengetero nokuda kwavakafa, kunamatwa kwaMaria, minyengetero ku“vasande,” kunamatwa kwechipiyaniso, kuregererwa, Eucharist, uye kubhapatidzwa kwavacheche.b

Dzidziso dzavaWaldense dzaipesana zvikuru nedzidziso dzisiri dzechiKristu dzokuti munhu anoumbwa nenyama nomudzimu dzavaCathar, vanowanzovhiringidzwa navo. Kuvhiringidza uku kuri zvikurukuru nemhaka yevarwisi vechiKaturike avo vakaedza noune kuzivisa kuparidza kwaWaldo nedzidziso dzavaAlbigense, kana kuti vaCathar.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Zviuru zvinomwe zvakafa muChechi yaSt. Mary Magdalene muBéziers, umo varwi vechiKristu vakaponda varume, vakadzi, uye vana 20 000