Kuparadzwa Kwemasango Anogara Achinaya

KARE kare zvako, bhande remaemerald rakafara raitenderedza pasi redu. Miti yerudzi rwose yaiwanikapo, uye nzizi dzakafara dzaimonerekapo.

Segreenhouse yemusikirwo, raiva nzvimbo yorunako nemhatsa. Hafu yemarudzi emhuka, shiri, uye zvipembenene zvenyika yaigaramo. Asi kunyange zvazvo raiva nzvimbo yakazara zvikurusa pasi pano, rakanga risingataniwo kuparara—risingatani kuparara zvikuru kupfuura izvo munhu upi noupi aifungidzira.

Sango rinogara richinaya romunzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi, sezvatinoridaidza zvino, rairatidzika seguru zvikurusa—uye serisingaparadziki. Rakanga risina kudaro. Sango rinogara richinaya rakatanga kutsakatika muzvitsuwa zveCaribbean. Pamavambo vambo sa1671—makore gumi shiri inonzi dodo isati yatsakatika—minda yenzimbe yakamedza sango muBarbados.a Zvimwe zvitsuwa munzvimbo idzodzo zvakapfuura nemuchinoitika chakafanana, nzwisa yezvaizoitika kupote pasi rose zvazokurumidza muzana remakore rechi20.

Nhasi masango anogara achinaya emunzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi anofukidza zvikamu 5 muzana bedzi zvepasi, zvichienzaniswa ne12 muzana zana remakore rapfuura. Uye gore rimwe nerimwe nzvimbo yesango yakakura kupfuura England, kana kuti 130 000 sq km, inotemwa kana kuti kupiswa. Mwero uyu unotyisa wokuparadza unotyisidzira kutsakatika kwesango rinogara richinaya—pamwe chete nezvinogaramo—sezvakangoita dodo. “Hatigoni kutaura kuti sango richatsakatika mugore rakati, asi kutoti zvinhu zvikachinja, sango richatsakatika,” anonyevera kudaro Philip Fearnside, munzveri wesango rinogara richinaya muBrazil. Diana Jean Schemo akashuma mukati maOctober gore rapfuura kuti: “Zvakawanika mumavhiki achangobva kupfuura zvinokarakadza kuti kupisa kuri kuitika muBrazil gore rino kukuru kupfuura kwakaitika muIndonesia, uko maguta makuru akaputirwa nemagumbeze eutsi hwakapararira kune dzimwe nyika. . . . Kupiswa munzvimbo dzeAmazon kwakakwira ne28 muzana kupfuura gore rapfuura, maererano nezvakawanika kubva muchadenga, uye nhamba dzekutemwa kwemiti dza1994, dzenguva pfupisa yapfuura dzinowanika, dzinoratidza wedzero ye34 muzana kubvira muna 1994.”

“Miti Inokura Mugwenga”

Nei masango anogara achinaya, ayo akanga akanyatsoita bundo zana remakore rapfuura, ari kuparadzwa nokukurumidza kudaro? Masango emunzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze epakati nepakati, anofukidza 20 muzana yepasi, haana kuparadzwa zvinooneka mumakore 50 apfuura. Chii chinoita kuti masango enzvimbo dzinogara dzichinaya aparare nyore nyore kwazvo? Mhinduro iri mumasikirwo awo echienzi.

Arnold Newman, mubhuku rake rinonzi Tropical Rainforest, anoti sango rinogara richinaya rakarondedzerwa zvakajeka se“miti inokura mugwenga.” Anotsanangura kuti mudzimwe nzvimbo dzegova reAmazon nemuBorneo, “masango makurusa, nenzira inoshamisa, anotokura pajecha jena chairo.” Nepo masango anogara achinaya mazhinjisa angasamera pajecha, anenge ose zvawo ari pavhu shomanene repamusoro, risingabereki. Kunyange zvazvo ivhu repamusoro romunzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze ari pakati nepakati ringadzika mamita maviri, kashoma kuti musango rinogara richinaya ripfuure masendimita mashanu. Zvinomera zvakapfumisisa zvepasi zvinogona sei kukura mumhoteredzo dzisingabereki dzakadaro?

Vasayendisiti vakawana mhinduro yechakavanzika ichi muma1960 nema1970. Vakawana kuti sango racho rinoita zvekutozvidya pacharo. Zvokudya zvizhinjisa zvinodikanwa nemiti zvinogoverwa nemarara emapazi neemashizha anofukidza uriri hwesango uye kuti—nemhaka yekupisa kunopfuurira nekudziya—zvinokurumidza kuodzwa nemujuru, hohwa, uye zvimwe zvipukanana. Hapana chinopambadzwa; zvose zvinotenderedzwa zvatenderedzwazve. Kupfurikidza nokuburitswa kwemvura nomumashizha emiti yesango, sango rinogara richinaya rinototenderedza ratenderedzazve 75 muzana yemvura yarinowana. Gare gare, makore anogadzirwa nemuitiro uyu anodiridzazve sango racho.

Asi mutoo uyu unoshamisa une pasingatani kukuvara. Kana ukakuvadzwa zvakanyanyisa haugoni kuzvivandudza. Tema nzvimbo duku yesango rinogara richinaya, uye mumakore mashomanene, richazvigadzirisa pacharo; asi chenesa nzvimbo huru, uye ingasafa yakanakazve. Mvura ine simba inoyeredza zvokudya, uye zuva rinopisa rinokanga ivhu repamusoro kusvikira pakupedzisira uswa hwurihwo hwoga hunogona kukura.

Nyika, Matanda, Uye Mahamubhega

Kunyika dzichiri kusimukira dzine nzvimbo yokurima inoperevedza, makombo adzo emasango anoratidzika seakaibvira kushandiswa. Mhinduro iri “nyore” yaiva yokukurudzira varimi varombo, vasina nzvimbo kuti vachenese zvikamu zvesango nekuganhura nzvimbo dzinowanika—sekugara kwakaita vauyi vekuEurope muAmerica yokuMadokero. Mugumisiro wacho, zvisinei, yaikuvadza vose vari vaviri masango nevarimi vacho.

Sango rinogara richinaya rakasvibira ringapa pfungwa yokuti chinhu chese chese chichakura imomo. Asi kana miti yangotemwa chete, fungidziro dzevhu rakapfuma zvisina muganhu dzinotsakatika nokukurumidza. Victoria, mudzimai weAfrica anorima munda muduku uyo mhuri yake yakachenesa nguva pfupi yapfuura, anotsanangura chinetso chacho.

“Vatezvara vangu vachangobva kutema nokupisa chikamu ichi chesango kuitira kuti ndidyare nzungu, mufarinya, uye mabhanana. Gore rino ndinofanira kuwana zvirimwa zvakawanda, asi mumakore maviri kana kuti matatu, ivhu racho rinenge risisabereki, uye tichatofanira kuchenesa imwe nzvimbo. Ibasa rakaoma, asi ndiyo bedzi nzira yatinogona kurarama nayo.”

Kune varimi vanenge mamiriyoni 200 vanotema nokupisa vakafanana naVictoria nemhuri yake! Uye vanoparira 60 muzana yekuparadzwa kwepagore negore kwesango rinogara richinaya. Kunyange zvazvo varimi ava vanotama-tama vangada mutoo wakati rerukei wokurima nawo, havana chisarudzo. Vatarisana nokutamburira kurarama kwezuva nezuva, vanowana kuchengetedzwa kwesango rinogara richinaya huri umbozha hwavasingakwanisi.

Nepo varimi vazhinjisa vachitema sango kuti varime, vamwe vanoritemera ufuro. Mumasango anogara achinaya eCentral neSouth America, kuchengeta mombe ndechimwe chikonzero chikuru chokutema sango. Nyama yemombe idzi kazhinji kazhinji inopedzisira yava muNorth America, uko maresitorendi anogadzira zvokudya zvimwe chetezvo nokukurumidza ane domba renyama yehamubhega isingadhuri.

Vanopfuya mombe dzenyama, zvisinei, vanopinda muchinetso chakafanana nechevarimi vaduku. Kashoma kuti uswa hunomera pakati pemadota esango rinogara richinaya hutsigire mombe kwemakore anopfuura mashanu. Kuchinjira sango rinogara richinaya kumahamubhega kungava nemhindu nokuda kwevashoma, asi ndeimwe yenzira dzinopambadza hurusa dzokugadzira nadzo zvokudya iyo munhu ati ambogadzira.b

Imwe tyisidziro huru kusango rinogara richinaya inobva mukutema matanda. Hakusi kuti kutema matanda kunobva kwatoparadza sango rinogara richinaya. Mamwe makambani anotora marudzi mashomanene okutengesa nomutoo wokuti sango rinovandudzika nokukurumidza. Asi zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zve45 000 sq km zvesango izvo makambani ematanda anoshandisa gore rimwe nerimwe zvinotemwa zvakakomba kwazvo zvokuti muti mumwe chete bedzi pamishanu unosara usina kukuvadzwa.

“Zvinondityisa apo ndinoona sango rakaisvonaka richisakadzwa nemhaka yokutema matanda kusingadzorwi,” inodaro nyanzvi yezvemiti Manuel Fidalgo. “Kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti zvimwe zvinomera nemiti zvingamera munzvimbo dzakacheneswa, zvinomera zvitsva isango rechipiri—rine nhamba yezvinogaramo duku zvikuru. Zvichatora mazana emakore kana kuti kunyange zviuru sango repakutanga risati ratangazve.”

Makambani anotema matanda anokurumidzisawo kuparadzwa kwesango mudzimwe nzira. Vafudzi vemombe nevarimi vanotama-tama vanoparadza sango zvikurukuru pedyo nenzira dzakaitwa nevatemi vematanda. Dzimwe nguva marara anosiyiwa nevatemi vematanda anokuchidzira moto yesango, iyo inoparadza sango rakatokura kupfuura rinenge ratemwa nevatemi vematanda. MuBorneo, moto mumwe chete bedzi wakadaro wakaparadza mamiriyoni matatu emaeka muna 1983.

Chii Chiri Kuitwa Kudzivirira Sango?

Mukutarisana netyisidziro idzi, nhamburiko dziri kuitwa kuchengetedza masango asara. Asi basa racho iguru zvinotyisa. Mapaka enyika anogona kudzivirira apo neapo nzvimbo dzesango rinogara richinaya, asi kuvhima, kutema matanda, uye kurima kwekutema nokupisa kunongoramba kuchipfuurira mukati memapaka akawanda akadzivirirwa. Nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzine mari shomanene yokupedzera pakutarisira mapaka.

Hurumende dzisina mari dzinofurirwa nyore nyore nemakambani emarudzi akawanda kutengesa kodzero dzokutema matanda—mune zvimwe zvinoitika imwe yepfuma shomanene iripo yokubhadhara nayo zvikwereti zvokumwe. Uye mamiriyoni evarimi vanotama-tama haana kumwe kwokuenda kunze kwokupinda mukati-kati mesango rinogara richinaya.

Munyika yakazadzwa nezvinetso zvakawanda kwazvo, kuchengetedzwa kwemasango anogara achinaya kunokosha kudaro here? Ticharasikirwa nei kana akatsakatika?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]