Betsero Dzemasango Anogara Achinaya

MUNA 1844, nyanzvi yechiGiriki Konstantin von Tischendorf yakaona mapepa 129 emanyoro ekare mubhini remarara mumusha wemamongi. Tischendorf akabuda nemapepa anokosha, uye zvino anoumba rutivi rweCodex Sinaiticus—mamwe emanyoro eBhaibheri akakurumbira zvikurusa.

Pfuma iyoyo yakaponeswa panguva. Masango anogara achinaya—ayo ane ukoshi hwechokwadi kazhinji kazhinji hunowanzofuratirwa—kashoma kuva nemhanza yakanaka kudaro. Gore rimwe nerimwe mukati mechirimo, zviuru zvemoto zvinobatidzwa nevapfuyi vemombe nevarimi vanotama-tama zvinopa mwenje mudenga renzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi. Al Gore, zvino ava mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi weUnited States, akaona moto wakadaro muAmazon, akataura kuti: “Kuparadza kwacho hakutongodaviriki. Ndeimwe yengwavaira huru dzenhau yose.”

Hatiwanzopisi chimwe chinhu chatinoziva kuti chinokosha. Ngwavaira yemasango anogara achinaya ndeyekuti ari kuparadzwa tisati tanzwisisa ukoshi hwao, tisati tanzwisisa kuti anoshanda sei, uye kunyange tisati taziva kuti anei. Kutungidza sango rinogara richinaya kwakafanana nekubatidza raibhurari kuti idziyise mumba—pasina kunzvera zvine mabhuku acho.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura vasayendisiti vakatanga kufunda “mabhuku” aya, dura gurusa remashoko rakapfigirwa mumasango anogara achinaya. Anonakidza zvikuru “kurava.”

Sango Risina Kufanana Nemamwe

“Miti yemumaIndies aya ndechimwe chinhu chisingagoni kutsanangurwa, nemhaka yekuwanda kwayo,” akadaro munyori wenhau wekuSpain anonzi Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo muna 1526. Mazana mashanu emakore gare gare mashoko ake achiri echokwadi. “Sango rinogara richinaya,” anonyora kudaro munyori Cynthia Russ Ramsay, “imhoteredzo ine mhatsa dzakawandisa, yakaoma zvikurusa, uye isinganzwisiswi zvikurusa pasi pano.”

Biologist wenzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi Seymour Sohmer anotaura kuti: “Hatifaniri kutombokanganwa idi rokuti tinoziva zvishomanene kana kuti hapana chatinoziva pamusoro pemasikirwe emasango anodziya enzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi uye mashandire awo, tisingadudzi hedu nezvezvinogaramo.” Nhamba hurusa dzemarudzi ezvinhu nekuoma kwekubatana kweukama hwazvo kunoita kuti basa romunzveri rityise kwazvo.

Sango renzvimbo dzepasi dzine mamiriro ekunze epakati nepakati ringava nemarudzi emiti mashomanene paeka. Eka yesango rinogara richinaya, kune rumwe rutivi, ringatsigira marudzi ezvinhu anopfuura 80 akasiyana-siyana, kunyange zvazvo hwerengedzo yenhamba yemiti paeka iri avhareji ye300 bedzi. Sezvo kukamuranisa mhatsa dzakadaro riri basa rinonetesa uye rinorwadza, nzvimbo shomanene dzakati kurei kudarika maeka mashomanene dzesango rinogara richinaya dzakanzverwa. Avo vakaita kudaro, zvisinei, vanowana migumisiro inoshamisa.

Miti yakawandisa yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana inogovera misha isingaverengeki nokuda kwezvinogara musango zvisingaverengeki—kupfuura kwazvo izvo munhu upi noupi akafungidzira. National Academy of Sciences yeUnited States inotaura kuti nzvimbo ye10 sq km yesango rinogara richinaya risina kubatwa-batwa ringachengeta marudzi 125 akasiyana-siyana emhuka, marudzi 100 ezvinokambaira, marudzi 400 eshiri, uye marudzi 150 emafufura. Kana zvichienzaniswa, tinoona kuti North America yose zvayo ine kana kuti inoshanyirwa nemarudzi eshiri ari pasi pe1 000.

Kunyange zvazvo mamwe emarudzi asingaverengeki emiti nemhuka angawanika panzvimbo yakakura yesango rinogara richinaya, mamwe akaganhurirwa kumudungwe wemakomo mumwe chete bedzi. Ndizvo zvinoita kuti asatane kuparara. Panguva yakapedza vatemi vematanda kuchenesa gomo muEcuador makore mashomanene apfuura, 90 emarudzi emiti yaivamo akanga atsakatika.

Mukutarisana nengwavaira dzinosiririsa dzakadaro, United States Interagency Task Force on Tropical Forests inonyevera kuti: “Nzanga yemarudzi inofanira kukurumidza kutanga kurwiswa kwechinetso ichi kunokurumidza nekwakarongeka kana pfuma iyi isingakosheswi zvikuru uye zvichida isingatsiviki ichizodzivirirwa pakuparadzwa zvachose chose mukuvamba vamba kwezana remakore rinotevera.”

Asi mibvunzo ingamuka: Pfuma iyi yomusikirwo inokosha zvakadaro here? Kuparara kwesango rinogara richinaya kungatapura upenyu hwedu zvikuru here?

Zvokudya, Mhepo Yakanaka, uye Mishonga

Unotanga zuva nendiro yemacornflake, zvichida zai rakafashaidzwa, uye kapu yekofi inopisa here? Kana uchidaro, nenzira isina kunanga uri kubetserwa nemasango enzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi. Corn, bhinzi dzekofi, sheshe yakakandira zai, uye kunyange mhou yakaita mukaka—zvose zvakava nemavambo azvo muzvipuka nezvinomera zvesango renzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi. Corn inobva kuSouth America, kofi inobva kuEthiopia, sheshe dzakaberekwa neshiri yesango yeAsia, uye mombe dzemukaka dzakabva kubanteng yava kuda kutsakatika yekuSoutheast Asia. “Inonyatsosvika 80 muzana yezvatinodya yakabva munzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi,” rinotsanangura kudaro bhuku rinonzi Tropical Rainforest.

Munhu haagoni kufuratira mavambo emugove wezvokudya zvake. Zvose zviri zviviri zvirimwa nezvipfuwo zvinogona kuneteswa nekunyanyoberekeswa nemamwe marudzi. Sango rinogara richinaya, nemuunganidzwa waro wemarudzi akawandisa, rinogona kugovera mhatsa yemavara anogarwa nhaka anodikanwa kusimbisa zvirimwa izvi kana kuti mhuka. Somuenzaniso, nyanzvi yemiti yeMexico Rafael Guzmán akawana rudzi rutsva rweuswa rwakafanana necorn yazvino uno. Zvaakawana zvakafadza varimi nemhaka yokuti uswa uhu (Zea diploperennis) hahubatwi nehosha shanu dzehosha nomwe huru dzinokuvadza zvirimwa zvecorn. Vasayendisiti vanokarira kushandisa rudzi rutsva kutanga rudzi rwecorn rwusingabati hosha.

Muna 1987 hurumende yeMexico yakadzivirira mudungwe wemakomo aiwanika corn yemusango iyi. Asi nesango rakakura kwazvo riri kuparadzwa, marudzi anokosha akafanana neurwu pasina mubvunzo ari kurasika, kunyange asati azivikanwa. Mumasango eSoutheast Asia, mune marudzi anoverengeka emombe dzesango aigona kusimbisa marudzi emombe dzinopfuyiwa. Asi marudzi ose iwaya ava kuda kutsakatika nemhaka yokuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzaanogara.

Mhepo yakanaka inongokoshawo sezvokudya zvatinodya. Sezvinocherechedzwa nomunhu upi noupi anofarikanya kufamba musango kunozorodza, miti inoita basa rinokosha rokugovera denga neoxygen. Asi paanopiswa, carbon muchimiro checarbon dioxide uye carbon monoxide zvinobudiswa. Mhepo dzose dziri mbiri dzinoparira zvinetso.

Vamwe vanofungidzira kuti basa romunhu rakatopeta nekaviri uwandu hwecarbon dioxide iri mumhepo yakatenderedza repasi. Kunyange zvazvo kushatsa kweindasitiri kuchifungidzirwa kuva kune mhaka hurusa, kupiswa kwemasango kunonzi kunoparira inopfuura 35 muzana yekuburitswa kwecarbon dioxide kwose zvako. Yangova mumhepo yakatenderedza pasi bedzi, carbon dioxide inoparira inonzi greenhouse effect, iyo vasayendisiti vazhinji vanofanotaura kuti ichaparira kudziya kwepasi kwakakomba.

Carbon monoxide yakatonyanyoipa. Ndicho chine chepfu chokutanga chinowanika muuma uhwo huri chinoparadza chemasabhabhu emumaguta. Asi munzveri James Greenberg akashamiswa kuwana “carbon monoxide pamusoro peAmazon yakangowanda seiri pamusoro pemasabhabhu eUnited States.” Kupisa masango eAmazon kwokusafunga kwakasvibisa denga iro miti yakaitirwa kuti ichenese!

Kunze kwokungova panobva zvokudya nemhepo yakachena, sango rinogara richinaya rinogona kuva bhokisi chairoiro remushonga. Kota yemishonga yose iyo vanachiremba vanonyora inobva pamiti inomera mumasango enzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi. Mumasango anogara akakwidibira eAndes munobva quinine, yokurwisa nayo marariya; munharaunda yeAmazon, munobva curare, inoshandiswa kunyevenutsa tsandanyama pakuvhiya; uye kuMadagascar, kunobva rosy periwinkle, ine maalkaloid anowedzera mwero wekupona kwevarwere veleukemia zvinoshamisa. Pasinei zvapo nemigumisiro inoorora zvakadaro, zvinenge zvikamu zvinomwe muzana bedzi zvemiti yenzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi ndizvo zvakaongororwa nokuda kwekushandiswa kunobvira semishonga. Uye nguva iri kupera. United States Cancer Institute inonyevera kuti “kuparadzwa kwakapararira kweunyoro hwesango renzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi kungagona kuparira kudzorerwa shure kwezvirongwa zvekurwisa kenza.”

Kune mamwe mabasa anokosha anoitwa nesango rinogara richinaya—kunyange zvazvo kari kashoma kuti kukosha kwawo kunzwisiswe kutozosvikira masango acho aparara. Pakati peiwaya pane kudzora mvura inonaya netembiricha pamwe chete nekudzivirira kukukurwa kwevhu. “Zvinowanika mumasango emunzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi zvinopfuura kuzvinzwisisa kwatinoita muzuva redu rino,” rinoshuma kudaro bhuku rinonzi The Emerald Realm: Earth’s Precious Rain Forests. “Asi tinoziva kunyange zvino kuti kukosha kwawo hakuverengeki.”

“Tichachengetedza Bedzi Zvatinoda”

Kuparadza pfuma inogona kutitsigira zvikuru kwazvo chokwadi ndihwo hunonzi ufuza chaihwo. Makore 3 000 apfuura, Mwari akarayira vaIsraeri kuchengetedza miti yemichero apo vairwisa guta romuvengi. Chikonzero chaakavapa chakanga chakapfava: “Inokupa zvokudya.” Uyewo, “miti yesango haisi vanhu kuti uikombe.” (Dheuteronomio 20:19, 20, The New English Bible) Zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutaurwa nezvesango rinogara richinaya ratambudzwa.

Sezviri pachena, masango anogara achinaya, semiti yemichero, ane ukoshi hukuru kwazvo kana akaregwa akamira kupfuura kana atemwa. Asi munyika iyi yazvino uno, betsero dzepakarepo kazhinji kazhinji dzinopfuura ukoshi hwenguva yemberi. Dzidzo, zvisinei, inogona kuchinja mirangariro. Nyanzvi yezvemhoteredzo yeSenegal Baba Dioum vanotaura kuti: “Pakupedzisira tichachengetedza bedzi zvatinoda; tichada bedzi zvatinonzwisisa; uye tichanzwisisa bedzi zvatinodzidziswa.”

Tischendorf akaba mapepa iwayo ekare muSinai Desert nemhaka yokuti aida manyoro ekare uye aida kuachengetedza. Vanhu vakakwana vachadzidzira kuda masango anogara achinaya nokukurumidza zvokugona kuaponesa here?

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 27]

Kutungidza sango rinogara richinaya kwakafanana nekubatidza raibhurari kuti idziyise imba—pasina kunzvera zviri mumabhuku acho

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 24, 25]

Kuchengetedza Zvisikwa Zvemasango

JESÚS ELÁ akavhima magorira nedzimwe mhuka dzesango rinogara richinaya reAfrica kwemakore anenge 15. Asi haachavhimizve. Ava muperekedzi wemupaka munzvimbo yakachengeterwa kudzivirira magorira emubani ane 750 muEquatorial Guinea.

“Ndinonyanya kufarikanya sango rinogara richinaya apo ndinenge ndisingavhimi,” anotsanangura kudaro Jesús. “Kwandiri sango rakaita semusha wangu nemhaka yokuti ndinonzwa ndakagadzikana pano uye rinondigovera zvose zvandinoda. Tinofanira kuita zvose zvatinogona kuchengetedza masango aya nokuda kwevana vedu.”

Jesús, uyo anofarira kuudza vamwe nezvekuda kwake sango, ane mhanza yakanaka. Zvino anowana mari yakawanda nekudzivirira magorira kupfuura yaaiwana nekuavhima. Sezvo vashanyi vachifara kubhadhara kuti vaone mhuka dzakadaro musango, mapaka anogona kuwanira vanhu vomunzvimbomo mari nokupa vashanyi chiono chisingakanganwiki chepfuma yezvisikwa. Asi kuchengetedzwa kwe“dandemutande iri roupenyu,” rinotsanangura kudaro bhuku rinonzi Tropical Rainforest, kunoda “pokuchengetera pakakura, panobatanidza, chaizvoizvo, watershed yose zvayo.”a

Nei mapaka achifanira kukura zvakadaro kuti agovere dziviriro yakakwana? John Terborgh, mubhuku rake rinonzi Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest, anoverenga kuti majega anogona kurarama (anenge makuru 300 anobereka) anoda 7 500 sq km. “Nemutoo uyu kune mapaka mashomanene bedzi pasi pano ane nzvimbo yakakura zvakaringanira nokuda kwemajega,” anogumisa kudaro. Mataiga angada nzvimbo yakatoti kurei. Mataiga (mhuka 400) anogona kubereka anoda nzvimbo yakakura se40 000 sq km.

Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta nzvimbo huru nokuda kwemhuka dzinodya nyama dzakaita seidzi, nzvimbo huru dzose dzesango rinogara richinaya dzinogonawo kudzivirirwa. Sebetsero yekuwedzera, mhuka idzi dzinoita rutivi runokosha mukuchengetedza utano hwenzanga yemhuka.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 24, 25]

Zvisikwa Zvikuru Nezviduku

1. Hwiza dzakawanda dzesango rinogara richinaya dzakapendwa nemavara anopenya. Zvimwe zvipembenene zvine mavara asingaoneki zvokuti zvakaoma kuzviona

2. Mafufura ndizvo zvisikwa zvinooneka nyore nyore uye zvinoyevedza zvesango rinogara richinaya

3. Boka retsoko dzinosvetuka pabazi nebazi ndechimwe chezviono zvinonakidza zvikurusa zvesango

4. Kunyange zvazvo jega iri mambo asingaitiranwi nharo wemasango anogara achinaya eAmerica, vadzidzi vashoma vesango vati vaiona musango

5. Maruva anoyevedza emaorchid anonakisa masango ane unyoro akakwidibira anofukidza makomo enzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi

6. Kune mataiga ari pasi pe5 000 asara musango

7. Inodaidzwa zvakarurama kuti rhinoceros beetle yeWest Africa ine nyanga dzinotyisa asi haikuvadzi

8. Kunyange zvazvo magorira ari rudzi rwakadzivirirwa, nyama yawo ichiri kuwanika mumisika yeAfrica. Mhuka iyi huru isingakuvadzi inodya uswa uye inochakaira musango mumapoka emhuri

9. Maocelot akavhimirwa ganda rawo rakaisvonaka kusvikira aita seachatsakatika

10. Maparrot ari pakati peshiri dzesango dzine ruzha uye dzine ushamwari zvikurusa

11. Sezvinokarakadza maziso ayo makurusa, galago inofura usiku

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Foto: Zoo de Baños

Foto: Zoo de la Casa de Campo, Madrid

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Foto: Zoo de Baños

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23]

Masango anogara achinaya anogovera (1) “cacao,” (2) “rosy periwinkle,” inobatsira kurapa “leukemia,” uye (3) mafuta e“palm.” (4) Kutema masango kunoparirira kukoromoka kwevhu kunoparadza