Euro—Mari Itsva yeKondinendi Yekare

GURUKOTA rinoona nezvemari muFrance rakanyatsoongorora mari yesimbi itsva richifara ndokuzivisa kuti: “Iyi ndiyo yechokwadi, haisi yekunyepedzera. Ndiyo yakatanga kubudiswa muFrance pamwe chete nemuEurope.” Mari yesimbi yacho yakanga iri yekutanga kuiswa chidhindo cheeuro panzvimbo inogadzirwa mari yeFrance. Musi wacho wakanga uri Muvhuro, 11 May 1998.

Euro chii? Ichaitei pavadzimai vepamba, vashandi, vashanyi, uye mabhizimisi emuEurope yose? Pane zvaichaita here paupfumi hwenyika yose? Usati warasa madeutsche mark, lire, kana kuti mafranc ako, ungaita zvakanaka kuziva mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi.

Pfungwa Yacho Yakatanga Sei?

Maastricht Treaty payakachinja European Community kuva European Union (EU), musi wa1 November 1993, imwe yevavariro huru yaiva yekutanga kushandisa mari yakafanana munyika dziri nhengo yayo.a Kubvira munguva dzeRoma, Europe haisati yamboshandisa mari yakafanana yakadaro. Zvakasarudzwa kuti zita remari itsva rinzi euro. Hadzisi nyika dzose dzeEU dziri kupinda mumubatanidzwa uyu wemari. Nyika 11 chete dzenyika 15 dzeEU ndidzo dzagadzirira kushandisa euro. Nyika idzi iAustria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, uye Spain. Greece haina kusvitsa zvinodiwa kuti ipinde. Dzimwe nhatu dzacho—Britain, Denmark, neSweden—dzakasarudza kumbomira panguva ino.

Kutanga kushandiswa kweeuro kuchaitwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubvira musi wa4 January wegore rino, euro yacho yakatanga kutengeswa pamisika inochinja mari yemunyika yose mukutengeserana pasina mari. Mari dzesimbi nedzepepa dzeeuro dzichatanga kushandiswa pashure penguva inopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu kutanga musi wa1 January 2002—pashure pezvo yaichimbova mari yevanobatanidzwa zvimwe ichava zvinhu zvinoratidzwa mumiyuziyemu nemumabhokisi ezvinyorwa zvenhoroondo. Zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti euro yacho ichatsiva mari yemapepa inosvika mabhiriyoni 12 nemari yesimbi inosvika mabhiriyoni 70, yose pamwe chete inorema matani 300 000. Zviri kutarisirwa kuti, nekufamba kwenguva nyika dzasara dzeEU dzichave dzagadzirira kupinda muboka rinoshandisa mari yakafanana.

Gurukota rinoona nezvemari muAustria rakataura nezvekuchinjira kueuro richiti: “Tiri mumambakwedza enguva itsva yekubatanidzwa kweEurope.” Zvisinei, muEurope maonere evoruzhinji pamusoro peeuro ari kupesana pakati pe47 muzana yevanonzwa kuti mari yakafanana ichachinja Europe kuva muzinda wepfuma uye vamwe 40 muzana vanodavira kuti euro ichakanganisa upfumi hweEurope. Vamwe vakatokarakadza kuti mari yakafanana ingatokonzera hondo! Pakati pavo pane vamwe vasati vaziva kuti vosarudzei “vasina chokwadi neEuro,” avo vanoona zvakanakira kuva nemari yakafanana muEurope asi vasina chokwadi nekubudirira kwayo pakupedzisira.

Vamwe Vanoiona Sechikomborero . . .

Dare repamusoro-soro reEU, European Commission, rakazivisa kuti: “Nekugadzira mari yakafanana, Europe ichave ichipa vagari vayo, vana vayo uye shamwari dzayo . . . chiratidzo chakasimba chenzira yayazvipira kusarudza nokuzvidira: icho chekuvaka nzanga yakavakirwa parugare nekubudirira.”

Vatsigiri veeuro vanotaura zvakawanda zvingava zvakanakira kuva nemari yakafanana. Kubviswa kwemitengo yekuchinja mari isiri yemo kuchava nemugumisiro wakananga zvikuru. Muenzaniso unombotaurwa dzimwe nguva ndeuyo wemufambi wekuEurope asinganeti anoshanyira nyika dzose 14 dzeEU dziri kunze kweyake. Somuenzaniso, kana akatanga aine madeutsche mark 1 000 ndokuchinja mari yake munyika yoga yoga, anopedzisira ava nemamark 500 chete semugumisiro wemitengo yekuchinja yoga!

Saka, kuburitsa nekupinza zvinhuwo hakuzodizve mutengo wekuchinja mari isiri yemo. Nenzira yakafanana, mari yakafanana ichabvisa mutengo usina kunanga wekuchinja-chinja kwemari. Panoderera kukosha kwemari yenyika, zvinhu zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika zvinobva zvadhura chaizvo munyika iyoyo. Izvi zvinowanzokonzera kukwira kwemitengo. Saka, pachishandiswa mari yakafanana, isina ngozi yekuchinja-chinja kwemutengo wekuchinja mari, Europe inofanira kukwezva zvikuru vanopinza mari vasiri vemo.

Vanokurudzira euro vanofungidzirawo kuderedzwa kwemitengo muEurope yose. Vatengi nemabhizimisiwo vava kukwanisa kuenzanisa mitengo nyore nyore, uye pachatanga kushandiswa mari dzesimbi nedzepepa dzeeuro muna 2002, zvichanyatsova nyore. Kusiyana kwemutengo wechinhu chimwe chete mumativi akasiyana-siyana eEurope kuri kutarisirwa kuderera, zvichibetsera mutengi.

. . . Vamwe Vanoiona Sekutukwa

Ndipo panopindirawo vatsoropodzi. Vanofunga kuti euro ichaganhurira pfuma yeEurope, ichiparadza kuchinja-chinja kwayo nekudzvinyirira kuwedzera kwayo. Vanofungidzira kuti mari yakafanana ichawedzera kushayikwa kwemabasa, ichikonzera kudenha kukuru kunofungidzirwa pamisika yemari, nekukonzera kunyanduka kwezvematongerwe enyika. Kunyanduka kwakadaro kwezvematongerwe enyika kwatova pachena kare. Somuenzaniso, funga nezvegakava riri pakati peGermany neFrance pamusoro pekuti ndiani anofanira kuva mutungamiriri weEuropean Central Bank, mutarisiri anochengetedza euro yacho. Mamwe makakatanwa akafanana neaya anogona kutarisirwa sezvo nhengo yoga yoga yeEU inoronda zvayakaronga pachayo.

Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEU, kushaikwa kwemabasa kwava padanho repamusoro zvino. Vakawanda vanopomera kuderedzwa kwemari inoshandiswa nekuwedzera kwemitero zvinodiwa kuti pave nokuwirirana nemutemo wemari yakafanana sehonzeri yeizvi. MuEurope yose mune kutaura kwekupokanidza mitemo yemari yakaoma inobatanidza kuderedza rupo rwekugara zvakanaka, mudyandigere, uye purogiramu dzekutarisirwa kweutano. Kudzorwa kwemari kwakaoma zvakadaro kunogona kugara kwenguva yakareba sei? Dzimwe nyika dzichaedzwa kuti dzisununguke zvishomanene kushandisa mari pashure pekunge euro yavakunyatsoshandiswa here? Saka mutemo usina kuoma wakadaro uchakonzera kunyongana kwemari yakafanana yeEurope here?

Vamwe vari kutaura nezvekubatanidzwa mupfungwa kwakadzama kune vanhu pamari yenyika yavo. Mari ine zvainoreva kungopfuura kuva nayo. Kuvakawanda inoreva nhau yezvakaitika kunyika yavo, chiratidzo chinokosha semureza. Zita remari yenyika ndiwo mutauro uyo vanhu vanowana nawo mari, vanoiverenga nawo, vanofungidzira nawo, vanoita nawo mabhindauko, uye vanoshandisa pakuichengeta. Somuenzaniso, nepo vanhu vekuGermany vachizoona nhamba dzeakaundi dzavo dzekubhangi dzichikamurwa nepakati pakuenzaniswa neeuro, nhamba dzeItaly dzichatoderera chaizvo kakapetwa ka2 000 pachabviswa lira. Maererano nekumwe kuongorora, kuchinjira kueuro kuchava chiitiko “chinotambudza” vanhu vakawanda vekuEurope.

Mari Yakafanana Yakakodzera Vose Here?

Vamwe vezvemari muEU nemuUnited States vanosimbisa kuti kunyange zvazvo paine chido chakati kuti chezvematongerwe enyika chemari yakafanana, upfumi hweEurope hahuna kubatana, vanhu vayo vakadzika midzi munyika dzekumusha kwavo, uye tsika dzayo dzakasiyana-siyana. Saka, kusafanana nevagari vekuUnited States, vanhu vemuEurope vanorasikirwa nemabasa avo havaiti sevangangotama ndokuenda kumadaro ari kure kunotsvaga basa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti kupararira kwakadaro kunodzivisa nyika dzeeuro kuita mazano okudzivisa nawo matambudziko edzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kuti dzigoverwe pfuma nemari.

Pachishandiswa muiitiro wemari yakafanana, vanotsoropodza vanotaura kuti, hurumende dzakazvimirira dzicharasikirwa norusununguko rwokuita zvadzinoda mukubata nematambudziko emari. Vanotaura kuti euro ichabvisa simba kunyika dzakazvimirira ichiriendesa kuEuropean Central Bank itsva, muFrankfurt, Germany. Uyewo, izvi zvichawedzera kumanikidza kutsinhiranisa mitemo yemitero nemimwe mitemo yepfuma mukondinendi yacho yose. Vanotsoropodza vanotaura kuti matare makuru neepamutemo muBrussels neStrasbourg achawana simba. Zvechokwadi, Maastricht Treaty inoda mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwe enyika uyo uchaguma wava nebasa rekutarisira mitemo yekunze kwenyika neyekudzivirira pamwe chete nemitemo yemari neyenzanga. Kuchinja uku kuchanyatsofamba zvakanaka ndokupera pasina matambudziko here? Nguva chete ndiyo ichaita kuti zvive pachena.

“Kubhejera Kukuru”

Zvichingunodai, mabhangi nemasupamaketi ave kutotanga kare kuchinjira kueuro, achigadzira maakaundi eeuro nekunyora mitengo yeeuro inoenderana nemari yemo. Vavariro ndeyekuita kuti kuchinja muna 2002 kunyatsoti chechetere sezvinobvira. Magazini inozivikanwa yekuFrance yakatoparadzira kare macalculator anopfuura 200 000 akarongwa kuchinjira mafranc ekuFrance kumaeuro.

Euro ichazombokwikwidza simba redhora rekuUnited States rimwe zuva here? Vakawanda vanofunga kuti kana euro yatenderwa, zvimwe United States haizorambi ine simba guru paupfumi hwenyika. Vanofungidzira kuti euro ichava mari ine ukoshi hukuru pasi rose pamwe chete nedhora racho. Jill Considine, weNew York Clearing House Association, anoti: “Pachava nechiono chemakwikwi chitsva.”

Remangwana reeuro richavei? Munyori weGermany Josef Joffe anodana mari yakafanana kuti “kukanda mujenya kukuru kweEurope” uye “kubhejera kukuru.” Anowedzera kuti: “Kana ikakundikana, ingakanganisa zvakawanda zveizvo Europe yave ichiedza kupedza mumakore 50 apfuura.” Gurukota rezvemari rekuFrance rakadzokorora manzwire anoita vanhu vekuEurope vakawanda parakati: “Pane tariro huru nekutya kukuru.”

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 30]

PEPA RINOTSANANGURA ZVAKAITA EURO

● “Euro” imwe chete ichave ichikosha zvingangoda kufanana nedhora rekuUnited States

● Mari dzepepa dze“euro” dzichave muzvikamu zvinomwe: maeuro 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, uye 500

● Kune rumwe rutivi rwemari yepepa ye“euro” kuchava nemapu yeEurope ine mabhiriji akakurumbira, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kuratidzwa kwemahwindo

● Mashoko ekuti “EURO” na“ΕΥΡΩ” ose ari maviri achaoneka pamari dzepepa, kumiririra mabhii eRoma nechiGiriki

● Mari dzesimbi dzeuro dzichava muzvikamu zvisere: masendi 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, uye 50 pamwe chete nema“euro” 1 ne2

● Mari dzesimbi dzichava nemufananidzo weEurope yose kune rumwe rutivi uye nyika imwe neimwe ichaisa chiratidzo chayo kune rumwe rutivi

[Mepu iri papeji 29]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

EUROPEAN UNION

BRITAIN

DENMARK

SWEDEN

GREECE

Nyika dziri kubatanidzwa zvino mumubatanidzwa wemari

IRELAND

PORTUGAL

SPAIN

BELGIUM

FRANCE

NETHERLANDS

GERMANY

LUXEMBOURG

FINLAND

AUSTRIA

ITALY

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Mari yose iri pamapeji 12-14: © European Monetary Institute