Tsika Dzaipa Kupfuura Zvadzaiva Kare Here?
DAI waizobvunza vanyori venhau dzakamboitika kuti, “Nhasi tsika dzavanhu dzava nani here kana kuti dzakaipa kupfuura zvadzaiva kare?” Vamwe vangapindura kuti zvakaoma kuenzanisa tsika dzomunguva dzakasiyana. Vanganzwa kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuyerwa maererano nenguva yacho.
Somuenzaniso, chimbofunga nezvekuwanda kwakaita mhosva dzechisimba muEurope kubva muzana ramakore rechi16. Kuponda kwakanga kwakakurumbira makore 400 akapfuura. Kazhinji vanhu vaisambova nebasa nomutemo, uye kurwisana kwaideura ropa kwakanga kwakakurumbira.
Kunyange zvakadaro, vanyori venhau dzakaitika Arne Jarrick naJohan Söderberg vakanyora mubhuku rinonzi Människovärdet och makten (Kukudzwa Kwavanhu Nesimba) kuti nguva iri pakati pa1600 na1850 yakanga “ichizivikanwa nokubudirira chaiko kwoupenyu hwamagariro avanhu” mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Vanhu vakanga vave nani pakufunga nezvezvinodiwa navamwe—vakanga vonzwira tsitsi zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanotaura kuti kuba nemhosva dzokuparadza zvinhu zvakanga zvisina kukurumbira muzana ramakore rechi16 sezvazvakaita zvino. Zvikwata zvembavha zvakarongwa zvakanga zviri zvishoma, zvikurukuru kuvanhu vokumaruwa.
Chokwadi, kuitwa varanda kwavamwe vanhu kwakanga kuripo, uye kwakaguma nokuparwa kwemhosva dzakaipisisa munhau—kupambwa kwavanhu muAfrica kwaiitwa navatengesi vokuEurope uye kutambudzwa kwamamiriyoni avaranda ava kunyika dzavaiendeswa.
Saka, kana tikatarira shure mumazana amakore akapfuura, zvimwe tichaona kuti zvichitariswa nemaonere ezvakaitika munhau, mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akanga akanaka asi mamwe akanga akaipa. Kunyange zvakadaro, chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvikuru uye chakakomba zvikuru—zvechokwadi, chisina chinoenzana nacho—chakaitika muzana ramakore rechi20 uye chichiri kuitika.
Zana Ramakore Rechi20—Nguva Yokuchinja Kukuru
Vanonyora nhau dzakamboitika Jarrick naSöderberg vanocherekedza kuti: “Kubva kuma1930 muitiro wokuponda nokuuraya wakawedzera zvekare, uye, zvinosuruvarisa kuti kubva ipapo muitiro iwoyo wakapfuurira kwenguva inopfuura makore 50.”
Maererano navatsinhiri vakawanda, pakava nokuderera kwakakura kwetsika muzana ramakore rechi20. Imwe rondedzero inotaura nezvoruzivo rwetsika inoti: “Munhu anogona kuona zvakajeka kuti maonero enzanga pamusoro penhau dzokuita zvepabonde netsika dzinogamuchirwa akachinja zvikuru mumakore 30 kusvika ku40 adarika—kubva panzanga ichiratidza tsika dzakarurama, nokushandisa mitemo yakasimba, kusvika kumaonere akasununguka omunhu oga.”
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuita zvepabonde nemimwe miitiro yetsika zvave zvinhu izvo vakawanda vanonzwa kuti vanogona kuzvisarudzira. Kuti tienzanisire izvi, rondedzero yacho inopa nhamba dzinoratidza kuti muna 1960, 5,3 muzana chete yevana vose muUnited States yakaberekwa navanhu vasina kuroorana. Muna 1990 nhamba yacho yakanga yava 28 muzana.
Mune chimwe chidzidzo paUniversity of Notre Dame, Nhengo yedare ramakurukota yomuUnited States Joe Lieberman akatsanangura tsika dzomunguva ino se“chinhu chisingakoshi, . . . icho pfungwa dzekare dzezvakanaka nezvakaipa dzakaparara zvishoma nezvishoma.” Maererano naLieberman, chiitiko ichi “chave chichiumbwa zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvizvarwa zviviri.”
Kuda Zvenyika
Vanyori venhau dzakaitika nevamwe vaongorori vanoti chii chikonzero chokukura uku kunoshamisa muzana ramakore rechi20? “Kumwe kuchinja kukuru kwakaitika munzanga mumazana maviri amakore apfuura kuda zvenyika,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Människovärdet och makten. Kuda zvenyika kwaireva kuti “vanhu vanopiwa mukana wokuzvifungira voga zvokuita pamusoro penhau dzakasiyana-siyana. Pfungwa iyi . . . yakavamba pakati pavazivi vaida Kujekerwa vomuzana ramakore rechi18, vakanga vari vokutanga . . . kuramba Bhaibheri sairo roga rine chokwadi.” Saka, zvitendero, zvikurukuru zvechiKristudhomu, hazvitariswi kuti zvidzidzise nezvetsika sezvazvainyanya kuitwa munguva yakapfuura.
Asi chikonzero nei ruzivo rwakatangwa muzana ramakore rechi18 rwakatora makore anopfuura 200 kuti rwuzozivikanwa zvakadaro? “Pfungwa idzi dzaisaparadzirwa kuruzhinji nyore-nyore,” rinodaro bhuku rataurwa pamusoro apa. “Kuchinja kwevanhu kuti vade zvenyika kwakanga kuchinonoka.”
Kunyange zvazvo kana muitiro mutsva wokusiya tsika dzakare nezvinokosha zvechiKristu wakapfuurira zvishoma nezvishoma kwemakore akawanda anosvika 200 apfuura, wakakurumidza zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechi20. Izvozvi ndizvo zvave zvichiitika chaizvo mumakumi amakore apfuura. Nei zvakadaro?
Udyire uye Makaro
Chinhu chikuru chinokonzera kukurumidza kubudirira mune zvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nomune zvoupfumi munzanga muzana ramakore rechi20. Nyaya iri mumagazini yokuGermany inonzi Die Zeit yakati tiri kurarama mu“nguva yokuchinja kunoramba kuchiitika uye kwete, somumazana amakore akapfuura, munyika inonzi yakanga isingachinji.” Nyaya yacho yakati izvi zvakatungamirira kumaitiro okutengesa nokukwikwidzana zvakasununguka, akavakirwa pamakwikwi anotungamirirwa noudyire.
“Udyire uhwu,” nyaya yacho yakapfuurira, “hahuna chinogona kuhumisa. Somugumisiro panova noutsinye hunoratidzwa muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, uyewo uori, uhwo hwave kuitwawo kunyange muhurumende munyika dzakawanda. Vanhu vanongozvifunga ivo uye kufadza zvishuvo zvavo kusvika pakupedzisira.”
Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu yokuPrinceton University, Robert Wuthnow, achinyatsobvunzisisa vanhu akawana kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vave kunyanya kufunga nezvemari kupfuura zvavaiita muchizvarwa chakapfuura. Maererano nokunzvera kwacho, “vanhu vokuAmerica vakawanda vanotya kuti kutsvaka mari kwazova kunokosheswa kupfuura zvimwe zvinokosha zvakadai sokuremekedza vamwe, kuvimbika pabasa uye kuitawo zvimwe zvinhu nevamwe munzanga dzavo.”
Makaro munzanga akawedzera nemhaka yokuti vatungamiriri vamabhizimisi vakazviwedzera mihoro yavo zvikuru uye mari yepenjeni yakawandisa asi vachikurudzira vashandi vavo kuti vasakumbira kubhadharwa mari yakawanda. “Chinonetsa pakutsvaka mhindu kwavatungamiriri vamabhizimisi ndechokuti maitiro avo anokurumidza kupararira uye kuti anoderedza kunaka kwetsika pavanhuwo zvavo,” anodaro Kjell Ove Nilsson, mumwe purofesa wezvetsika uye mutungamiriri wezvezvitendero paChristian Council of Sweden. “Chokwadi, izvi zvinoguma zvaparadza tsika—munzanga pamwe napamunhu.”
Tsika Dzezvinobudisa Mashoko
Chimwe chikonzero chikuru chiri kuita kuti tsika dziderere mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20 itsika dzezvinobudisa mashoko. “Zvinhu zvitsva zvave kuparadzira tsika vanhu vanobudisa purogiramu dzeterevhizheni, vakuru vakuru vamabhaisikopu, vanoshambadza fashoni, vaimbi venziyo dzegangsta rap, uye vamwe vakawanda vanobatanidzwa mukutepfenyura zvinhu zvakadaro,” inodaro Nhengo yedare ramakurukota Lieberman. “Vanoronga izvi ava vanoshandisa simba rakanyanya kudzora tsika dzedu uye zvikurukuru vana vedu, uye havambofungi nezvemutoro wavanawo wetsika dzinokuvadza dzavari kuparadzira.”
Somuenzaniso, Lieberman anotaura nezvemashoko anoimbwa parekodhi rechikwata chinoimba nziyo dzeheavy-metal chinonzi Cannibal Corpse. Vaimbi vacho vanonyatsorondedzera kubatwa chibharo kwomumwe mukadzi akabatirwa banga. Iye neshamwari yake vakakumbira kukambani inorekodha kuti irege kubudisa rekodhi racho. Asi sokutsanangura kunoita Lieberman, zvakarambwa.
Naizvozvo vabereki vane mutoro nhasi vakapinzwa mumakwikwi makuru netsika dzinoparadzirwa nezvinobudisa nhau kuti ndiani achapesvedzera nokurera vana vavo. Asi zvakadini nezvemhuri dzine vabereki vasingangwariri? “Muzviitiko zvakadaro,” anodaro Lieberman, “tsika dzinoparadzirwa dzacho dzinodzidzisa zvinofanira kutevedzerwa hadzina chinodzirwisa, uye pfungwa yomwana yezvakanaka nezvakaipa uye zvaanoisa pakutanga muupenyu inoumbwa zvikurukuru nezvaanodzidza muterevhizheni, mumabhaisikopu uye mumarekodhi eCD.” Uye munguva pfupi yapfuura, Gadziriro yokuwana mashoko kumuzinda wemakombiyuta inogona kuwedzerwa pazvinhu zvacho.
Kudzokera Ku“tsika Dzakare-kare”
Migumisiro yeizvi zvinopesvedzera zvakashata iri kuoneka sei pavanhu vaduku? Kutanga, mumakore achangopfuura vana vaduku nevachiri kuyaruka vakawanda vakaita zviito zvoutsinye zvechisimba kuvamwe vana uye kuvanhu vakuru.
Mhosva inokatyamadza yakaparwa muSweden muna 1998. Vakomana vaviri, ane makore mashanu neane manomwe vakadzipa wavaitamba naye ane makore mana kusvikira afa! Vakawanda vakabvunza mubvunzo wokuti: Vana havana chimwe chinhu chiri mukati chinodzora chinovaita kuti varege kana vave kudarika mwero here? Mumwe chiremba wepfungwa dzavana akataura mashoko aya ane simba: “Chinhu chinodzora kupfuura mwero chimwe chinhu chinotofanira kudzidzwa” akadaro. “Chinogona kuva nechokuita nezvokuti . . . vanhu vapi vanogadza mienzaniso inotariswa navana uye zvavanodzidza kubva kuvanhu vakuru vakavapoteredza.”
Pfungwa imwe chete iyoyo inogona kuonekwa mumatsotsi anoita zvechisimba. Maererano naSten Levander, purofesa wokurapa pfungwa muSweden, nhasi vasungwa vose vari pakati pe15 ne20 muzana vanorwara nepfungwa—vanhu vanoda kuzvimirira zvikuru, vasina tsitsi, uye havagoni kana kuti havadi kunzwisisa mafungiro ezvakaipa nezvakanaka. Kunyange pakati pevana navechiduku vanoratidzika sevane pfungwa dzakanaka, vacherekedzi vakaona kusanzwisisa pfungwa dzetsika. “Tave tichidzorerwa kutsika Dzomunguva yekare,” anodaro Christina Hoff Sommers, purofesa weruzivo. Akacherekedza kuti apo vadzidzi vake vaduku vanonangana nomubvunzo wokuti chakanaka nechakaipa ndechipi, vakawanda vavo vanonzwa vasina chokwadi. Zvadaro vanopindura kuti hapana chinhu chinonzi chakanaka kana chakaipa. Vanofunga kuti munhu oga oga anofanira kusarudza zvakamunakira.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vadzidzi vake vakawanda vakaramba nheyo yokukosha kwokuremekedza nokukoshesa upenyu hwavanhu. Somuenzaniso, pavakabvunzwa kuti vaizoita sei kana vakatarisana nechisarudzo chokuponesa upenyu hwechipfuwo kana kuti upenyu hwomumwe munhu wavasingazivi, vakawanda vakati vaizosarudza mhuka.
“Chinetso hachisi chokuti vanhu vaduku havazivi, havavimbiki, vane utsinye, kana kuti vanonyengera,” anodaro Purofesa Sommers. “Kutaura zvakananga, havana pfungwa yechakanaka nechakaipa.” Anotaura kuti vanhu vaduku vakawanda nhasi havana chokwadi kana pachimbova nechakaipa kana chakanaka uye anonzwa kuti mafungiro akadaro ndemamwe anoita kuti nzanga ive pangozi.
Naizvozvo, kurerutsa tsika munguva yedu chinhu chaicho. Vakawanda vanotya kuti migumisiro yakaipa zvikuru inogona kuitika. Nyaya iri muDie Zeit yambotaurwa nezvayo inoti kutengeserana nokukwikwidzana zvakasununguka kwanhasi kunga“pera [zvishoma nezvishoma] uye zvichida rimwe zuva kuparara sezvakaita maitiro okudzorwa kwezvokutengeserana nehurumende munguva yapfuura.”
Zvose izvozvi zvinorevei chaizvoizvo? Uye tinofanira kutarira kunguva yemberi yorudzii?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 6, 7]
“Zvinhu zvitsva zvave kuparadzira tsika vanhu vanobudisa purogiramu dzeterevhizheni, vakuru vakuru vamabhaisikopu, vanoshambadza fashoni, vaimbi venziyo dze“gangsta rap” . . .”