Chinoita Kuti Vanhu Varase Tariro Muupenyu
“Munhu mumwe nomumwe anozviuraya ane zvikonzero zvake: zvakavanzika zvikuru, zvisingazivikanwi, uye zvakaipa chaizvo.”—Kay Redield Jamison, chiremba wepfungwa.
“KURARAMA kunorwadza.” Izvozvo ndizvo zvakanyorwa naRyunosuke Akutagawa, mumwe munyori wokuJapan akakurumbira womuzana remakore rechi20, nguva pfupi asati azviuraya. Zvisinei, asati ataura mashoko iwayo akatanga ati: “Chokwadi, handidi kufa, asi . . . ”
Kufanana naAkutagawa, vazhinji vanozviuraya havadi chaizvoizvo kufa asi vanoda “kugumisa zvinenge zvichiitika zvacho,” akanyora kudaro mumwe purofesa wepfungwa. Mashoko anowanika mutsamba dzakawanda dzinosiyiwa nevanozviuraya anoratidza izvi. Mashoko akadai sookuti ‘Ndanga ndaneta nazvo’ kana kuti ‘Ndingararamirei?’ anoratidza chido chakadzama chokutiza matambudziko oupenyu. Asi sokurondedzerwa kwazvakaitwa nomumwe mazvikokota, kuzviuraya kwakafanana nokushandisa bhambo renyukireya kurapa dzihwa.”
Kunyange zvazvo zvikonzero zvevanhu zvokuzviuraya zvichisiyana-siyana, zvimwe zviitiko zvomuupenyu zvinowanzokonzera kuzviuraya.
Zviitiko Zvinokonzera Kuda Kuzviuraya
Hazvishamisi kuti vechiduku vanopedzisira vaora mwoyo vozviuraya vanozviita kunyange nezvikonzero zvingaratidzika kuva zvenhando kuvamwe vanhu. Vakarwadziswa vasina zvavanogona kuita nezvazvo, vechiduku vangaona kuzviuraya senzira yokutsividza anenge avarwadzisa. Hiroshi Inamura, mazvikokota munyaya dzevanhu vanenge vachida kuzviuraya muJapan, akanyora kuti: “Vana vanonakidzwa nokuranga munhu anenge avatambudza kuburikidza nokuzviuraya pachavo.”
Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa muBritain yakaratidza kuti apo vana vanoramba vachirohwa nevamwe, vane mukana unoda kupetwa kanomwe wokuzviuraya. Vana ava vanorwadziwa mupfungwa zvechokwadi. Mumwe mukomana ane makore 13 akazvisungirira akasiya anyora katsamba achitaura vanhu vashanu vaiva vamutambudza uye vaiva vamubvutira mari nechisimba. “Ndapota dzivirirai vamwe vana,” akanyora kudaro.
Vamwe vangaedza kuzviuraya kana vapinda muchinetso kuchikoro kana kuti vakatyora mutemo, kana varambana nomudiwa, kana vafoira, kana vakanyanya kufunga zvokupera mwoyo pamusoro pebvunzo, kana kuti vakaremerwa nokutya remangwana. Pavayaruki vanogona muchikoro vanoita sevanoda kuita zvinhu zvose nemazvo, kukundikana zvishoma kana kuti kufoira—kungava kwechokwadi kana kuti kwokufungidzira—kungaita kuti vaedze kuzviuraya.
Kuvakuru, nhamo yemari kana kuti zvinetso zvokubasa ndizvo zvimwe zvinowanzokonzera kuda kuzviuraya. MuJapan, mushure memakore akawanda okuderera kwoupfumi, kuzviuraya kwakapfuura 30 000 pagore munguva ichangopfuura. Maererano neMainichi Daily News, vanenge varume vatatu muvana voga voga vezera rokuma40 vakazviuraya vakadaro “pamusana penhamo inokonzerwa nezvikwereti, kukundikana kwemabhizimisi, urombo, nokushaya basa.” Zvinetso zvomumhuri zvinogona kukonzerawo kuzviuraya. Rimwe pepanhau rokuFinland rakati: “Varume vane makore okuma40 vachangobva kugura michato” ndiro rimwe remapoka anonyanya kuzviuraya. Imwe ongororo yakaitwa muHungary yakawana kuti ruzhinji rwevasikana vanofunga zvokuzviuraya vakarerwa mumhuri dzine vabereki vakarambana.
Kurega basa uye urwere zvimwewo zvikonzero zvikuru zvokuzviuraya, kazhinji pakati pevachembera. Kazhinji kacho kuzviuraya kunosarudzwa senzira yokubuda nayo mumatambudziko, kwete hazvo kuti chirwere chinenge chisingaperi, asi apo murwere anoona kutambura kwacho kusingaiti.
Zvisinei, havasi vanhu vose vanozviuraya pavanosangana nezviitiko izvi. Kusiyana naizvozvo, vazhinji havazviurayi pavanosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu anokangaidza akadaro. Saka nei vamwe vachiona sokuti kuzviuraya ndiko kuzvipedza nepo vamwe vasingadaro?
Zvikonzero Zvikuru Zvisiri Pachena
“Zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvokuzviuraya zvinoenderana nemaonero aunoita upenyu,” anodaro Kay Redfield Jamison, purofesa wepfungwa paJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Akawedzera kuti: “Kana dziine utano hwakanaka, pfungwa dzakawanda hapana chiitiko chadzinomboona sechakanyanyoipa chingaita kuti munhu azviuraye.” Eve K. Mościcki, weU.S. National Institute of Mental Health, anoti zvikonzero zvakawanda—zvimwe zvacho zvisiri pachena—zvinobatana zvoita kuti munhu afunge zvokuzviuraya. Zvikonzero zvakadaro zvisiri pachena zvinosanganisira kurwara nepfungwa uye kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, ropa rake, nezvakaita makemikari ari muuropi hwake. Ngationgororei zvimwe zvacho.
Zvinetso zvepfungwa uye zvokupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, zvakadai sokuora mwoyo, kuvhiringika kwepfungwa kunokonzera kutya, kutadza kuziva zviri kuitika, kunyanya kunwa doro nokushandisa zvinodhaka ndizvo zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvikuru. Ongororo yakaitwa kuEurope nokuUnited States inoratidza kuti inopfuura 90 kubva muzana yokuzviuraya kwakabudirira ine chokuita nokurwara kwakadaro. Vaongorori vokuSweden vakatowana kuti pakati pevarume vasina kuwanikwa vaine zvirwere zvipi zvazvo zvorudzi irworwo mwero wokuzviuraya waiva 8,3 muvanhu 100 000 voga voga, asi pakati pevakaora mwoyo wakakwira kusvika pa650 pa100 000 voga voga! Uye vanamazvikokota vanoti zvinokonzera kuzviuraya zvakangofanana nezvokunyika dzokuMabvazuva. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange kuora mwoyo kukabatana nezvimwe zviitiko hakuiti kuti kuzviuraya kusadzivisika.
Purofesa Jamison, uyo akamboedza kuzviuraya, anoti: “Zvinoita sokuti vanhu vanokwanisa kushivirira kana kuti kugona kubata nokuora mwoyo chero bedzi paine tariro yokuti zvinhu zvichaita nani.” Zvisinei, akaona kuti sezvo kuora mwoyo kunoramba kuchiwedzera zvakanyanya, pfungwa dzinopedzisira dzisisakwanisi kudzora kuda kuzviuraya. Akafananidza mamiriro acho ezvinhu nokupera kunoita mabhureki emotokari paanoramba achishandiswa.
Zvinokosha zvikuru kuziva chinetso ichocho nokuti kuora mwoyo kunogona kurapwa. Kunzwa usina maturo kunogona kupedzwa. Kana zvikonzero zvisiri pachena zvikagadziriswa, vanhu vangarega kuzviuraya kana vasangana nematambudziko anokukonzera.
Vamwe vanofunga kuti ropa romunhu rinobatsirawo sechimwe chezvikonzero zvisiri pachena mukuzviuraya kwakawanda. Ichokwadi kuti ropa romunhu rine zvarinoita pakuzvidzora kwake, uye ongororo dzinoratidza kuti dzimwe mhuri dzine vanhu vakazviuraya vakawanda mudzinza radzo kudarika dzimwe. Asi Jamison akati ‘izvi hazvirevi kuti kuzviuraya hakudzivisiki.’
Zvakaita makemikari ari muuropi zvinogonawo kuva chimwe chikonzero chisiri pachena. Muuropi mune mabhiriyoni etutsinga tunofambisa mashoko tuchishandisa makemikari. Nechokumucheto kwetutsinga utwu kune nzvimbo inopfuura nayo makemikari ane mashoko. Mwero wemakemikari aya unogona kukonzera kuti munhu aberekwe aine kapfungwa kokuda kuzviuraya. Bhuku rinonzi Inside the Brain rinotsanangura kuti: “Mwero wakaderera wekemikari rinonzi serotonin pachirungu . . . unogona kushayisa mufaro muupenyu, zvichiita kuti munhu asafarira kurarama zvowedzera mukana wokuora mwoyo uye kuda kuzviuraya.”
Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti hapana munhu akatongerwa kuzviuraya. Mamiriyoni evanhu ari kurarama nematambudziko anoodza mwoyo. Maonero anoita pfungwa nomwoyo zvinetso ndiwo anoita kuti vamwe vazviuraye. Hazvisi zvikonzero zviri pachena chete asiwo zvisiri pachena zvinofanira kugadziriswa.
Saka chii chingaitwa kuti pave noupenyu hune tariro, zvichaita kuti pave nechido chikuru chokurarama?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 24]
Kuzviuraya Zvichienderana Nokuti Munhui
Maererano nokumwe kuongorora kwakaitwa muUnited States, kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vachinyanya kuedza kuzviuraya zvakapetwa ruviri kana rutatu pane varume, varume vane mukana wakapetwa kana wokubudirira. Vakadzi vane mukana wakapetwa kaviri wokuora mwoyo pane varume, zvingava zvinokonzera kuti pave nenhamba yakakura yokuedza kuzviuraya. Zvisinei, kuora mwoyo kwavo kungava kusina kunyanya kuipa, saka vangasashandisa nzira dzinorwadza dzokuzviuraya. Ukuwo varume vangashandisa nzira dzinorwadza uye dzine chokwadi chokubudirira kuitira kuti vaite zvavanenge vachida.
Kunyange zvakadaro, muChina vakadzi vakawanda vanobudirira pane varume. Chokwadi ndechokuti kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti 56 kubva muzana yokuzviuraya kwevanhukadzi pasi pose kunoitika muChina, kunyanya kunzvimbo dzokumaruwa. Zvinonzi chimwe chinoita kuti pave nokuda kuzviuraya kwakadai kwevanhukadzi ndechokuti vanokwanisa kuwana mishonga inouraya zvipembenene nyore nyore.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Kuzviuraya uye Kusurukirwa
Kusurukirwa ndicho chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kuita kuti vanhu vakawanda vaore mwoyo uye vazviuraye. Jouko Lönnqvist uyo akatungamirira ongororo ine chokuita nokuzviuraya muFinland akati: “Kune vaya vakazviuraya vakawanda vacho vakanga vakasurukirwa zuva nezuva. Vakanga vane nguva yakawanda vasina zvavari kuita asi vasina shamwari.” Kenshiro Ohara, chiremba wepfungwa paHamamatsu University School of Medicine muJapan akataura kuti “kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe” ndiko kwakakonzera kuwedzera chaizvo kwenhamba yevanhu vane mazera okuma40 vanozviuraya munyika iyoyo.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 22]
Kuvakuru, nhamo yemari, nezvinetso zvokubasa ndizvo zvinowanzokonzera kuda kuzviuraya