Vanhu Vari Kutsvaka Kuchengeteka

“Kupera kweZana Remakore rechi20 hakuna kugumisa kudeurwa kweropa nokutambudzwa kunomanikidza vanhu kutiza kuti vaponese upenyu hwavo. Vanhu vanosvika makumi emamiriyoni vakapinda mumireniyamu itsva vari mumisasa yevapoteri nomudzimwe nzvimbo dzinogarwa kwenguva pfupi, vachitya kuti vanozourayiwa kana vakada kudzokera kumisha yavo.”—Bill Frelick, U.S. Committtee for Refugees.

JACOB aiva nezvaaida kuzoita. Aigarofunga nezvenzvimbo iyo vanhu vangakwanisa kurarama murunyararo, kusina mabhomba anouraya mbudzi dzavo, uye kwaaizokwanisa kuenda kuchikoro.

Vanhu vomutaundi maaigara vakamuudza kuti nzvimbo yakadaro yaivako zvechokwadi, kunyange zvazvo yaiva kure kure. Baba vake vakati rwendo rwacho rwaiva nengozi kwazvo, sezvo vamwe vakanga vafira munzira nemhaka yenyota nenzara. Asi apo mumwe muvakidzani aiva nomurume akanga aurayiwa akatanga rwendo rwacho nevana vake vaviri, Jacob akasarudza kuti aizoenda ari oga.

Jacob haana kutakura zvokudya kana zvokupfeka, uye pazuva rokutanga, chake kwakanga kuri kumhanya chete. Nzira yokuenda kwakachengeteka iyi yakanga yakaita ukatakata nezvitunha. Mangwana acho, akasangana nomukadzi aibva kutaundi yaaigara akamuudza kuti aigona kufamba naye pamwe nevamwe vake. Vakafamba kwemazuva, vachidarika nomumisha yakanga isisina vanhu. Pane imwe nguva vakadarika nomunzvimbo ine zvimbambaira, umo mumwe wavo akaurayiwa. Zvokudya zvavo aitova mashizha emiti.

Papera mazuva gumi, vanhu vakatanga kufa nenzara uye nokuneta. Nguva pfupi zvadaro, ndege dzakatanga kuvakandira mabhomba. Pakupedzisira, Jacob akayambuka muganhu wenyika ndokusvika pamusasa wevapoteri. Zvino ava kuenda kuchikoro, uye kutinhira kwendege hakuchamutyisi. Ndege dzose dzaanoona zvino dzinotakura zvokudya panzvimbo pemabhomba. Asi anosuwa mhuri yake, uye anoda kudzokera kumusha.

Pasi pose kune mamiriyoni evanhu vane zvakaitika kwavari zvakafanana nezvaJacob. Vakawanda vavo vakavhiringidzwa nehondo uye vanotambura nenzara nenyota. Vashoma ndivo vakamborarama upenyu hwemhuri hwakagadzikana, uye vakawanda havazofi vakadzokera kumisha yavo. Vari pakati pevarombo vanonzi varombo pasi pano.

Mumiririri Mukuru Wevapoteri weSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose anoisa varombo vanombeya-mbeya ava mumapoka maviri. Mupoteri munhu anotiza nyika yake nemhaka yokutya zvechokwadi kutambudzwa kana kuti kuitirwa chisimba. Munhu anenge abviswa panzvimbo yake anenge amanikidzwawo kusiya musha wake nemhaka yehondo kana nedzimwe ngozi huru, asi anenge achiri kugara munyika yake.a

Hapana anoziva chaizvo kuti vapoteri vangani uye kuti vanhu vangani vakabviswa pavaigara vanokwanisa kurarama mumisasa yevapoteri kana kuti vangani vanongomberereka kwose kwose vachitsvaka kuchengeteka. Maererano nezvinotaurwa nevamwe, pasi pose nhamba yacho ingangova mamiriyoni 40, uye hafu yacho vari vana. Vose vanobvepi?

Chinetso Chenguva Yedu

Chinetso chevapoteri chakachinja uye chakawedzera pakapera hondo yokutanga yenyika. Pashure pehondo iyoyo, nyika dzaitongwa namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye marudzi ane vanhu vashoma akatambudzwa. Zvakaguma nokuita kuti vanhu vokuEurope vanosvika mamiriyoni vatizire kunyika dzisiri dzavo. Hondo yechipiri yenyika—yakatoparadza kwazvo kupfuura yakaitangira—yakaita kuti mamiriyoni evanhu atize misha yawo. Kubvira muna 1945, hondo dzakatanga kurwiwa munzvimbo nenzvimbo, asi dzinongotambudza vanhuwo zvavo vasiri varwi vanobatanidzirwa.

“Kunyange zvazvo hondo yakangogara ichiita kuti pave nevapoteri, muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri chete ndimo umo kurwisana kwomunyika yose kwakakanganisa vanhu vomunyika dzacho vose,” anotsanangura kudaro Gil Loescher mubhuku rake romuna 1993 rinonzi Beyond Charity—International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis. “Kusaonekwa kwomusiyano pakati pemauto nevanhuwo zvavo kwakaita kuti pave nenhamba yakakura kwazvo yevapoteri vaitsvaka kutiza matambudziko okuitirwa utsinye.”

Uyezve, kurwisana kwakawanda kwemazuva ano ihondo dzinorwiwa nevagari vomunyika imwe chete dzinouraya kwete varume vasvika zera rokurwa chete, asiwo vakadzi nevana. Kumwe kwokurwisana uku kunoita sokusingaperi nokuti kunokonzerwa nokupesana kukuru kwemarudzi uye zvitendero. Mune imwe nyika yomuAfrica, umo kurwisana kwevagari vemo kuri kuitika iye zvino kwatove kusvika makore 18, mune vanhu mamiriyoni mana vakatiza misha yavo, nepo vamwe vanosvika mazana ezviuru vakatizira kune dzimwe nyika.

Nguva dzose, nzira bedzi iyo vanhuwo zvavo vaneta nehondo vangasiyana nemhirizhonga yacho kutiza musha chete. “Vapoteri vanosiya nyika yavo uye vanotsvaka kubvumirwa kupinda mune imwe nyika kwete vachida kana kuti nokuda kwokutsvaka upenyu huri nyore, asi vanenge vasitorina zvokuita,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The State of the World’s Refugees 1997-98. Zvisinei, mazuva ano kubvumirwa kupotera mune imwe nyika kungasava nyore.

Muma1990, nhamba yevapoteri pasi pose yakaderera kubva pamamiriyoni 17 kusvikira pamamiriyoni 14. Zvisinei, usafunga kuti ichi ichokwadi chaicho. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore gumi iwayo, nhamba yevanhu vanotiza misha yavo vachiri kugara munyika yavo yakasvika pakati pemamiriyoni 25 ne30. Chii chiri kuitika?

Kuwana mvumo yepamutemo yokuva mupoteri kwazova kwakaoma nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Nyika dzingasada kugamuchira vapoteri, zvimwe nokuti vanenge vasingachagoni kutarisira gurusvusvu revanhu rinenge richidirana munyika macho kana kuti zvimwe vanotyira kuti vapoteri vakawandisa vangaunza kusagadzikana mune zvoupfumi nezvematongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva, vanhuwo zvazvo vangasava nesimba, zvokudya, kana kuti mari inodiwa parwendo rurefu rwokusvika kumuganhu wenyika. Chinenge chasara kuti vaite chete kutamira kunharaunda yakati chengetekei munyika yavo.

Vapoteri Vanotiza Urombo Vari Kuwedzera

Kuwedzera pavapoteri chaivo kunewo mamiriyoni evanhu varombo vanotsvaka kuvandudza upenyu hwavo munzira yavanoziva ivo—nokutamira kunyika ine mararamiro ari nani zvikuru.

Musi waFebruary 17, 2001, imwe ngarava yekare yasakara yakamira pamhenderekedzo yeFrance. Yakanga yakatakura varume, vakadzi uye vana vanenge chiuru, vakanga vafamba nomugungwa kweinoda kusvika vhiki vasina kana chokudya. Vakanga vabhadhara US$2 000 [Z$110 000] pamunhu nokuda kwerwendo urwu rune ngozi, vasingatombozivi kuti vaienda kunyika ipi. Mukuru wengarava yacho nevashandi vemo vakaverevedza pakangosvika ngarava yacho pamhenderekedzo. Asi sezvineiwo vatakurwi vaitya ava vakanunurwa, uye hurumende yeFrance yakavimbisa kuongorora zvikumbiro zvavo zvokuva vapoteri. Mamiriyoni akangofanana navo anoedza kuita nzendo dzakadaro gore roga roga.

Vanhu ava vanotamira kune dzimwe nyika vachitiza urombo vanotarisana nezvinetso zvakaoma. Vanokwanisa kuunganidza mari yorwendo rwacho nokuti kunyika yavo, urombo, chisimba, rusaruro, kana kuti utongi hwoudzvinyiriri—uye dzimwe nguva zvose zviri zvina—zvinoita kuti upenyu huite sohusina tariro.

Vakawanda vanofa pavanoedza kutsvaka upenyu huri nani. Mumakore gumi adarika, vatami vanenge 3 500 vakanyura kana kuti vakatsakatika pavaiedza kuyambuka Strait of Gibraltar vachibva muAfrica vachipinda muSpain. Mugore ra2000, vanhu vokuChina makumi mashanu nevasere vakafa nokushaya mweya wokufema pavakanga vakavigwa muzimotokari raivabvisa kuBelgium vachiendeswa kuEngland. Vamwe vakawanda vanofa nenyota muSahara apo migweje yavo yemarori inenge yakatakura zvinhu zvakawanda inofira pakati pegwenga.

Pasinei nengozi dzacho, vapoteri vanotiza urombo vari kuwedzera zvisingadzoreki. Vanhu vanosvika inenge hafu yemiriyoni vanopinzwa muEurope nechitsotsi gore roga roga; uye vamwe 300 000 muUnited States. Muna 1993, United Nations Population Fund yaifungidzira kuti nhamba yose yevanhu vaitama pasi pose yaisvika mamiriyoni 100, uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chavo chakagara muEurope nomuUnited States. Zviri pachena kuti nhamba yacho yakatowedzera kwazvo.

Vakawanda vevanhu ava havambowani kuchengeteka kwavanotsvaka. Uye vapoteri vashoma chete ndivo vanowana nzvimbo yokupotera yakachengeteka uye yechigarire. Kakawanda kacho, vanhu vanongomberereka ava vanochinja kubva mune zvimwe zvinetso vachienda mune zvimwe. Nyaya inotevera ichanyatsoratidza pachena zvimwe zvezvinetso izvi uye zvinhu zvikuru zvinozvikonzera.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]