Zana Remakore Rokurwisana
ALFRED NOBEL aidavira kuti rugare runogona kuramba ruripo kana nyika dziine zvombo zvinoparadza. Kana zvadaro nyika dzinobva dzakurumidza kubatana ndokuparadza zvachose wose anoda kumukira. Akanyora kuti: “Iri rinenge riri simba rinoita kuti hondo isavapo.” Maererano nemaonero aNobel, hapana nyika ine pfungwa kwadzo ingamutsa gakava kana zvichiita kuti iyo inosara yaparara kana dzarwisana. Asi zana remakore rakapfuura rakaratidzei?
Asingasviki makore 20 Nobel afa, Hondo Yenyika I yakagundika. Muhondo iyi makashandiswa zvombo zvinouraya, kusanganisira zvigwagwagwa, gasi rinouraya, pfuti dzinorutsa moto (flamethrowers), motokari dzehondo, ndege, uye ngarava dzinorwisa dziri pasi pemvura (submarines). Varwi vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni gumi vakaurayiwa, uye vanopfuura nhamba iyoyo nekaviri vakakuvadzwa. Utsinye hwakanga huri muHondo yeNyika I hwakaita kuti vanhu vatange kuda rugare. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe League of Nations. Mutungamiriri weUnited States, Woodrow Wilson, aimira-mira chaizvo pakutangwa kwayo, akawana Mubayiro weNobel Wokuunza Rugare muna 1919.
Asi, tariro yose yokuti hondo ichapera zvachose yakapera apo, muna 1939, Hondo Yenyika II yakagundika. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, iyi yainyanyotyisa kupfuura Hondo Yenyika I. Pahondo iyi Adolf Hitler akawedzera fekitari yaNobel muKrümmel kuva imwe yefekitari hombe dzinogadzira zvombo muGermany, iine vashandi vanopfuura 9 000. Hondo yapera zvino, fekitari yaNobel yakaparadzwa zvachose nokubhombwa nendege dzenyika dzaikutsirana Germany, dzakadonhedza mabhomba anopfuura chiuru. Mabhomba iwayo akatogadzirwa pachishandiswa unyanzvi hwaNobel pachake.
Zana remakore rakatevera pashure pokufa kwaNobel rakanga risingorina hondo dzenyika mbiri chete asiwo kumwe kurwisana kuduku kusingaverengeki. Zvombo zvakawedzera panguva iyoyo, uye zvimwe zvazvo zvakawedzera kuipa. Funga nezvezvimwe zvombo zvave zvakakurumbira mumakumi emakore kubva zvakafa Nobel.
Pfuti duku nezvombo zvakareruka. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvivhorovhoro, zvifefe, magirinedhi, zvigwagwagwa, nganunu, nezvimwe zvinotakurika. Pfuti duku nezvombo zvakareruka hazvidhuri, zviri nyore kuzvigadzira, uye zvinotova nyore kuzvishandisa.
Kuvapo kwezvombo izvi—uye ngozi yazviinayo kuvagari vomunyika—kwakaita kuti hondo isavapo here? Kana! MuBulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Michael Klare anonyora kuti zvombo zvakareruka zvazova “zvinhu zvikuru zvinoshandiswa muhondo mukurwisana kwakawanda kwakatevera pashure penguva yeHondo Yemashoko.” Kutaura zvazviri, vanhu vakafa vanosvika 90 kubva muzana muhondo dzichangobva kuitika vakaurayiwa nepfuti duku nezvombo zvakareruka. Vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni mana vakaurayiwa nezvigadzirwa izvozvi munguva yokuma1990 bedzi. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvombo zvakareruka zvinoshandiswa nevechiduku vasina kurovedzwa zvechiuto uye vasingambozezi kutyora mitemo yokurwisana yagara iripo.
Zvimbambaira. Pakazopera zana remakore rechi20, vanhu vanenge 70 paavhareji vairemadzwa kana kukuvadzwa nezvimbambaira zuva nezuva! Vakawanda vavo vakanga vari vanhuwo zvavo kwete mauto. Kakawanda, zvimbambaira hazvishandiswi kuti zviuraye, asi kuti zviremadze uye zvityise nokuvhundusa vanhu vanoona kukuvadza kwakaipisisa kwazvinoita.
Ichokwadi kuti mumakore achangopfuura kuedza kukuru kubvisa zvimbambaira kwakaitwa. Asi vamwe vanoti pachimbambaira chimwe chinobviswa, zvimwe 20 zvinoteyiwa uye kuti panogona kunge pane zvimbambaira zvinosvika mamiriyoni 60 zvakafushirwa muvhu munyika yose. Chokwadi chokuti zvimbambaira hazvigoni kuziva kuti zvatsikwa negumbo romusoja here kana kuti romwana ari kutamba munhandare hakuna kumbomisa kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi zvakashata.
Zvombo zvenyukireya. Nokugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, iye zvino guta rose rinogona kutsvairwa mumasekondi mashoma, pasina mauto amborwisana. Somuenzaniso, funga nezvokuparadza kunotyisa kwakaitika apo mabhomba maviri eatomu akadonhedzwa paHiroshima neNagasaki muna 1945. Vamwe vakaitwa mapofu nechiedza chakanga chisingatsungiririki. Vamwe vakakuvadzwa nemasaisai esimba remishonga. Vakawanda vakaurayiwa nomoto nokupisa. Vanhu vose vanonzi vakafa mumaguta maviri vanofungidzirwa kuti vangangova 300 000!
Ichokwadi kuti vamwe vangati kubhombwa kwemaguta iwayo ari maviri kwakadzivisa kufa kwakawanda kungadai kwakazoitika uye hondo yacho ingadai yakapfuurira pasina kushandisa nyukireya. Kunyange zvakadaro, vavhundutswa nokurasika kwoupenyu kwakanyanya, vamwe vakatanga kukambira kudzora ichi chombo chine unye. Chokwadi, vakawanda vakatanga kutya kuti munhu asvika padanho rokuzviparadza.
Kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kwakaita kuti rugare ruvepo here? Vamwe vanoti ndozvazvakaita. Vanotaura kuti zvombo zvine simba izvi hazvina kushandiswa muhondo kwehafu yezana remakore. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvaidavirwa naNobel kuti zvombo zvinoparadza zvikuru zvinoita kuti hondo ipere hazvina kuratidza kuva zvechokwadi, nokuti hondo dzinorwiwa nomuitiro wekare dzichiri kupfuurira. Kunze kwaizvozvo, chero panguva ipi, rinodaro Dare Rinoona Nezvezvombo Zvenyukireya, zviuru zvezvombo zvenyukireya zvakakungwa zvokugadzirira kurwa. Uye munguva ino apo ugandanga chiri chinhu chiri kunetsa zvikuru, vakawanda vanotya zvingaitika kana zvombo zvenyukireya zvikaenda mumaoko emagandanga. Kunyange muvanhu vasiri magandanga, pane kutyirwa kuti tsaona imwe inogona kupinza nyika yose mungwavaira yokuputikirwa nenyukireya. Zvakajeka kuti, kana toreva nezvezvombo zvinoparadza, urwu handirwo rugare rwaifungwa nezvarwo naNobel.
Zvombo zvoutachiona nezvemishonga. Kushandisa majemusi muhondo kunosanganisira kushandisa utachiona hwakaipa zvikuru hwakadai sehwechigwadara, kana kuti hwakadai sechibhokisi. Chibhokisi chakaipisisa nokuti chinopararira nyore nyore. Zvino panozovawo nengozi yezvombo zvemishonga, zvakadai segasi rine chepfu. Zvinhu izvi zvine chepfu zvinouya zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kunyange hazvo zvakarambidzwa kugadzirwa kwemakumi emakore, izvi hazvina kuita kuti zvisashandiswa.
Ko zvombo izvi zvine unye uye kutyisa kwazvinoita vanhu kwakaita kuti vanhu vaite sezvakafanotaurwa naNobel here—‘kutya kurwisana vobvisa mauto avo?” Kusiyana naizvozvo, zvakangowedzera kutya kuti rimwe zuva zvombo izvi zvingangoshandiswa—kunyange nevasina unyanzvi. Anopfuura makore gumi adarika, mutungamiriri weU.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency akataura kuti: “Zvombo zvemishonga zvinogona kugadzirwa chero mugaraji romunhu wose, chero bedzi akadzidzawo kemisitiri yokuchikoro chesekondari.”
Hapana mubvunzo kuti zana remakore rechi20 rakanga rizere hondo dzinoparadza zvikuru kupfuura dzeimwe nguva ipi neipi. Iye zvino, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, kuvapo kworugare kunoita sokusingakwanisiki—kunyanya pashure pokurwiswa nemagandanga muNew York City neWashington, D.C., musi waSeptember 11, 2001. “Hapana kana angaramba kuti unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hunokwanisa kushandiswawo kuita zvinhu zvakaipa,” anonyora kudaro Steven Levy mumagazini yeNewsweek. Anowedzera kuti: “Ndiani angava nekapfungwa kokuziva kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro? Vanhu vane musambo wokuramba vachiita zvavanoona sokufambira mberi uye kubvunza mibvunzo vatoita kare. Nepo tichiramba kufunga kuti chinhu chakaipisisa chisingafungidziriki chinogona kuitika chaizvoizvo tinobvumira mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti chiitike.”
Kusvikira panguva ino, zvakaitika zvakatidzidzisa kuti kugadzira zvinoputika zvakaipisisa uye zvombo zvine unye hakuna kumbobvira kwaunza nyika ino pedyo nokuva norugare. Saka rugare rwepasi pose kunongova kurota here?
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Kudzora Simba reNitroglycerin
Nyanzvi yekemesitiri yokuItaly Ascanio Sobrero akawana nitroglycerin, mushonga unoputika wakaita mvura yakakora, muna 1846. Mushonga uyu wakanga uine ngozi kwazvo. Sobrero akachekwa-chekwa kumeso zvakaipisisa noubvurubvuru hwemagirazi akabva pakuputika, akabva aramwa kushandisa zvekare mushonga wacho. Uyezve, pakanga pane chinetso pamushonga uyu chakatadza kupedzwa naSobrero: Kana ukadirwa pasi worohwa nesando, paya panenge parohwa nesando ndipo paiputika chete, mumwe mushonga wose waisara pasina zvaitika kwauri.
Nobel akapedza chinetso chacho paakagadzira kagwenya, achishandisa mushonga mushoma unoputika unogona kuputitsa mumwe mushonga wakawanda worumwe rudzi. Zvino muna 1865, Nobel akagadzira kakasha kounga—katende kaduku kanenge kaine unga kaiiswa mumudziyo unenge une nitroglycerin uye koitwa kuti kapfute negwenya.
Zvisinei, kushandisa nitroglycerin kwakanga kuchine ngozi. Somuenzaniso, muna 1864 kuputika kwakaitika maishandira Nobel kunze kweStockholm kwakauraya vanhu vashanu—kusanganisira munun’una wokupedzisira waNobel, Emil. Fekitari yaNobel yepaKrümmel, muGermany yakaroromeswa kaviri nokuputika. Uyewo zvekare, vamwe vanhu vaishandisa mushonga wacho semafuta emarambi, mushonga webhutsu, kana kuti segirizi remavhiri engoro—zvichiguma nengozi dzakaipisisa. Kunyange apo makomo aiputitswa, mumwe mushonga wainyura muhwangwadza dzematombo uye waizokonzera ngozi.
Muna 1867, Nobel akachinja mushonga wemvura uyu kuva wakaoma nokusanganisa nitroglycerin nekieselgurhr, isingaputiki uye inosveta zvinhu zvemvura-mvura. Nobel akaipa zita rokuti dharameti kubva muchiGiriki chokuti dynamis, zvinoreva “simba.” Kunyange zvazvo Nobel akazogadzira zvimwe zvinoputika zvikuru, dharameti ndiro rinoonekwa sechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvaakagadzira.
Chokwadi, zvinoputika zvaNobel zvakashandiswawo musiri muchiuto. Somuenzaniso, zvakashandiswa zvikuru pakucherwa kwemigwagwa yepasi yeSt. Gotthard (1872-82), uye kuputitswa kwemawere epasi pemvura muEast River yomuNew York (1876, 1885), uye kucherwa kweCorinth Canal muGreece (1881-93). Kunyange zvakadaro, kubva zvarakagadzirwa, dharameti rakakurumidza kuwana mukurumbira sechishandiswa chokuparadza uye chokuuraya.
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Muzinda wemapurisa muColombia wakaparadzwa nezvinoputika zvakagadzirwa nemadharameti
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© Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS
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Asingasviki makore 20 Nobel afa, muHondo Yenyika I makatanga kushandiswa zvombo zvitsva zvine unye
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U.S. National Archives photo
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Vakakuvadzwa nezvimbambaira muCambodia, Iraq, neAzerbaijan
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UN/DPI Photo 186410C by P.S. Sudhakaran
UN/DPI Photo 158314C by J. Isaac
UN/DPI Photo by Armineh Johannes
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Chero panguva ipi, rinodaro Dare Rinoona Nezvezvombo Zvenyukireya, zviuru zvezvombo zvenyukireya zvakakungwa zvakagadzirira kurwisa
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UNITED NATIONS/PHOTO BY SYGMA
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Kuipa kwezvombo zvemishonga kwakazivikanwa zvikuru nevanhu apo gasi re“sarin” rakashandiswa munofamba nechitima chepasi muTokyo muna 1995
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Asahi Shimbun/Sipa Press
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UN/DPI Photo 158198C by J. Isaac