Hondo Yenguva Refu Yokupedza Uranda

“Kuva muranda kunoreva izvi: kufondotswa uchitsungirira, kumanikidzwa nechisimba kutambura zvakaipa.”—Zvakataurwa naEuripides, munyori wemitambo wokuGirisi womuzana remakore rechishanu B.C.E.

URANDA hune nhoroondo refu uye kakawanda kacho isingafadzi. Kubvira panguva yepundutso yokutanga-tanga muIjipiti neMesopotamia, marudzi ane simba akaita vavakidzani vawo vakanga vasina simba varanda. Ipapo imwe yenhau inosuruvarisa zvikuru yokusaruramisira kwevanhu yakatanga kuvapo.

Muchiuru chemakore chechipiri B.C.E, Ijipiti yakaita rudzi rwose rwevanhu vangangosvika mamiriyoni anoverengeka varanda. (Eksodho 1:13, 14; 12:37) Apo Girisi yaitonga Mediterranean, mhuri dzakawanda dzechiGiriki dzaitova nemuranda mumwe chete kana kupfuura—kungofanana nezvakaita kune dzimwe nyika kuti mhuri yoga yoga inenge ine motokari. Muzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle akati izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera achitaura kuti vanhu vari muzvikamu zviviri, zvevanatenzi uye zvevaranda, chikamu chokutanga chiine kodzero yokuberekwa chichirayira, nepo chimwe chacho chaingozvarwa kuti chiite zvinodiwa.

VaRoma vakatsigira uranda kupfuura kunyange zvaiitwa nevaGiriki. Mumazuva omuapostora Pauro, zvichida hafu yevagari veguta reRoma—zviri pachena kuti vaisvika vanhu mazana ezviuru—vakanga vari varanda. Uye Umambo hweRoma hunoita sehwaiwana varanda vanosvika hafu yemiriyoni gore negore kuti vavake zvivako, kushanda mumigodhi, kurima minda, uye kushanda mudzimba hombe dzoumbozha dzevakapfuma.a Vaya vaibatwa muhondo vaiwanzoshandiswa sevaranda, saka kukara varanda kweRoma kunogona kunge kwaiva chikonzero chikuru chokuti umambo hwacho hurambe huchirwa hondo.

Kunyange zvazvo uranda hwakati perei pashure pokuparara kwoUmambo hweRoma, muitiro wacho wakapfuurira. Maererano neDomesday Book (1086 C.E.), varanda vakanga vari 10 kubva muzana yevanhu vaishanda muEngland munguva yeMiddle Ages. Uye varanda vakanga vachiri kuwanikwa nokukunda muhondo.

Zvisinei, kubvira panguva yakauya Kristu, hapana imwe kondinendi yakaona kuparadza kwokutengeswa kwevaranda sezvakaita Africa. Kunyange Jesu asati auya, vaIjipiti vekare vaitengesa varanda vokuEtiopiya. Kwenguva inosvika makore 1 250, vanhu vomuAfrica vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 18 vakaendeswa kuEurope neMiddle East kuti vanoshandiswa sevaranda vaidiwa kwazvo munzvimbo idzodzo. Nokupambwa kwenyika dzeAmerica kutangira muzana remakore rechi16, musika mutsva wokutengesa varanda wakamuka, uye kutakura varanda nomuAtlantic kwakabva kwava rimwe remabhizimisi rinowanisa mazakwatira emari panyika. Vadzidzi venhau dzakaitika vanofungidzira kuti pakati pa1650 na1850, varanda vanopfuura mamiriyoni 12 vakatorwa muAfrica.b Vakawanda vakatengeswa mumisika yokutengesa varanda.

Kuedza Kupedza Uranda

Kwemazana emakore, zvose vanhu nemarudzi vakarwa kuti vazvisunungure kubva muusungwa. Muzana remakore rokutanga Kristu asati auya, Spartacus akatungamirira boka rinosvika 70 000 revaranda vomuRoma mukuedza kurwira kuzvisunungura kwakakundikana. Chimurenga chevaranda vokuHaiti, chakaitika mazana maviri emakore akapfuura chakabudirira, zvichiguma nokuumbwa kwehurumende yakazvimirira muna 1804.

Ichokwadi kuti uranda hwakapfuurira kwenguva refu muUnited States. Pakanga pane varanda vaiedza nepavaigona napo kuti vazvisunungure pamwe nevadiwa vavo. Uye pakanga pane vanhu vakasununguka vairwisa nomwoyo wose kuti uranda hupere nokutsigira kupedzwa kwahwo kana kuti nokubatsira vaitiza. Kunyange zvakadaro, uranda hwakatozonzi hahusi pamutemo munyika yacho yose mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Asika zvakadini nanhasi?

Kuedza Kwacho Kwave Kusina Maturo Here?

“Hapana munhu achaitwa muranda kana kushandiswa somuranda; uranda nokutengesa varanda mumarudzi akwo ose kucharambidzwa,” inodaro Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Chinangwa chakadaro, chakaziviswa nomufaro mukuru muna 1948, chokwadi chinoratidza pfungwa dzakanaka zvikuru. Vanhu vakawanda vepachokwadi vakapa nguva yavo, simba, uye pfuma kuti chinangwa ichi chibudirire. Zvisinei, kubudirira hakuuyi nyore.

Sezvinoratidzwa nenyaya yatangira ino, mamiriyoni evanhu achiri kufondokera pasina mumamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa, uye vakawanda vavo vakatengwa kana kutengeswa vasingadi. Pasinei nokuedza kwakanaka kupedza uranda—uye nokusaina zvibvumirano zvepasi pose kuti hurambidzwe—rusununguko chairwo rwevanhu vose runoramba ruri chinangwa chisingabatiki. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakaita kuti kutengesa varanda kusiri pachena kuve bhizimisi rinopa mazakwatira emari. Zviri kutoita sokuti uranda huri kuwedzera muvanhu. Hapana tariro here? Ngationei.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 20, 21]

Vaya vaiunzwa kubva kuAfrica nengarava dzaitakura varanda (pamusoro) vaiwanzotengeswa mumisika yevaranda yomuAmerica

[Kwazvakatorwa]

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Archivo General de las Indias