Siriya—Zvisaririra Zvezvakaitika Kare Zvinofadza — RAIBHURARI YEPAINDANETI yeWatchtower

Siriya—Zvisaririra Zvezvakaitika Kare Zvinofadza

YAIVA pamharadzano dzenzira makarekare—nzvimbo apo migwagwa yekaravhani yaibva kuMediterranean ichienda kuChina neyaibva kuIjipiti ichienda kuAnatolia yaimbosangana. Mauto evaAkkad, vaBhabhironi, vaIjipiti, vaPersia, vaGiriki, nevaRoma akambofamba nemo. Mazana emakore gare gare, vokuTurkey neVarwi vechiKristu vakadarika nemo. Munguva yemazuva ano, mauto aibva kuFrance neBritain akarwa kuti aidzore.

Nhasi chimwe chikamu chenharaunda iyoyo chichiri nezita raizivikanzwa kwezviuru zvemakore zvadarika—Siriya. Nepo nzvimbo yacho yakava nezvinhu zvizhinji zvakachinja, zvisaririra zvezvakaitika kare zvichiri kuwanika ikoko. Inyika inofarirwa zvikuru nevadzidzi veBhaibheri, nokuti Siriya yakava nezvayakaita munhau yeBhaibheri.

Dhamasiko—Guta Rekare

Somuenzaniso, funga nezveDhamasiko, guta guru reSiriya. Zvinonzi ndiro rimwe remaguta ekare zvikuru akaramba achigarwa kubva zvarakavakwa. Riri mujinga memakomo eAnti-Lebanon, uku Rwizi rweBarada ruchiyerera nemo, Dhamasiko yakava nzvimbo yaisvikira vanhu vazhinji kwemazana emakore kumuganhu kweGwenga reSiriya. Zvichida tateguru vevaIsraeri Abrahamu vakadarika nomuguta iri vachienda kumaodzanyemba kuKenani. Uye akatora Eriezeri, “weDhamasiko,” kuti ave mushandi wavo.—Genesi 15:2.

Anenge makore chiuru gare gare, madzimambo eSiriya eZobha akarwa namambo wokutanga waIsraeri, Sauro. (1 Samueri 14:47) Mambo wechipiri waIsraeri, Dhavhidhi, akarwawo nemadzimambo eArami (zita rechiHebheru rokuti Siriya), akaakunda, “akaisa mapoka avarwi muSiriya paDhamasiko.” (2 Samueri 8:3-8) Nokudaro Israeri neSiriya dzakava vavengi kwenguva refu.—1 Madzimambo 11:23-25.

Pakazosvika zana remakore rokutanga C.E., zvichida ruvengo pakati peSiriya nevaJudha rwakanga rwaderera. MuDhamasiko makanga muchitova nemasinagogi anoverengeka echiJudha panguva iyoyo. Ungayeuka kuti Sauro (akazonzi Pauro) weTaso akanga ari parwendo kubva kuJerusarema kuenda kuDhamasiko paakatendeutsirwa kuchiKristu.—Mabasa 9:1-8.

Dhamasiko yemazuva ano haina uchapupu hwokuti Abrahamu akadarika nemo kana kuti kukundwa kwayakaitwa naDhavhidhi. Asi muchine matongo eguta rekare reRoma uyewo mugwagwa mukuru waidarika nomuguta rekare racho unotevedza mugwagwa weRoma weVia Recta (Mugwagwa Wakarurama). Makanga muri muimba yaiva mumugwagwa uyu umo Ananiyasi akawana Sauro pashure pokunge Sauro atendeutsirwa kuchiKristu nenzira inoshamisa kunze zvishoma kweDhamasiko. (Mabasa 9:10-19) Kunyange zvazvo mugwagwa wacho wasiyana chaizvo nezvawaiva panguva yeRoma, ndepano apo muapostora Pauro akatanga basa rake guru. Mugwagwa Wakarurama unogumira pagedhi reBab-Sharqi reRoma. Masvingo eguta racho, ane dzimba dziri pamusoro, anotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti Pauro akakwanisa sei kupukunyuka achiita zvokuiswa mudengu nepakanga pakazaruka parusvingo.—Mabasa 9:23-25; 2 VaKorinde 11:32, 33.

Palmyra—Nzvimbo Yomugwenga Yekare Yakasvibira

Unenge mufambo wemaawa matatu nemotokari kuchamhembe kwakadziva mumabvazuva kweDhamasiko kune imwe nzvimbo inocherwa matongo inoshamisa: Palmyra, inonzi Tadmori muBhaibheri. (2 Makoronike 8:4) Iri nechepakati nepakati peGungwa reMediterranean neRwizi rweYufratesi, nzvimbo yakasvibira iyi ine zvitubu zvemvura inobva kuno kumakomo ari kuchamhembe. Mugwagwa wekare wokutengeserana pakati peMesopotamia nenyika dziri kumavirira waitevedza Fertile Crescent uye naizvozvo waisvika kure kuchamhembe kwePalmyra. Zvisinei, muzana remakore rokutanga B.C.E., kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika kuchamhembe kwakaita kuti vanhu vasarudze kushandisa nzira yokudimbudzira yaiva kumaodzanyemba. Aya ndiwo mazuva akatanga kukurumbira Palmyra.

Ichibatsira Roma nokuti yaiva nzvimbo yakachengeteka kumucheto wokumabvazuva kwoumambo hwacho, Palmyra yakabatanidzwa kuva rutivi rweruwa rweRoma rweSiriya, asi pakupedzisira yakaitwa guta rinozvitonga. Temberi huru, zvivako zvikuru, maduhwino okugezera, nenhandare yemitambo zvakanga zvakavakwa mumucheto momugwagwa mukuru waiva nebiravira. Mabiravira akavakwa mumucheto momugwagwa kuitira vafambi vetsoka, asi mugwagwa mukuru wepakati wakaramba usina kugadzirwa kuitira makaravhani engamera aidarika nemo. Makaravhani aishambadza munharaunda yacho iri pakati peChina neIndia kuMabvazuva uye nyika dzeRoma neGirisi dzaiva kuMavirira aimbomira muPalmyra. Ikoko vaimanikidzwa kubhadhara mitero yeshinda dzesirika, zvokurunga zvokudya, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvavaitakura.

Yadzika midzi, muzana remakore rechitatu C.E., Palmyra yakanga yava nevanhu vanenge 200 000. Pakanga pari panguva iyi apo Mambokadzi wayo Zenobia aida ukuru akarwisana neRoma uye pakupedzisira akakundwa muna 272 C.E. Munzira iyi, asingazivi Zenobia akazadzika uprofita hwakanyorwa nomuprofita Dhanieri makore 800 akanga adarika.a (Dhanieri, chitsauko 11) Zenobia akundwa, Palmyra yakaramba iripo kwenguva yakati kuti ichishandiswa noUmambo hweRoma, asi haina kuwana zvekare simba norunako rwayo rwekare.

Kuenderera Mberi kuYufratesi

Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwegwenga pashure pokufamba nemotokari kwemaawa matatu kune guta reDayr az Zawr, uko Rwizi rweYufratesi rune simba runogona kuonekwa. Mukoto wemvura uyu unobva kumanyuko awo mumakomo ari kumabvazuva kweAnatolia (Asian Turkey), rwopinda muSiriya nechokuchamhembe kweKarkemishi, rwoyerera nomuSiriya kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva rwopinda muIraq. Kusiri kure nomuganhu weIraq kune matongo emaguta maviri eSiriya.

Makiromita zana kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, pamwe panomonereka Yufratesi, pane matongo enhare yekare yeguta reDura-Europos. Mamwe makiromita 25 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kune nzvimbo yainzi Mari. Raimbova guta rakapfuma zvikuru, rakaparadzwa muzana remakore rechi18 B.C.E. naMambo Hammurabi weBhabhironi. Matongo acho omuzinda wamambo akawanika aine mahwendefa 15 000—zvinyorwa zvakaita zvakawanda pakuzivisa nhoroondo youpenyu.

Apo mauto aHammurabi akaparadza guta racho, akadhirisa rusvingo rwaiva kumusoro, achizadza dzimba dzezasi nezvidhinha nevhu. Izvi zvakachengetedza mifananidzo yaiva kumadziro, zviumbwa, zvigadzirwa zvevhu, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaverengeki kusvika chikwata chevanhu vokuFrance chinochera matongo chawana nzvimbo yacho muna 1933. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumiziyamu dzeDhamasiko neAleppo uyewo muLouvre, muParis.

Maguta Ekare Ari Kuchamhembe Kwakadziva Kumavirira kweSiriya

Kutevedza Yufratesi kuenda kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumavirira kunosvitsa munhu kuAleppo (Haleb). Kufanana neDhamasiko, Aleppo inoti ndiyo imwe yemaguta ekare zvikuru akatanga kugarwa pasi pano. Misika yomuAleppo, inonziwo zvitoro zvikuru, ndiyo ine mimwe mifananidzo yakanaka zvikuru kuMiddle East.

Nechokumaodzanyemba kweAleppo kune Tell Mardikh, nzvimbo yeguta rekare reEbla. Ebla rakanga riri guta rine simba mune zvokutengeserana raidzora Siriya yokuchamhembe muhafu yechipiri muchiuru chemakore chechitatu B.C.E. Zvisaririra zvetemberi yakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi weBhabhironi Ishtar zvakawanikwa pakacherwa matongo ikoko. Zvakawanikawo ipapo waiva muzinda wamambo uyo waiva nemahwendefa 17 000 mudzimba dzawo dzokuchengetera zvinhu. Zviwanikwa zvokuEbla zvinogona kuonekwa kumiziyamu iri muIdlib, guta duku riri makiromita 25 kubva panzvimbo iyi.

Kumaodzanyemba kwomugwagwa weDhamasiko kune Hama, Hamati yomuBhaibheri. (Numeri 13:21) Rwizi rweOrontes runomonereka nomuHama, ruchiita kuti rive rimwe remaguta akanakisisa zvikuru eSiriya. Kwozouya Ras Shamra, nzvimbo yeguta rekare reUgarit. Muchiuru chemakore chechitatu nechechipiri B.C.E., Ugarit chaiva chiteshi chengarava chakabudirira chakanga chakanyura mukunamata Bhaari naDhagoni. Kubvira muna 1929, vacheri vematongo vokuFrance vakawana mahwendefa akawanda uye zviumbwa zvebhuronzi zvakanyorwa zvinozivisa zvakawanda nezvokunamata Bhaari kwakaipa zvikuru. Izvi zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa nei Mwari akati vaKenani vainamata Bhaari vanofanira kufa.—Dheuteronomio 7:1-4.

Hungu, muSiriya yemazuva ano munhu anogona kunzwa maungira ezvakaitika kare zvinofadza.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

a Ona nyaya ine musoro unoti “Mukadzi Aiva Nechiremera Akanga Ane Bvudzi Rakasvibira Wemugwenga reSiriya,” mumagazini yeNharireyomurindi yaJanuary 15, 1999, yakabudiswa neZvapupu zvaJehovha.

[Mepu iri papeji 28, 29]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

GUNGWA REMEDITERRANEAN

‐‐ Miganhu inoitiranwa nharo

IJIPITI

ISRAERI

JODHANI

REBHANONI

SIRIYA

DHAMASIKO

Barada

Orontes

Hama (Hamati)

Ugarit (Ras Shamra)

Ebla (Tell Mardikh)

Aleppo (Haleb)

Karkemishi (Jerablus)

Yufratesi

Zenobia

Dayr az Zawr

Dura-Europos

Mari

Palmyra (Tadmori)

IRAQ

TURKEY

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 28]

Dhamasiko (pazasi) uye Mugwagwa Wakarurama (pamusoro)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Misha inenge mikoko yenyuchi

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Ugarit

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Hama