Chitsauko 14

Madzimambo Maviri Aya Anochinja

1, 2. (a) Chii chakaparira Antiochus IV kuti abvume zvakarayirwa neRoma? (b) Siria yakava ruwa rweRoma rini?

MAMBO weSiria Antiochus IV anopinda nechisimba muEgipita obva azvigadza samambo wayo. Yakumbirwa naMambo weEgipita Ptolemy VI, Roma inotumira Mumiririri wayo Caius Popilius Laenas kuEgipita. Ane ngarava dzehondo dzakawanda kwazvo uye ane murayiro wakabva kuKanzuru yeRoma wokuti Antiochus IV asiye chigaro chake choumambo cheEgipita obuda munyika yacho. PaEleusis, musha weAlexandria, mambo weSiria nomumiririri weRoma vanoonana. Antiochus IV anokumbira nguva yokubvunzana nevanomupa mazano, asi Laenus anotara denderedzwa rakatenderedza mambo omuudza kuti anofanira kupindura asati abuda imomo. Anyadziswa, Antiochus IV anobvumirana nezvarayirwa neRoma obva adzokera kuSiria muna 168 B.C.E., Nokudaro izvi zvinogumisa kurwisana kwamambo weSiria wokumusoro namambo weEgipita wezasi.

² Ichinyanya kutungamirira pane zvinoitika muMiddle East, Roma inopfuurira ichirayira Siria zvokuita. Saka, kunyange zvazvo mamwe madzimambo eimba youmambo yokwaSeleucius achitonga Siria Antiochus IV afa muna 163 B.C.E. haatori nzvimbo ya“mambo wokumusoro.” (Dhanieri 11:15) Siria pakupedzisira inova ruwa rweRoma muna 64 B.C.E.

3. Roma yakava nesimba kupfuura Egipita rini uye sei?

³ Imba youmambo yokwaPtolemy weEgipita inoramba iri “mambo wezasi” kwemakore anoti pfuurei 130 Antiochus IV afa. (Dhanieri 11:14) Muhondo yeActium, muna 31 B.C.E., mutongi weRoma Octavian anokunda mubatanidzwa wemauto amambokadzi wokupedzisira wekwaPtolemy—Cleopatra VII—nechikomba chake cheRoma, Mark Antony. Cleopatra azviuraya gore racho rakatevera, Egipita inovawo ruwa rweRoma uye haichisiri mambo wezasi. Panosvika gore ra30 B.C.E., Roma yave nesimba kupfuura Siria neEgipita. Totarisira kuti humwe ushe hwochitora nzvimbo yamambo wokumusoro namambo wezasi here?

MAMBO MUTSVA ANOTUMIRA “MUTERESI”

4. Nei tichifanira kutarisira mumwe mutongi kuva mambo wokumusoro?

⁴ Muchirimo cha33 C.E., Jesu Kristu akaudza vadzidzi vake kuti: “Naizvozvo kana muchiona nyangadzi yokuparadza, yakarehwa nomuprofita Dhanieri, imire panzvimbo tsvene; . . . zvino vari muJudhea ngavatizire kumakomo.” (Mateo 24:15, 16) Achitora mashoko aDhanieri 11:31, Jesu akanyevera vateveri vake nezve‘nyangadzi inoparadza’ yaizouya. Uprofita uhwu hunobatanidza mambo wokumusoro hwakapiwa anenge makore 195 Antiochus IV afa, mambo wokupedzisira weSiria munzvimbo iyoyo. Zvechokwadi, mumwe mutongi aifanira kuzova mambo wokumusoro. Iyeye aizova ani?

5. Ndiani akamuka samambo wokumusoro, achitora nzvimbo yakanga yakambogarwa naAntiochus IV?

⁵ Ngirozi yaJehovha Mwari yakafanotaura kuti: “Panzvimbo yake [yaAntiochus IV] kuchamuka mumwe uchatuma muteresi kupfuura napakaisvonaka paushe hwake, asi kana mazuva mashoma apera uchaparadzwa zvisingaitwi nokutsamwa kana nokurwa.” (Dhanieri 11:20) ‘Akamuka’ nenzira iyi akaratidza kuva mambo weRoma wokutanga, Octavian, aizivikanwa saKesari Augusto.—Ona “Mumwe Unokudzwa, Mumwe Unozvidzwa,” papeji 248.

6. (a) “Muteresi” akaitwa kuti apfuure napa“nyika yakaisvonaka” rini, uye izvi zvaikosha pakudii? (b) Nei zvingataurwa kuti Augusto akafa “zvisingaitwi nokutsamwa kana nokurwa”? (c) Kuchinjai kwakaitika kuna mambo wokumusoro?

⁶ “Pakaisvonaka paushe” hwaAugusto paibatanidza “nyika yakaisvonaka”—Ruwa rweRoma rweJudhea. (Dhanieri 11:16) Muna 2 B.C.E., Augusto akatumira “muteresi” nokurayira kunyoresa, kana kuti kuverengwa kwevanhu, pamwe kuitira kuti azive uwandu hwevanhu kuitira mutero nevokupinza muchiuto. Nemhaka yomurayiro uyu, Josefa naMaria vakaenda kuBhetrehema kunonyoresa, zvichiguma nokuberekwa kwaJesu panzvimbo iyoyo yakanga yafanotaurwa. (Mika 5:2; Mateo 2:1-12) Muna August 14 C.E.—“mazuva mashoma apera,” kana kuti isiri nguva refu pashure pokurayira kunyoresa—Augusto akafa ave nemakore 76, kwete “nokutsamwa” achiurayirwa chigaro kana “nokurwa,” asi nemhaka yokurwara. Mambo wokumusoro zvechokwadi akanga achinja! Mambo uyu iye zvino akanga ava Umambo hweRoma hwaimirirwa nemadzimambo ahwo.

‘UNOZVIDZWA UNOMUKA’

7, 8. (a) Ndiani akasimuka munzvimbo yaAugusto samambo wokumusoro? (b) Nei “kukudzwa kwoushe” kwakapiwa nokusada mutsivi waAugusto Kesari?

⁷ Ichipfuurira nouprofita, ngirozi yacho yakati: “Panzvimbo yake [Augusto] kuchamuka munhu unofanira kuzvidzwa, wakanga asina kupiwa kukudzwa kwoushe; asi iye uchasvika nenguva yokufara kwavanhu ndokutora ushe nokubata kumeso. Hondo dzinokukura dzichakukurwa pamberi pake, dzichaparadzwa; zvirokwazvo, naiye muchinda wesunganowo.”—Dhanieri 11:21, 22.

⁸ “Unofanira kuzvidzwa” aiva Tibherio Kesari, mwanakomana waLivia, mukadzi wechitatu waAugusto. (Ona “Mumwe Unokudzwa, Mumwe Unozvidzwa,” papeji 248.) Augusto aivenga mwanakomana uyu mubvandiripo nemhaka younhu hwake hwakanga hwakaipa uye akanga asingadi kuti ave Kesari aizotevera. “Kukudzwa kwoushe” kwakaiswa paari nokusada vamwe vose vangadai vakatsiva mambo vatofa. Augusto akagadza Tibherio muna 4 C.E. ndokumuita mugari wenhaka wechigaro. Augusto afa, Tibherio aiva nemakore 54—aizvidzwa—‘akamuka,’ achitora chigaro samambo weRoma namambo wokumusoro.

9. Tibherio aka“tora ushe nokubata kumeso” sei?

⁹ “Tibherio,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “akanyengedza Kanzuru uye haana kuibvumira kumuti ndimambo kweunenge mwedzi [Augusto afa].” Akaudza Kanzuru kuti hapana mumwe munhu kunze kwaAugusto aikwanisa kutakura mutoro wokutonga Umambo hweRoma uye akakumbira vamiririri vekanzuru yacho kumutsiridzazve umambo hwacho nokupa simba rakadaro kuboka revanhu panzvimbo pomunhu mumwe. “Isina basa nezvaakataura,” akanyora kudaro munyori wenhau dzakaitika Will Durant, “Kanzuru yakamuremekedza kusvikira pakupedzisira abvuma simba.” Durant akawedzera kuti: “Zano racho rakanyatsoitwa namativi ose. Tibherio aida kutonga asingazivikanwi kana kuti aizodai akawana imwe nzira yokunzvenga nayo; Kanzuru yaimutya uye yaimuvenga, asi haina kumboda kuumbazve hurumende, yakafanana neyakare, pamasangano anotungamirira zvezita chete.” Saka Tibherio ‘akatora umambo nokubata kumeso.’

10. ‘Hondo dzinokukura dzakaparadzwa’ sei?

¹⁰ “Hondo dzinokukura”—mauto ehondo eumambo hwakapoteredza—ngirozi yacho yakati: ‘Vachakukurwa uye vachaparadzwa.’ Tibherio paakava mambo wokumusoro, muzukuru wake Kesari Germanicus akanga ari mukuru wemauto eRoma paRwizi Rhine. Muna 15 C.E., Germanicus akatungamirira mauto ake kunorwisana negamba reGermany Arminius, akakunda. Zvisinei, hondo shoma dzacho dzakahwinhwa nokurasikirwa kukuru, uye Tibherio akabva azorega kurwisa muGermany. Panzvimbo pezvo, nokutsigira hondo yevagari vemo, akaedza kudzivisa marudzi eGermany kubatana. Tibherio aiwanzofarira mutemo wokuzvidzivirira pakubata nedzimwe nyika uye akanyanyosimbirira pakusimbisa miganhu. Mutemo uyu wakabudirira hawo. Nenzira iyi “hondo dzinokukura” dzakadzorwa uye dzaka“paradzwa.”

11. ‘Muchinda wesungano akaparadzwa’ sei?

¹¹ Aka“paradzwa”wo akanga ari “muchinda wesungano” iyo Jehovha Mwari akanga aita naAbrahama kuti mhuri dzose dzepasi dzikomborerwe. Jesu Kristu ndiye akanga ari Mbeu yaAbrahama yakavimbiswa musungano iyoyo. (Genesi 22:18; VaGaratia 3:16) Musi waNisani 14, 33 C.E., Jesu akamira pamberi paPontio Pirato mumuzinda wagavhuna weRoma muJerusarema. Vapristi vechiJudha vakanga vachipa Jesu mhaka yokuda kupidigura mambo. Asi Jesu akaudza Pirato kuti: “Ushe hwangu hahusi hwenyika ino; . . . Ushe hwangu hahusi hwapano.” Kuitira kuti gavhuna weRoma asasunungura Jesu akanga asina mhaka, vaJudha vakadanidzira kuti: “Kana mukamusunungura munhu uyu hamuzi shamwari yaKesari; mumwe nomumwe, unozviita mambo, unoramba Kesari.” Pashure pokurayira kuti Jesu aurawe, vakati: “Hatina mambo, asi Kesari chete.” Maerano nomutemo we“kuzvidza vakuru vakuru,” uyo Tibherio akanga awedzera kuti ubatanidze kutuka Kesari kwose zvakwo, Pirato akaisa Jesu kuti a“paradzw[e],” kana kuti kuroverwa padanda rokutambudzira.—Johane 18:36; 19:12-16; Marko 15:14-20.

MUDZVINYIRIRI ‘ANORONGA MAZANO AKE’

12. (a) Ndivanani vakazvibatanidza naTibherio? (b) Tibherio akava “nesimba nevanhu vashoma” sei?

¹² Ichiri kuprofita nezvaTibherio, ngirozi yakati: “Kana apedza kuita sungano navo, uchavanyengera; nokuti uchakwirira nokuva nesimba navanhu vashoma.” (Dhanieri 11:23) Nhengo dzeKanzuru yeRoma dzakanga ‘dzazvibatanidza’ nomutemo naTibherio, uye aimbovimba nadzo. Asi ainyengera, achiva “nesimba navanhu vashoma.” Vanhu vashoma ivavo vakanga vari Varindi vaMambo veRoma, vakanga vakadzika misasa pedyo nerusvingo rweRoma. Kuva pedyo kwavo kwakatyisidzira Kanzuru ndokubetsera Tibherio kugara akangwarira kumukira kwose kwaizoitirwa simba rake nevanhu. Naizvozvo, achishandisa varindi 10 000, Tibherio akaramba ane simba.

13. Tibherio akapfuura madzibaba ake munzirai?

¹³ Ngirozi yakawedzera kupa uprofita ichiti: “Nenguva yokufara kwavanhu uchapinda pamativi akaorera enyika; uchaita zvisina kumboitwa namadzibaba ake, kunyange namadzibaba amadzibaba ake; uchaparadzira pakati pavo zvaakatapa nezvaakapamba nenhumbi; uchatanda mano ake pamusoro penhare, asi nenguva bedzi.” (Dhanieri 11:24) Tibherio akanga achinyumwira zvikuru, uye kutonga kwake kwakanga kwakazara nokurayira kuti vanhu vaurawe. Zvikuru nemhaka yokunyengerwa naSejanus, mukuru weuto reVarindi vaMambo, kunopera kwokutonga kwake kwakanga kuchityisa zvikuru. Pakupedzisira, Sejanus pachake akanyumwirwawo ndokuurawa. Nokudzvinyirira vanhu, Tibherio akapfuura madzibaba ake.

14. (a) Tibherio akaparadzira sei “zvaakatapa nezvaakapamba nenhumbi” muruwa rwose rweRoma? (b) Tibherio aionekwa sei paakazofa?

¹⁴ Zvisinei, Tibherio akaparadzira “zvaakatapa nezvaakapamba nenhumbi” mumaruwa eRoma ose. Paakazofa, vanhu vose vaaitonga vakanga vabudirira. Mitero yakanga isingaremi, uye aigona kuva nemutsa neavo vaiva munharaunda dzaiva dzakaomerwa. Kana mauto kana kuti vatungamiriri vehurumende vaidzvinyirira chero ani zvake kana kuti vaitsigira kusaruramisira pakubata nhau, vaigona kutarisira kutsiviwa namambo. Kubatisisa simba kwakachengetedza kuchengeteka kwevanhu, uye kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekufambisa mashoko kwakabetsera mune zvekutengeserana. Tibherio akava nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvakanga zvichitarisirwa nokururamisira uye zvakadzikama muRoma nokunze. Mitemo yakavandudzwa, uye mitemo yenzanga netsika yakanatswa nokuwedzera kuvandudza kwakatangwa naAugusto Kesari. Asi, Tibherio ‘akaronga mazano ake,’ zvokuti munyori wenhau weRoma Tacitus akamurondedzera somunhu ainyengera, aiva nounyanzvi hwokubata kumeso.” Paakazofa muna March 37 C.E., Tibherio aionekwa semudzvinyiriri.

15. Roma yakanga yava pakadini mukunopera kwezana ramakore rokutanga nokutanga kwezana ramakore rechipiri C.E.?

¹⁵ Vakatsiva Tibherio vakapinda panzvimbo yamambo wokumusoro vaibatanidza Kesari Gaius (Caligula), Claudius I, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, naHadrian. “Pazvizhinji,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “vakatsiva Augusto vakapfuurira nemitemo yake yokutungamirira nechirongwa chokuvaka, kunyange zvazvo nokuchinja kushoma uye nokushamisira kwakawanda.” Bhuku iroro rinowedzera kutaura kuti: “Mukunopera kwezana ramakore rokutanga nekuvamba kwerechipiri Roma yakanga yasvika pamusorosoro mumbiri uye panhamba yevaigaramo.” Kunyange zvazvo Roma yakava nezvakati netsei pamiganhu youmambo panguva ino, kurwisana kwayo kwokutanga kwakafanotaurwa namambo wezasi hakuna kuitika kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechitatu C.E.

KUMUKIRA MAMBO WEZASI

16, 17. (a) Ndiani akazotora nzvimbo yamambo wokumusoro anotaurwa nezvake pana Dhanieri 11:25? (b) Ndiani akazotora nzvimbo yamambo wezasi, uye izvi zvakaitika sei?

¹⁶ Ngirozi yaMwari yakapfuurira nouprofita, ichiti: “Ipapo [mambo wokumusoro] uchamutsira mambo wezasi simba rake nomwoyo wake, ane hondo huru; mambo wezasi ucharwa ane hondo huru kwazvo ine simba; asi [mambo wokumusoro] haangamiri, nokuti vachamutandira mano. Vanodya zvokudya zvake, ndivo vachamuparadza; hondo yake ichapararira, vazhinji vachawira pasi vaurawa.”—Dhanieri 11:25, 26.

¹⁷ Anenge makore 300 Octavian aita Egipita ruwa rweRoma, Mambo weRoma Aurelian akatora nzvimbo yamambo wokumusoro. Zvichingunodai, Mambokadzi Septimia Zenobia wenyika yaidzorwa neRoma yePalmyra akatora nzvimbo yamambo wezasi.a (Ona “Zenobia—Mambokadzi Murwi wePalmyra,” papeji 252.) Uto rePalmyra rakapinda muEgipita muna 269 C.E. richinyepera kuti riri kuda kuichengetedzera Roma. Zenobia aida kuita kuti Palmyra rive guta rinodzora kumabvazuva uye aida kutonga maruwa okumabvazuva eRoma. Atyiswa neshungu dzake, Aurelian akamutsa “simba rake nemwoyo wake” kuti aende kunorwa naZenobia.

18. Kurwisana kwaMambo Aurelian, mambo wokumusoro, naMambokadzi Zenobia, mambo wezasi kwakaguma sei?

¹⁸ Soumambo hwaitungamirirwa naZenobia, mambo wezasi ‘akazvigadzirira’ kurwa namambo wokumusoro “ane hondo huru kwazvo ine simba” ichitungamirirwa nevatungamiriri vemauto vaviri, Zabdas naZabbai. Asi Aurelian akatora Egipita ndokupinda muAsia Minor neSiria. Zenobia akakundirwa paEmesa (zvino yava Homs), apo akadzokera kuPalmyra. Apo Aurelian akakomba guta iroro, Zenobia akaridzivirira nesimba asi haana kubudirira. Iye nemwanakomana wake vakatizira kuPersia, vachibva vabatirwa paRwizi Yufratesi nevaRoma. Vagari vePalmyra vakatiza guta ravo muna 272 C.E. Aurelian haana kuuraya Zenobia, achimuita chinhu chikuru chaiyemurwa muhondo yake yorukundo nomuRoma muna 274 C.E. Akazopedza upenyu hwake hwose somudzimai wemukuru mukuru wehurumende.

19. Aurelian akawa sei ‘nemhaka yemazano aakarongerwa’?

¹⁹ Aurelian pachake ‘haana kumira nemhaka yemazano aakarongerwa.’ Muna 275 C.E., akatanga chirongwa chokuenda kunorwisa vaPersia. Paakanga akamirira muThrace kuti awane mukana wokuyambuka rukova kuti apinde muAsia Minor, va‘idya zvokudya zvake’ vakamurongera mazano ndokumu“paradza.” Akanga achida kuzoranga munyori wake Eros nokuda kwezvinhu zvakanga zvisina kumira zvakanaka. Zvisinei, Eros, akanyora ndaza yemazita yokunyepedzera yevamwe vakuru vakuru vaifanira kuurawa. Ndaza iyi payakaonekwa zvakaita kuti vakuru vakuru vacho varonge kuurayira Aurelian chigaro uye kumuponda.

20. “Hondo huru” yamambo wokumusoro “yakaparadzwa sei”?

²⁰ Basa ramambo wokumusoro harina kupera nokufa kwaMambo Aurelian. Vamwe vatongi veRoma vakatevera. Kwenguva yakati, kwakanga kuna mambo wokumadokero newokumabvazuva. Ichitungamirirwa nevarume ava “hondo huru” yamambo wokumusoro yaka“pararira,” kana kuti “kumwararira,”b uye vazhinji ‘vakawira pasi vaurawa’ nemhaka yokupinda nechisimba kwemarudzi eGermany achibva kumusoro. Vanhu veGermany vakapinda munyika dzaichimbodzorwa neRoma muzana ramakore rechina C.E. Kubva ipapo, kupinda nechisimba kwakaramba kuchingotevedzana. Muna 476 C.E., mutungamiriri weGermany Odoacer akabvisa mambo wokupedzisira aitonga ari muRoma. Pakatanga zana ramakore rechitanhatu, Umambo hweRoma kumadokero hwakanga hwaparadzwa, madzimambo eGermany aitonga muBritain, Gaul, Italy, North Africa, neSpain. Rutivi rwekumabvazuva rweumambo hwacho rwakagara kusvika muzana ramakore rechi15.

UMAMBO HUKURU HUNOGOVANISWA

21, 22. Kuchinjai kwakaparirwa naConstantine muzana ramakore rechina C.E.?

²¹ Isingapi mashoko asina basa pamusoro pokuputsika kweUmambo hweRoma, kwakaitika mumazana amakore, ngirozi yaJehovha yakapfuurira kutaura mamwe mabasa amambo wokumusoro namambo wezasi. Zvisinei, kuhwirudzurwa kupfupi kwezvimwe zvakaitika muUmambo hweRoma kuchatibetsera kuziva madzimambo maviri anorwisana munguva yokupedzisira.

²² Muzana ramakore rechina, Mambo weRoma Constantine akaita kuti chiKristu chevakaramba kutenda chizivikanwe neHurumende. Akatodanidzira ndokutungamirira pachake musangano wechechi paNicaea, Asia Minor, muna 325 C.E. Gare gare, Constantine akatamisa muzinda woumambo kubva kuRoma kuenda kuByzantium, kana kuti Constantinople, achiita kuti guta iroro rive muzinda wake mutsva. Umambo hweRoma hwakaramba huchitongwa namambo mumwe kusvikira pakufa kwaMambo Theodosius I, musi wa17 January 395 C.E.

23. (a) Kuparadzanai kweUmambo hweRoma kwakaitika Theodosius afa? (b) Umambo hwekuMabvazuva hwakaguma rini? (c) Ndiani aitonga Egipita pakasvika 1517?

²³ Theodosius afa, Umambo hweRoma hwakagovaniswa vanakomana vake. Honorius akatora rutivi rwekumadokero, uye Arcadius rwekumabvazuva, Constantinople uri muzinda wake. Britain, Gaul, Italy, Spain, neNorth Africa akanga ari mamwe emaruwa erutivi rwekumadokero. Makedhonia, Thrace, Asia Minor, Siria, neEgipita ndiwo aiva maruwa erutivi rwekumabvazuva. Muna 642 C.E., guta guru reEgipita, Alexandria, rakatorwa nevaSaracen (maArabhu), uye Egipita yakava muzinda wevatungamiriri vechiIslam. Muna January 1449, Constantine XI akava mambo wokupedzisira wekumabvazuva. VaTurk vekwaOsman I vachitungamirirwa naSultan Mehmed II vakatora Constantinople musi wa29 May 1453, vachigumisa Umambo hweRoma hwekuMabvazuva. Mugore ra1517 Egipita yakava ruwa rweTurkey. Zvisinei, pashure penguva yakati, nyika iyi yamambo wezasi wekare yaizodzorwa nohumwe umambo hwakabva murutivi rwekumadokero.

24, 25. (a) Maererano nevamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika, chii chakaratidza kutanga kweUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma? (b) Chii chakaitika pakupedzisira kuzita ra“mambo” weUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma?

²⁴ Kurutivi rwokumadokero kweUmambo hweRoma kwakamuka bhishopu weKaturike weRoma, anozivikanwa saPapa Leo I, uyo aizivikanwa nokuda kwokusimbisa simba rapapa muzana ramakore rechishanu C.E. Pashure penguva yakati, papa akazvigadza kuti agadze mambo werutivi rwekumadokero. Izvi zvakaitika muRoma musi weKrisimasi ya800 C.E., apo Papa Leo III akagadza Mambo Charles (Charlemagne) wechiFrank mambo weUmambo hutsva hweRoma hwekuMadokero. Kugadzwa uku kwakamutsiridza umambo muRoma uye, maererano nevamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika, kwakareva mavambo eUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma. Kubva ipapo kwakava neUmambo hwekuMabvazuva neUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma kumadokero, hwose huchiti ndehwechiKristu.

²⁵ Nokufamba kwenguva, vakatsiva Charlemagne vakaratidza kuva vatongi vasina simba. Nzvimbo yaMambo yakatogara isina munhu kwenguva yakati. Zvichingunodai, Mambo weGermany Otto I akanga atanga kudzora rutivi rukuru rwekumusoro nerwepakati peItaly. Akazviita mambo weItaly. Musi wa2 February 962 C.E., Papa John XII akagadza Otto I kuva mambo weUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma. Muzinda wahwo waiva muGermany, uye madzimambo acho akanga ari echiGermany, sezvakanga zvakaitawo vanhu vahwo vazhinji. Mazana mashanu emakore gare gare imba yekwaHapsburg yeAustria yakawana zita ra“mambo” ndokuramba inaro kwemakore mazhinjisa akanga asara eUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma.

MADZIMAMBO MAVIRI ANOONEKA ZVAKAJEKA ZVAKARE

26. (a) Chii chinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pokuguma kweUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma? (b) Ndiani akava mambo wokumusoro?

²⁶ Napoléon I akauraya Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma paakaramba kubvuma kuvapo kwahwo pashure pehondo dzake dzaakakunda muGermany mugore ra1805. Asisakwanisi kudzivirira chigaro choumambo, Mambo Francis II akasiya chigaro choumambo muRoma musi wa6 August 1806, ndokubva aenda kuhurumende yenyika yake samambo weAustria. Pashure pemakore 1 006, Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma—hwakatangwa naLeo III, papa weRoma Katurike, uye Charlemagne, mambo wechiFrank—hwakaguma. Muna 1870, Roma yakava guta guru reumambo hweItaly, yakasununguka paVatican. Gore rakatevera racho, umambo hweGermany hwakatanga naWilhelm I achitumidzwa kuti kesari kana kuti kaiser. Saka, mambo wokumusoro womuzuva ranhasi—Germany—akanga avepo panyika.

27. (a) Egipita yakava sei nyika inodzivirirwa yeBritain? (b) Ndiani akapinda panzvimbo yamambo wezasi?

²⁷ Asi ndiani akanga ari mambo wezasi womuzuva ranhasi? Nhau dzakaitika dzinoratidza kuti Britain yakatora simba roumambo muzana ramakore rechi17. Achida kuparadza migwagwa yezvekutengeserana yeBritain, Napoléon I akakunda Egipita muna 1798. Hondo yakamuka, uye mubatanidzwa weBritain neOttoman wakamanikidza veFrance kubva muEgipita, yaizivikanwa samambo wezasi kubva pakatanga kurwisana kwacho. Muzana ramakore rakatevera, simba reBritain muEgipita rakawedzera. Pashure pa1882, Egipita yakanga yatova kudzorwa neBritain. Pakaitika Hondo Yenyika I muna 1914, Egipita yakanga iri yeTurkey uye yakanga ichitongwa nakhedive, kana kuti gavhuna. Pashure pokunge Turkey yatsigira Germany muhondo iyoyo, zvisinei, Britain yakaburutsa khedive wacho pachigaro ndokuzivisa Egipita senyika inodzivirirwa neBritain. Zvishoma nezvishoma dzichibatana, Britain neUnited States of America dzakava Simba reNyika. Pamwe chete, dzakapinda munzvimbo yamambo wezasi.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

WANZWISISEI?

• Ndoupi mambo weRoma akatanga kumuka samambo wokumusoro, uye akatumira “muteresi” rini?

• Ndiani akatora nzvimbo yamambo wokumusoro pashure paAugusto, uye ‘Muchinda wesungano akaparadzwa’ sei?

• Kurwisana kwaAurelian samambo wokumusoro naZenobia samambo wezasi kwakaguma nei?

• Chii chakaitika kuUmambo hweRoma, uye masimba api akanga ari munzvimbo dzamadzimambo maviri pakunopera kwezana ramakore rechi19?

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 248-251]

MUMWE UNOKUDZWA, MUMWE UNOZVIDZWA

MUMWE akachinja nyika yakanga yakazara nokurwisana kuti ive umambo hwenyika yose. Mumwe wacho akawedzera upfumi hwayo kakapetwa makumi maviri mumakore 23. Mumwe akakudzwa paakafa, asi mumwe akazvidzwa. Nguva yokutonga kwemadzimambo eRoma maviri aya yakabatanidza nguva yeupenyu neushumiri hwaJesu. Vaiva vanaani? Uye nei mumwe akakudzwa, nepo mumwe asina?

“AKAWANA ROMA ZVIRI ZVIDHINA NDOKUISIYA YAVA MABWE AKANAKA”

Muna 44 B.C.E. apo Kesari Julius akaurayirwa chigaro, muzukuru wehanzvadzi yake Gaius Octavian akanga achingova nemakore 18 chete. Semwana akarerwa naKesari Julius nomugari wenhaka wake mukuru, Octavian muduku nokukurumidza akananga kuRoma kuti anoreva nhaka yake. Ikoko akasangana nomuvengi asingakundiki—mutevedzeri mukuru waKesari, Mark Antony, aitarisira kuzova mugari wenhaka mukuru. Zano rezvenyika nokurwira simba zvakatevera zvakapedza makore 13.

Octavian akatozobuda somutongi weUmambo hweRoma zvisingarambiki pashure bedzi pokukunda mubatanidzwa wemauto aMambokadzi weEgipita Cleopatra nechikomba chake Mark Antony (muna 31 B.C.E.) Gore rakatevera racho Antony naCleopatra vakazviuraya, uye Octavian akatora Egipita. Saka ndiwo mabvisirwe akaitwa chisaririra chokupedzisira choumambo hweGirisi, uye Roma yakava simba renyika.

Achiyeuka kuti kutonga kwoumbimbindoga kwaKesari Julius kwakanga kwamusvitsa pakuurayirwa chigaro, Octavian akanga akangwarira kusadzokorora chikanganiso chacho. Kuitira kuti asagumbura mafungire evaRoma okuda hurumende yezvido zvevanhu, akavanza umambo hwake nokuita kuti zviite sokuti paiva nehurumende yezvido zvevanhu. Airamba mazita okuti “mambo” na“changamire.” Uyezve, akazivisa chinangwa chake chokupa Kanzuru yeRoma simba rokudzora maruwa ose uye akati aigona kusiya zvimwe zvinzvimbo zvaakanga anazvo. Zano iri rakashanda. Kanzuru yaionga yakakurudzira Octavian kuti arambe ane nzvimbo dzake uye kuti arambe achidzora mamwe maruwa.

Mukuwedzera, musi wa16 January 27 B.C.E., Kanzuru yacho yakapa Octavian zita rokuti “Augusto,” zvichireva kuti “Anokudzwa, Mutsvene.” Octavian haana kungogamuchira zita racho chete asi akatochinja zita romumwe mwedzi nokuda kwake ndokukwereta rimwe zuva kubva kuna February kuitira kuti August ave nemazuva akawanda saJuly, mwedzi wakatumidzwa zita raKesari Julius. Naizvozvo Octavian akava mambo wokutanga weRoma uye akazozivikanwa saKesari Augusto kana kuti “Mambo Mukuru.” Gare gare akatorawo zita rokuti “pontifex maximus” (mupristi mukuru), uye muna 2 B.C.E.—gore rakaberekwa Jesu—Kanzuru yakamupa zita rokuti Pater Patriae, “Baba veNyika Yavo.”

Mugore iroro, “chirevo chakaitwa naKesari Augusto, kuti nyika yose inyorwe mazita. . . . Vanhu vose vakaenda kundonyorwa, mumwe nomumwe kuguta rake.” (Ruka 2:1-3) Nemhaka yechirevo ichi, Jesu akaberekerwa kuBhetrehema zvichizadzika uprofita hweBhaibheri.—Dhanieri 11:20; Mika 5:2.

Hurumende yaitungamirirwa naAugusto, yakanga yakati vimbikei uye ine mari inokosha. Augusto akavambawo gadziriro yokufambiswa kwetsamba inoshanda zvikuru uye akagadzira migwagwa nemabhiriji. Akarongazve uto, akagadzira ngarava dzehondo dzaigara dziripo, akaronga boka revanhu vepamusoro vairinda mambo vainzi Varindi voMuzinda waMambo. (VaFiripi 1:13) Vachikurudzirwa naye, vanyori vakadai saVirgil naHorace vakabudirira uye vavezi vematombo vakaita mabasa akanaka kwazvo ava kunzi zvino kuveza kwounyanzvi. Augusto akapedzisa zvivako zvakasiiwa zvisina kupera naKesari Julius ndokuvakiridzazve temberi dzakawanda. Pax Romana (“Rugare rweRoma”) rwaakatanga rwakagara makore anopfuura 200. Musi wa19 August 14 C.E., ave nemakore 76, Augusto akafa uye kubvira ipapo akaitwa mwari.

Augusto akazvikudza achiti akanga a“wana Roma zviri zvidhina ndokuisiya yava mabwe akanaka.” Asingadi kuti Roma idzokere kumazuva akanga akazara nokurwa ehurumende yakanga yapfuura, akada kugadzirira mambo aizotevera. Asi hapana zvaaigona kuita pamusoro peaizomutevera. Muzukuru wake, vanakomana vaviri vevana vake, mukuwasha, uye mwanakomana wake mubvandiripo vose vakanga vafa, vachingosiya mwanakomana wake mubvandiripo Tibherio bedzi kuti agozotora chigaro.

“MUNHU UNOFANIRA KUZVIDZWA”

Pasina mwedzi Augusto afa, Kanzuru yeRoma yakaita Tibherio aive nemakore 54 mambo. Tibherio akararama ndokutonga kusvika muna March 37 C.E. Saka, akanga ari mambo weRoma panguva youshumiri hwaJesu kuvanhu vose.

Samambo, Tibherio akanga ane zvose, zvaaive akanakira nezvaaive akaipira. Zvimwe zvaakanga akanakira kwaiva kusada kupambadza mari nezvinhu zvoumbozha. Somugumisiro, umambo hwacho hwakabudirira uye akanga ane mari yokubetsera munguva yenjodzi nomunguva dzakaoma. Chimwe chaakanga akanakira, Tibherio aingozvionawo somunhu, akaramba mazita okukudzwa akawanda, uye aiwanzoti kunamata mambo kuitirwe Augusto panzvimbo pake. Haana kutumidza mwedzi wegore kubva pazita rake sezvakanga zvaitwa naAugusto naKesari Julius, uyewo haana kubvumira vamwe kuti vamukudze nenzira iyoyo.

Zvisinei, uipi hwaTibherio, hwaipfuura kunaka kwake. Ainyumwira zvakanyanyisa uye ainyengera pakubata kwake nevamwe, uye pakutonga kwake aigara achiurayisa vamwe—vazhinji kwazvo vevaichimbova shamwari dzake vari pakati pevakaurayiwa. Akawedzeredza mutemo welèse-majesté (kuzvidza vakuru) kuti ubatanidze, pamusoro pezviito zvokumukira, mashoko okungozvidza chete. Pamwe nemhaka yomutemo uyu, vaJudha vakamanikidza Gavhuna weRoma Pontio Pirato kuita kuti Jesu aurawe.—Johane 19:12-16.

Tibherio akawanza Varindi voMuzinda waMambo pedyo neRoma nokuvaka nzvimbo yevarwi yakasimba kumusoro kwemasvingo eguta. Kuvapo kwaVarindi kwaityisidzira Kanzuru yeRoma, iyo yaaityira pasimba rake, uye akaramba akangwarira kuomesa musoro kwevanhu kupi nokupi. Tibherio akakurudzirawo kuva navanamujibha, uye kuguma kwokutonga kwake kwakanga kuchityisa kwazvo.

Paakazofa, Tibherio akanga oonekwa somudzvinyiriri. Paakafa, vaRoma vakafara uye Kanzuru yakaramba kuti anamatwe. Nokuda kwezvikonzero izvi nezvimwe, tinoona kuzadzika kwouprofita hunotaura kuti “munhu unofanira kuzvidzwa” uchamuka sa“mambo wokumusoro.”—Dhanieri 11:15, 21.

WANZWISISEI?

• Octavian akasvika sei pakuva mambo wokutanga weRoma?

• Chii chinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pezvakaitwa nehurumende yaAugusto?

• Ndezvipi zvakanga zvakanakira Tibherio nezvakanga akaipira?

• Uprofita pamusoro po“munhu unofanira kuzvidzwa” hwakazadzika sei pana Tibherio?

[Mufananidzo]

Tibherio

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 252-255]

ZENOBIA—MAMBOKADZI MURWI WEPALMYRA

“AKANGA ari mutema . . . Mazino ake akachena separera, uye maziso ake matema makuru aipenya zvisina vazhinji, achidzikamiswa norunako runokwezva kwazvo. Inzwi rake rakanga rakasimba uye rakanaka. Kunzwisisa kwake somunhu kwaisimbiswa uye kwakashongedzwa nokufunda. Akanga achiziva mutauro wechiLatin, uye aizivawo zvakafanana chiGiriki, chiSyriac, nemitauro yeEgipita.” Ikoko ndiko kurumbidza uko munyori wenhau dzakaitika Edward Gibbon akaita Zenobia—mambokadzi murwi weguta reSiria rePalmyra.

Murume waZenobia akanga ari muchinda wePalmyra Odaenathus, uyo akapiwa chinzvimbo chekuva mumiririri muRoma muna 258 C.E. nemhaka yokuti akanga arwisa Persia akakunda akamiririra Umambo hweRoma. Makore maviri gare gare, Odaenathus akapiwa zita namambo weRoma Gallienus rokuti corrector totius Orientis (gavhuna weKumabvazuva kwose). Uku kwaiva kuratidza kuonga kukunda kwake Mambo Shāpūr I wePersia. Odaenathus pakupedzisira akazvipa zita rokuti “mambo wemadzimambo.” Kubudirira kwaOdaenathus uku kungagona kunzi kwakanyanya kuitiswa noushingi noungwaru hwaZenobia.

ZENOBIA ANOVAVARIRA KUVAKA UMAMBO

Muna 267 C.E., chingoma chake choririsa, Odaenathus nemugari wenhaka yake vakaurayirwa chigaro. Zenobia akatora chigaro chomurume wake, sezvo mwanakomana wake akanga achiri muduku kwazvo zvokuti achitore. Norunako, shungu, nokukwanisa kutungamirira, uye kurovedzana nokutsvaka vatsigiri kwaaisiita nomurume wake, uye kunyatsogona kutaura mitauro inoverengeka, akakwanisa kuita kuti vanhu vake vamuremekedze nokumutsigira. Zenobia aida kudzidza uye aigara akapoteredzwa nenyanzvi. Mumwe wevaimupa mazano akanga ari muzivi nomunyori wemabhuku Cassius Longinus—anonzi aiva “raibhurari mhenyu uye miziyamu inofamba.” Mubhuku rinonzi Palmyra and Its Empire—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome, munyori Richard Stoneman anoti: “Mumakore mashanu Odaenathus afa . . . , Zenobia akanga asimbisa mupfungwa dzevanhu vake kuti aive vahosi veKumabvazuva.”

Kune rimwe divi roumambo hwaZenobia kwakanga kune Persia, iyo iye nomurume wake vakanga vasakadza, uye kumwe kwacho kwaiva neRoma yakanga yava kuparara. Pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu aiva muUmambo hweRoma panguva iyoyo, munyori wenhau dzakaitika J. M. Roberts anoti: “Zana ramakore rechitatu . . . yakanga iri nguva yakaomera Roma kumiganhu yokumabvazuva nokumadokero zvose, kumushawo nguva itsva yehondo yevagari vemo nokusawirirana kusingaperi zvakanga zvavamba. Madzimambo makumi maviri nemaviri (tisingabatanidzi vaiedzesera) vakauya vakapfuura.” Kune rumwe rutivi, vahosi veSiria vakanga vari mambo akadzika midzi zvakakwana muumambo hwake. “Achidzora umambo huviri [Persia neRoma],” anodaro Stoneman, “aigona kuvavarira kuita hwechitatu hwaizodzora humwe huviri.”

Mukana waZenobia wokuti awedzere simba rake roumambo wakamuka muna 269 C.E. apo mumwe muedzeseri airamba kutonga kweRoma akaoneka muEgipita. Hondo yaZenobia yakafamba nokukurumidza ichipinda muEgipita, yakaparadza mhandu yacho, ndokutora nyika yacho. Achizvizivisa samambokadzi weEgipita, akagadzira mari yesimbi ine zita rake. Umambo hwake zvino hwainge hwobva kurwizi Nire kusvika kurwizi Yufratesi. Pakanga pari panguva ino muupenyu hwake apo Zenobia akasvika pakutora nzvimbo ya“mambo wezasi.”—Dhanieri 11:25, 26.

GUTA GURU RAZENOBIA

Zenobia akasimbisa nokushongedza guta rake guru, Palmyra, zvokuti rakaenzana nemaguta makuru enyika yeRoma. Vaigaramo vanofungidzirwa kuti vakasvika pakupfuura 150 000. Zvivako zvevanhu vose zvakanaka kwazvo, temberi, mapindu, shongwe, nemifananidzo zvakanga zvakazadza Palmyra, guta rakanga rakakomberedzwa nemasvingo anonzi aitenderera daro remakiromita 21. Mudungwe weshongwe dzeKorinte dzinopfuura mamita 15 kureba—dzinenge 1 500—dzaive dzakatevedza mugwagwa wacho mukuru. Mifananidzo nezvidhori zvakavakwa zvemagamba nevapfumi vaipa zvipo, zvakanga zvakazara muguta racho. Muna 271 C.E., Zenobia akamisa mufananidzo wake newomurume wake akanga afa.

Temberi yeZuva yakanga iri chimwe chezvivako zvakanakisisa zvaiva muPalmyra uye hapana mubvunzo kuti ndiyo yaive yakabata pane zvechitendero zvaioneka muguta racho. Zenobia pachake angave ainamata mwari akabatana namwari wezuva. Zvisinei, Siria yomuzana ramakore rechitatu yakanga iri nyika yaiva nezvitendero zvizhinji. Munyika yaZenobia makanga mune vaizviti vaKristu, vaJudha, nevanamati vezuva nemwedzi. Aiona sei nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokunamata? Munyori Stoneman anoti: “Mutongi akachenjera haasati achizoregeredza tsika dzipi nedzipi dzinoratidzika sedzakakodzera kuvanhu vake. . . . Zvaitarisirwa kuti . . . vanamwari, vakanga vaunganidzirwa kurutivi rwePalmyra.” Sezvinooneka Zenobia aibvumira zvimwe zvitendero.

Nounhu hwake hwaikwezva, Zenobia aiyemurwa nevazhinji. Chaikosha kupfuura zvose yaiva nzvimbo yake achimirira umambo hwezvenyika hwakafanotaurwa muuprofita hwaDhanieri. Zvisinei, kutonga kwake, hakuna kupfuura makore mashanu. Mambo weRoma Aurelian akakunda Zenobia muna 272 C.E. uye nokufamba kwenguva akaparadza Palmyra zvokusagadzirika. Zenobia akanzwirwa tsitsi. Anonzi akaroorwa nenhengo yekanzuru yeRoma uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti akapedza upenyu hwake hwose ari pamudyandigere.

WANZWISISEI?

• Unhu hwaZenobia hwakarondedzerwa sei?

• Ndezvipi zvimwe zvakaitwa naZenobia?

• Zenobia aiona sei zvechitendero?

[Mufananidzo]

Mambokadzi Zenobia achitaura nevarwi vake

[Chati/Mifananidzo iri papeji 246]

MADZIMAMBO ARI MUNA DHANIERI 11:20-26

Dhanieri 11:20 Augusto

Dhanieri 11:21-24 Tibherio

Dhanieri 11:25, 26 Aurelian Mambokadzi Zenobia

[Mufananidzo]

Aurelian

[Mufananidzo]

Tibherio

[Mufananidzo]

Mufananidzo waCharlemagne

[Mufananidzo]

Ngarava yehondo yomuzana ramakore rechi17 yeBritain

[Mufananidzo]

Augusto

[Mufananidzo unozadza peji yose uri papeji 230]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 233]

Augusto

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 234]

Tibherio

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 235]

Nemhaka yomurayiro waAugusto, Josefa naMaria vakafamba vachienda Bhetrehema

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 237]

Sezvakafanotaurwa, Jesu aka“paradzwa” nokuurawa

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 245]

1. Charlemagne 2. Napoléon I 3. Wilhelm I 4. Varwi veGermany, Hondo Yenyika I