“Mukadzi Aiva Nechiremera Akanga Ane Bvudzi Rakasvibira Wemugwenga reSiriya”

GANDA rake rakanga rakasvibira, mazino ake akanga akachena semukaka, maziso ake ari matema uye achipenya. Akanga akadzidza chaizvo uye akanga ari nyanzvi yokutaura mitauro yakawanda. Mambokadzi uyu aiva murwi ainzi akanga akangwara kupfuura Cleopatra uye zvimwe akangoenzana naye pakunaka. Nemhaka yokuti akashinga kudzivisa simba renyika raidzora romuzuva rake, akazadzikisa rutivi rwouporofita muchiitiko chomuMagwaro. Kwapera nguva refu afa, vanyori vakamurumbidza, uye vanyori vemifananidzo vakamuratidza seakanga akanaka kupfuura zvaakanga akaita. Mumwe nyanduri wemuzana remakore rechi19 akamurondedzera se“mukadzi aiva nechiremera akanga ane bvudzi rakasvibira wemugwenga reSiriya.” Mukadzi uyu anorumbidzwa zvikuru akanga ari Zenobia—mambokadzi weguta reSiriya rePalmyra.

Zenobia akawana sei mukurumbira? Zvinhu zvipi zvematongerwe enyika zvakaita kuti ave nesimba? Chii chingataurwa nezveunhu hwake? Uye ibasa ripi rouporofita rakazadzikiswa namambokadzi uyu? Chimbotanga wafunga nezvezvakaita nyika iyi munoitikira zvinhu izvi.

Guta Riri Kumapeto Kwegwenga

Guta raZenobia, Palmyra, raiva makiromita anenge 210 kumusoro kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweDhamasiko, kumapeto nechokumusoro kweGwenga reSiriya kunotenukira makomo eAnti-Lebanon achipinda mugwenga. Iri guta rakanga rakasvibira rakanga riri panenge pakati nepakati peGungwa reMediterranean kumadokero neRwizi rweYufratesi kumabvazuva. Mambo Soromoni angave akariziva seTadmori, nzvimbo yakanga yakakosha kurugare rwoumambo hwake pazvikonzero zviviri: senzvimbo inogara mauto kuti adzivirire muganhu wokumusoro uye senzvimbo inokosha yokubatanidza nayo maguta akawanda akatevedzana. Naizvozvo, Soromoni “akavaka Tadmori murenje.”—2 Makoronike 8:4.

Zvakazoitika makore ane chiuru pashure pokutonga kwaMambo Soromoni hazvidudzi nezveTadmori. Kana zvakarurama kuti ndiro Palmyra, kukurumbira kwaro kwakatanga pashure pokunge Siriya yava ruwa rwaishandiswa nemauto eUmambo hweRoma muna 64 B.C.E. “Palmyra raikosha kuRoma munzira mbiri, mune zvemari uye zvehondo,” anotaura kudaro Richard Stoneman mubhuku rake rinonzi Palmyra and Its Empire—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome. Sezvo guta iri remichindwe rakanga riri panzira huru yezvokutengeserana yaibatanidza Roma neMesopotamia neMabvazuva, ndimo maipfuura neupfumi hwezvokutengeserana hwenyika yekare—maspice aibva kuEast Indies, sirika yaibva kuChina, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvaibva kuPersia, Lower Mesopotamia, uye nyika dzokuMediterranean. Roma yaitovimbawo nokupinzwa kwezvinhu izvi munyika.

Mune zvehondo, ruwa rweSiriya ndirwo rwainyaradza bope raiva pakati pemasimba aivengana eRoma nePersia. Rwizi Yufratesi rwaiparadzanisa Roma nemuvakidzani wayo wokumabvazuva mumakore 250 okutanga C.E. Palmyra rakanga richingova nechemhiri kwegwenga, kumadokero kweguta reDura-Europos paYufratesi. Vachiziva nzvimbo yayo inokosha, vanamambo veRoma vakadai saHadrian naValerian vakashanyira Palmyra. Hadrian akawedzera kunaka kwemavakirwe aro ndokupa mipiro yakawanda. Valerian akapa mubayiro mumwe murume aikudzwa wechiPalmyra ainzi Odaenathus—murume waZenobia—kupfurikidza nokumusimudzira kuchinzvimbo chomukuru mukuru weRoma, muna 258 C.E., nokuti akanga abudirira kudzivisa Persia uye awedzera muganhu weUmambo hweRoma kupinda muMesopotamia. Zenobia akaita basa rinokosha kuti murume wake ave nesimba. Munyori wenhau Edward Gibbon akanyora kuti: “Kubudirira kwaOdenathus kwakanzi kwakanyanyoparirwa nokungwarira kwake [kwaZenobia] nokushinga kusingaenzaniswi.”

Panguva iyoyo, Mambo Sapor wePersia akafunga kudenha ukuru hweRoma ndokuzivisa uchangamire hwake mumaruwa ose ePersia. Ane uto rinotyisa, akafamba achienda nechokumadokero, akapamba madhorobha eRoma aishandiswa senzvimbo dzamauto eNisibis neCarrhae (Harani), ndokupfuurira kuparadza kumusoro kweSiriya neKirikia. Mambo Valerian pachake akauya kuzotungamirira mauto ake airwisana nevadenhi asi akakurirwa ndokupambwa nevaPersia.

Odaenathus akafunga kuti ndiyo yakanga iri nguva yokutumira zvipo zvaidhura neshoko rorugare kumutongi wePersia. Mambo Sapor nokuzvikudza akarayira kuti zvipo zvacho zvikandirwe muna Yufratesi ndokurayira kuti Odaenathus amire pamberi pake somusungwa anoteterera. VaPalmyra vakapindura nokuunganidza uto revanhu vanotama-tama vomurenje nemauto eRoma akanga asara ndokutanga kumhanyisa vaPersia vakanga vava kudzoka. Mauto aSapor—akanga aneta nehondo uye akaremerwa nezvinhu zvaakanga apamba—paakatarisana nemutoo wevarwi vomurenje wokuuraya vachitiza—vakatadza kuzvidzivirira uye vakamanikidzirwa kutiza.

Achiona kukurira kwaakanga aita Sapor, mwanakomana waValerian uye mutsivi wake, Gallienus, akapa Odaenathus zita rokuremekedza rokuti corrector totius Orientis (gavhuna wekuMabvazuva kwose). Gare gare, Odaenathus akazvipa zita rokuremekedza rokuti “mambo wamadzimambo.”

Zenobia Anotsvaka Kutanga Umambo

Muna 267 C.E., basa rake parakanga rakurumbira, Odaenathus nemudyi wenhaka yake vakaurayiwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti nomuzukuru aida zvokutsiva. Zenobia akatora nzvimbo yomurume wake, mwanakomana wake zvaakanga achiri muduku zvakanyanya. Sezvaakanga akanaka, ane chishuvo chokuita zvinhu, achikwanisa kuronga, akarovedzana nokuratidza zvavaida nomurume wake akanga afa, uye achitaura mitauro inoverengeka zvakanaka, akakwanisa kutaura kuti aremekedzwe nokutsigirwa nevanhu vaaidzora—kubudirira chaiko pakati pevaBedouin. Zenobia aida zvokudzidza uye akazviunganidzira vanhu vakadzidza. Mumwe wevaimupa mazano akanga ari muzivi uye nyanzvi yokutaura Cassius Longinus—ainzi aiva “raibhurari mhenyu nemiyuziyamu inofamba.” Munyori Stoneman anotaura kuti: “Mumakore mashanu Odenathus afa. . . Zenobia akanga atoita kuti vanhu vake vamuone somukadzi ane simba wokuMabvazuva.”

Kune rimwe divi renzvimbo yaitongwa naZenobia kwaiva nePersia, iyo iye nomurume wake vakanga vaparadza, uye kune rimwe racho kwakanga kune Roma yakanga yava kuparara. Nezvemamiriro ezvinhu aiva muUmambo hweRoma panguva iyoyo, munyori wenhau J. M. Roberts anoti: “Zana remakore rechitatu rakanga riri. . . nguva yakaoma kuRoma kumiganhu yokumabvazuva nokumadokero zvakafanana, nepo kumusha imwe nguva yehondo yevagari vemo nokukurirana kwaiitirwa nharo kwakanga kwatanga. Madzimambo makumi maviri nemaviri (kunze kwevokuedzesera) vakatonga.” Asiwo, mukadzi ane chiremera wokuSiriya akanga ari mambokadzi chaiye akasimba aiva munzvimbo yake. “Achidzora kudzikama kwoumambo huviri [hwePersia nehweRoma],” anodaro Stoneman, “aigona kutsvaka kutanga hwechitatu hwaizohudzora hwose.”

Mukana wokuti Zenobia avandudze masimba ake oumambo wakauya muna 269 C.E., pakaoneka mumwe ainyepedzera kupokana nekutonga kweRoma muEgipita. Uto raZenobia rakakurumidza kufamba richipinda muEgipita, rakaparadza mupanduki, ndokutora nyika yacho. Achizvizivisa samambokadzi weEgipita, akagadzira mari yaiva nezita rake. Umambo hwake zvino hwakanga hwava kubva kurwizi Nire kusvikira kurwizi Yufratesi. Panguva iyi youpenyu hwake, akava nenzvimbo ya“mambo wezasi” anotaurwa nezvake muuporofita hweBhaibheri hwaDhanieri, sezvo umambo hwake hwakazodzora nharaunda yaiva zasi kwenyika yokumusha kwaDhanieri. (Dhanieri 11:25, 26) Akakurirawo nzvimbo huru yeAsia Minor.

Zenobia akasimbisa nokunatsa guta rake guru, Palmyra, zvokuti rakaenzana nemaguta makuru enyika yeRoma. Nhamba yaro inofungidzirwa yevanhu vaigaramo yakapfuura 150 000. Zvivako zvavose zvakaisvonaka, temberi, mapindu, mitsigo, nemifananidzo zvakazadza guta racho, mukati memadziro ainzi aipoterera daro remakiromita 21. Mavheranda akanga akagadzirwa nembiru dzokuKorinte dzaitevedzana dzakanga dzakareba mamita anopfuura 15 kuenda mudenga—aikwana 1 500—zvaitevedza nzira huru. Mifananidzo neimwe inoratidza misoro nezvipfuva zvemagamba nevakuru vakuru vakapfuma yakanga yakazara muguta racho. Muna 271 C.E., Zenobia akagadzira zvifananidzo zviviri zvairatidza iye nomurume wake akafa. Kumucheto kwegwenga, Palmyra raipenya sedombo rinokosha.

Temberi yeZuva yakanga iri imwe yezvivako zvakanakisisa muPalmyra uye hapana mubvunzo kuti ndiyo yainyanya kuoneka panzvimbo yezvitendero muguta macho. Zvimwe Zenobia ainamatawo mwari aiva nechokuita namwari wezuva. Zvisinei, Siriya yomuzana remakore rechitatu yakanga iri nyika yaiva nezvitendero zvakawanda. Munzvimbo yaitongwa naZenobia maiva nevaiti vaKristu, vaJudha, vanzveri venyeredzi, uye vanamati vezuva nemwedzi. Aifungei nezvenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokunamata dzaiva munzvimbo yaaitonga? Munyori Stoneman anoti: “Mutongi wakachenjera haarasi tsika chero ipi zvayo inoratidzika seyakakodzera vanhu vake. . . . Zvaitarisirwa kuti . . . vanamwari, vakanga vakaunganidzwa parutivi pePalmyra.” Sezviri pachena, Zenobia aibvumira zvezvitendero. Asi vamwari vakanga “vakaunganidzwa parutivi pePalmyra” chaizvoizvo here? Nderipi rakanga riri ramangwana rePalmyra ne“mutongi [waro] wakachenjera”?

Mumwe Mambo ‘Anomutsira Mwoyo Wake’ Zenobia

Mugore ra270 C.E., Aurelian akava mambo weRoma. Varwi vake vakawanda vakabudirira kudzinga nokuranga mapenzi okumusoro. Muna 271 C.E.—zvino achimirira “mambo wokumusoro” wechiporofita chaDhanieri—Aurelian ‘akamutsira mambo wezasi simba rake nomwoyo wake,’ aimirirwa naZenobia. (Dhanieri 11:25a) Aurelian akatumira mauto ake zvakananga kuEgipita uye akatungamirira uto rake guru nechokumabvazuva nomuAsia Minor.

Mambo wezasi—umambo hwaitungamirirwa naZenobia—‘akazvigadzirira’ kurwa naAurelian “ane hondo huru kwazvo ine simba” yaitungamirirwa navatungamiriri vehondo vaviri, Zabdas naZabbai. (Dhanieri 11:25b) Asi Aurelian akatora Egipita ndokubva atanga rwendo rwokupinda muAsia Minor neSiriya. Zenobia akakurirwa paEmesa (zvino rava Homs), uye akadzokera kuPalmyra.

Aurelian paakakomba Palmyra, Zenobia, achitarisira kubatsirwa, akatiza nomwanakomana wake akananga kuPersia, ndokuzotapwa nevaRoma paRwizi Yufratesi. VaPalmyra vakasarenda guta ravo muna 272 C.E. Aurelian akaratidza mutsa kuvagari varo, akapamba zvakawanda zvikuru, kubatanidza chidhori chomuTemberi yeZuva, uye akaenda Roma. Mambo weRoma haana kuuraya Zenobia, achimuita chinhu chinoshamisa mukufamba kwake kworukundo nomuRoma muna 274 C.E. Akapedza upenyu hwake hwose hwakanga hwasara semukadzi ane chinzvimbo munzanga yeRoma.

Guta Romurenje Rinoparadzwa

Mwedzi yakawanda Aurelian atora Palmyra, vaPalmyra vakaparadza nzvimbo yamauto yeRoma yaakanga asiya. Aurelian paakanzwa mashoko okumukira uku, akakurumidza kurayira varwi vake kuti vavaronde, uye panguva iyi vakaita chisakaitwa pavagari vemo. Vaya vakapukunyuka kuuraya kusina tsitsi kwacho vakapinzwa muuranda. Guta racho raidada rakapambwa rikaparadzwa zvokusazomboonekazve. Saka guta guru racho rakadzokerazve kuzvaraimbova—“Tadmori murenje.”

Zenobia paakakurira Roma noushingi, iye noMutongi Aurelian vasingazivi vakaita basa ravo sa“mambo wezasi” na“mambo wokumusoro,” vachizadzikisa chikamu chouporofita hwakanyorwa zvakakwana zvikuru nomuporofita waJehovha makore 800 zvisati zvaitika. (Dhanieri, ganhuro 11) Neunhu hwake hwakaisvonaka, Zenobia akayemurwa nevakawanda. Zvisinei, chinonyanyokosha rakanga riri basa rake rokumiririra gadziriro yezvematongerwe enyika yakafanotaurwa muuporofita hwaDhanieri. Haana kutonga kwamakore anopfuura mashanu. Palmyra, guta guru roumambo hwaZenobia, nhasi rinongovawo zvaro musha. Kunyange Roma yakanga ine simba yakapera basa ndokusiyirawo nzvimbo umambo hwemazuva ano. Ndeipi ichava nguva yemberi yemasimba aya? Nguva yemberi yawo inodzorwa nekuzadzikiswa kwechokwadi kwouporofita hweBhaibheri.—Dhanieri 2:44.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 29]

Nhaka yaZenobia

Pakudzoka kuRoma pashure pokukurira Zenobia, mambokadzi wePalmyra, Mutongi Aurelian akavakira zuva temberi. Mukati mayo akaisa mifananidzo yamwari wezuva yaakanga aunza kubva kuguta rake. Ichitaura nezvezvimwe zvakazoitika, magazini inonzi History Today inoti: “Chakanyanyokurumbira pane zvakaitwa naAurelian zvimwe kutangwa kwemutambo wegore negore wokubuda kwezuva panguva yechando, muna AD 274, musi waDecember 25. Umambo hwacho pahwakava hwechiKristu zuva rokuzvarwa kwaKristu rakachinjirwa kumusi uyu kuitira kuti chitendero chitsva chibvumwe zvikuru nevaifarira mitambo yekare. Ipfungwa inofadza, kuti pakupedzisira zvinofanira kuva nemhaka yaMambokadzi Zenobia kuti. . . [vanhu] vanopemberera Kirisimasi yedu.”

[Mepu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 28, 29]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

GUNGWA REMEDITERRANEAN

SIRIYA

Antiokia

Emesa (Homs)

PALMYRA

Dhamasiko

MESOPOTAMIA

Yufratesi

Carrhae (Harani)

Nisibis

Dura-Europos

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

Colonnade: Michael Nicholson/Corbis

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Mari yeRoma ingangodaro yairatidzira Aurelian

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 30]

Temberi yezuva muPalmyra

[Kwazvakatorwa]

The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck

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Mambokadzi Zenobia achitaura nevarwi vake

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Mambokadzi Zenobia Achitaura Nevarwi Vake, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Detail of: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Mambokadzi Zenobia Achitaura Nevarwi Vake, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington