St. Petersburg—“Hwindo” reRussia “muEurope”
NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MURUSSIA
“Ndinokuda, iwe basa remaoko aPeter! / Ndinoda chimiro chako chisingashamisiri, chakaenzana mativi ose; / kuyerera kwakadzikamira uye kunoyevedza kworwizi rwako Neva / nepakati pematombo emahombekombe ako omusarasara.”—ALEKSANDR SERGEYEVICH PUSHKIN.
DETEMBO raPushkin rakakurumbira pamusoro peSt. Petersburg, ratorwa chidimbu charo pano, rinoita kuti munhu afunge nezveakatanga kuvaka guta racho uye nzvimbo yariri nechokumusorosoro, uko Rwizi Neva runopinda muGungwa reBaltic. Ungabvunza kuti, ‘Asi guta guru iri renyika rakavapo sei mudoro rokuchamhembe?’
Nokunopera kwezana remakore rechi17, kukura kweRussia kwaidzongonyedzwa nokusakwanisa kwayo kuva pedyo negungwa. Chido chikuru chamambo wechiduku, Peter Mukuru, chaiva chokuisira Russia “hwindo muEurope” nzira yokubuda nayo kuenda kugungwa. Kumaodzanyemba, kuenda kuGungwa Dema kwaiva kwakavharidzirwa noUmambo hweTurkey. Saka Peter akafunga nezvokuchamhembe uko Sweden yaiva muridzi wenzvimbo yainge yakaganhurana neGungwa reBaltic.
Kuti azadzise chido chake, muna August 1700, Peter akarwisa Sweden. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga asina kubudirira muhondo yake, haana kukanda mapfumo pasi. Muna November 1702, Peter akanga amanikidza Sweden kubuda muLake Ladoga. Iri dhamu guru pane ose muEurope rakabatanidzwa noRwizi Neva neGungwa reBaltic, zvakaparadzana nechinhambwe chemakiromita 60. Vanhu vokuSweden vakazvidzivirira nesimba panhare yaiva pachitsuwa chiduku pedyo nepanoyerera rwizi Neva kubva mudhamu. Peter akakwanisa kutora nhare yepachitsuwa ichi kubva paudzori hweSweden ndokuitumidza kuti Shlissel’burg.
Gare gare vanhu vokuSweden vakazoramba kukundwa panhare inonzi Nienshants, pedyo neapo Neva runoyerera ruchipinda muBaltic. Muna May 1703 mauto eSweden akakundwa. Kukunda uku kwakaita kuti vanhu veRussia vadzore nzvimbo yacho yose. Nenguva isipi, Peter akatanga basa rokuvaka nhare paChitsuwa cheZayachy chaiva pedyo kuti adzivirire kunotangira Neva. Saka, musi waMay 16, 1703, makore anenge 300 adarika, Peter Mukuru akatanga kumisa chivako chava kuzivikanwa nhasi sePeter-Paul Fortress. Ndiwo musi unobvumiranwa kuti wakavamba St. Petersburg, iro rakatumidzwa zita romusande aivimbwa naye namambo wacho, muapostora Petro.
Kuvakwa Kuva Guta Guru
Kusiyana nemaguta makuru akawanda, kubvira pakutanga guta reSt. Petersburg rakarongwa uye rakavakwa kuti rive guta guru rinoorora. Pasinei nokuti nzvimbo yaro iri kure kuchamhembe—riri kumusoro nemadhigirii 60—Peter akaenderera mberi nokuvaka. Matanda akaunzwa kubva kunzvimbo yeLake Ladoga uye kuNovgorod. Imwe nzira iyo Peter akawana nayo matombo okuvakisa yaiva yokushandisa mutemo. Munhu upi noupi wokuRussia aipinda nezvinhu muSt. Petersburg aifanira kupindawo nenhamba yakati yematombo. Uyewo, Peter akarambidza kuvakwa kwedzimba dzematombo, kutanga muMoscow uye tevere muumambo hwake hwose. Somugumisiro, vavaki vaiva nounyanzvi vainge vasingashandi vakaenda muSt. Petersburg.
Kuvakwa kweguta racho kwakaenderera mberi no“kukurumidza kusingaenzaniswi panguva iyoyo,” inodaro The Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Migero yemvura, nheyo dzekongiri, migwagwa, zvivako, machechi, zvipatara, nemahofisi ehurumende zvakaoneka nenguva isipi. Mugore rakatanga guta racho, kuvaka kwakatangira panogadzirwa ngarava, panozivikanwa nokuti Admiralty, apo nokufamba kwenguva pakazova dzimbahwe rengarava reRussia.
Pakasvika 1710, Muzinda weZhizha wakatanga kuvakwa, musha wezhizha wemadzimambo. Muna 1712, guta guru reRussia nemahofisi aro akawanda ehurumende zvakatamiswa kubva kuMoscow kuenda kuSt. Petersburg. Muzinda wematombo wokutanga wamambo, uchiripo, wakapera muna 1714. Wakavakirwa gavhuna wokutanga weguta racho, Aleksandr Menshikov. Gore rimwe chete iroro, basa rakatangawo pachivako chechechi chainzi Peter-Paul Cathedral chaiva munhare yaiva nezita rimwe iroro. Shongwe refurefu yechechi yacho ndechimwe chinhu chinonyatsooneka muguta racho. Muzinda weChando waMambo uri paRwizi Neva wakavakwawo, uye wakavakwazve kakawanda. Gare gare Muzinda waMambo uripo zvino une makamuri 1 100 wakavakwa. Muzinda uyu mukuru wamambo ndiwo uri pakati peguta uye une Hermitage yakakurumbira, iyo iri miziyamu yeNyika yacho.
Makore gumi okutanga eSt. Petersburg aiva okukura kwaro kunoshamisa. Zvinonzi raiva nezvivako zvinenge 34 500 muguta racho pakasvika 1714! Kuvakwa kwemizinda yamambo nezvivako zvikuru kwakaenderera mberi kusingamiri. Kudzora kune simba guru kwechitendero munhau yeRussia kunopupurirwa nezvivako zvakawanda zveguta racho.
Somuenzaniso, mune Kazan Cathedral, ine chivako chine chimiro chomwedzi wagara uye chine mbiru mberi. Kuoneka kwacho kunoorora mumugwagwa mukuru weguta racho, Nevsky Prospekt, kune zvakwakabatsira pakuti mugwagwa wacho uzonzi ndoumwe wemigwagwa mikuru pane iri munyika yose. Gare gare, kuvaka kwakatanga paSt. Isaac Cathedral. Mbiru dzinenge 24 000 dzakaiswa nechepasi pakaita doro kutsigira chivako chacho, uye makirogiramu 100 endarama akashandiswa kushongedza denga racho guru rinoorora.
Kuvaka munzvimbo dzakapoteredza St. Petersburg kwaiororawo. Basa rokuvaka Muzinda Mukuru waMambo, chivako chaPeter, rakatangwa muna 1714 muPeterhof, iye zvino yava Petrodvorets. Panguva iyi, muguta repedyo reTsarskoe Selo, iye zvino rava kunzi Pushkin, makavakwawo Muzinda wamambo wemaoresa wainzi Catherine nokuda kwomudzimai waPeter. Zana iroro remakore rava kunopera, mizinda mikuru miviri yamambo yakavakwa mumisha miviri yokumaodzanyemba, Pavlovsk neGatchina.
Kunaka kweguta idzva iri rakanga richangovakwa kwakawedzerwa zvikuru nemazana emabhiriji akawanda akavakwa munzizi dzaro dzakawanda nehova. Saka, St. Petersburg inowanzorondedzerwa se“Venice yoKuchamhembe.” Vavaki vokuFrance, Germany, neItaly vakashanda nevamwe vavo vokuRussia vaiva nyanzvi kugadzira rinonzi neThe Encyclopædia Britannica “rimwe remaguta akaisvonaka kwazvo uye rinopindirana neari muEurope.”
Kutsungirira Pasinei Nezvinetso
Vavengi vaPeter havana kuziva kuti vanhu vokuRussia vaizoramba vakabatisisa noushingi hwakadini hwindo ravo muEurope. Bhuku rinonzi Peter the Great—His Life and World rinotsanangura kuti: “Kubvira pazuva iro Peter Mukuru akatanga kudzora kunotangira rwizi rweNeva, nzvimbo neguta zvakavako ikoko zvakangoramba zviri zveRussia.”
Zvechokwadi, sokutaura kunoita bhuku rataura mashoko ari pamusoro apa, “mumazana emakore ose aya hapana mukundi akazopinda muRussia nemauto akakura kwazvo—Charles XII, Napoleon, Hitler—akakwanisa kupamba chiteshi chengarava chePeter’s Baltic, kunyange zvazvo mauto eNazi akakomberedza guta racho kwemazuva 900 muHondo Yenyika II.” Munguva refu iyoyo yokukomba, vanhu vanenge miriyoni imwe chete vaiva muguta racho vakafa. Vakawanda vakafa nechando nenzara mumwaka wechando wa1941/42, apo tembiricha yakaderera kusvika kumadhigirii 40 pasi pazero. Iyi itembiricha apo madhigirii eCelsius neFahrenheit anoita seanoratidza zvakafanana.
Muna 1914, pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I, zita reguta racho rakachinjwa kuva Petrograd. Apo mutungamiriri wokutanga weSoviet Union, Vladimir Lenin, akafa muna 1924, zita raro rakachinjwa kuva Leningrad. Pakupedzisira, muna 1991, nokuparara kweSoviet Union, guta racho rakapiwazve zita raro rokutanga rokuti St. Petersburg.
Kubatsira Kwaro Nyika
Muna 1724, gore rimwe chete Peter asati afa ava nemakore 52, Russian Academy of Sciences yakavhurwa nokurayira kwake, uye muna 1757 Academy of Arts yakavhurwa muguta racho. Vapendi vokuRussia vomuzana remakore rechi19 Karl Bryullov naIlya Repin vakadzidza ipapo uye vakazivikanwa munyika yose.
Muna 1819 St. Petersburg State University yakavhurwa, uye nokufamba kwenguva mamwewo masangano akawanda edzidzo yepamusoro akavhurwa. Zana remakore rechi19 rava kunopera, mugari womuSt. Petersburg, akahwina Mubayiro weNobel, munhu wokuRussia nyanzvi yokushanda kwomuviri Ivan Pavlov akabudisa pfungwa inoita kuti muviri ukurumidze kuita chinhu pasina kushandisa kufunga. Kwaiva ikokowo uko nyanzvi yemakemikari yokuRussia Dmitry Mendeleyev akagadzira chati yake yemaelements, kana kuti Mendeleyev’s table sokuzivikanwa kwainoitwa muRussia.
Upenyu hwetsika hwomuguta racho hwakabatawo pfungwa dzenyika yose. Muna 1738 chikoro chokudzidzira kutamba chakaumbwa, chakazova nomukurumbira munyika yose cheMariinsky Ballet. Nenguva isipi dzimba dzakawanda dzemitambo nedzemakonzati dzakashongedza guta racho. Vanyori venziyo vane mukurumbira vakavaka misha yavo muSt. Petersburg, kusanganisira Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky. Anozivikanwa pamusana pemimhanzi yake yagara younyanzvi yaakanyora inoshandiswa pakutamba, Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, uye The Nutcracker neinozivikanwa kwazvo yaakanyora inonzi 1812 Overture.
St. Petersburg rakabudisawo vadetembi vakawanda vomuRussia vairemekedzwa nevanyori avo vakazogara imomo. Wechiduku ainzi Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin akava uyo vakawanda vakafunga kuti ndiye “mudetembi mukuru kwazvo nomuvambi wemabhuku azvino eRussia.” Mhinduro yeRussia kuna Shakespeare, ndiPushkin, ane mabhuku akashandurirwa mumitauro mikuru yose uye anosanganisira detembo rake pamusoro peguta raakatamira, rine chikamu chatorwa mashoko kwokutanga. Uyezve, kuna Dostoyevski, uyo The Encyclopædia Britannica rinoti “anowanzoonekwa somunyori wemabhuku enganonyorwa akaisvonaka ati amborarama.”
Saka zvingataurwa kuti chero zvinhu zvipi zvakagamuchirwa neguta reSt. Petersburg kubva kuEurope parakatanga, rakatozozvidzorera zvawanda kakapetwa. Mumakore ose aya vagari varo chokwadi vapfumisa tsika dzenyika.
Nguva Yokuyeuka
Muvhiki yaMay 24 kusvika kuna June 1, mazana ezviuru zvevashanyi kuSt. Petersburg akapemberera kuvapo kwaro kwegore rechi300. Zvavaifarira migumisiro yebasa guru rokugadzirwa kwaro, vakawanda vakayeuka kunaka kweguta racho uye nhoroondo yaro inoshamisa.
Zvakangoitikawo kuti vhiki imwe izvi zvisati zvaitika, vakawanda vakanga vashanyira St. Petersburg nokuda kwokutsaurirwa kwezvivako zvakawedzerwa zvebazi rokuRussia reZvapupu zvaJehovha, riri mumusha weguta racho. Zuva rakatevera racho vanhu 9 817 vakaungana muNhandare yeKirov muSt. Petersburg kuzonzwa kudzokororwa kwepurogiramu yokutsaurira uye mishumo inokurudzira yemabasa eZvapupu zvaJehovha munyika dzakawanda.
Zvinopfuura Zvinogona Kuonekwa
Vanoshanyira St. Petersburg vanowanzonzwa kuti kune zvakawanda kwazvo zvokuona zvokuti havazivi pokutangira. Ndiro dambudziko rinowanwa nevanoshanyira Hermitage. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti dai munhu aipedza miniti imwe chete pachinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri mumazana emakamuri okuratidzira ari mumakamuri acho, zvaizomutorera makore akawanda kuti apedze kuona zvose.
Vamwe vanoona imba yokutambira sechinhu chinoorora kwazvo muSt. Petersburg. Somuenzaniso, muImba yeMitambo yeMariinsky yakakurumbira, munhu angagara akavhenekwa nemwenje yakashongedzwa zvakaisvonaka akapoteredzwa nemadziro omukati anopenyerera, akashongedzwa nendarama inoda kusvika makirogiramu 400. Ari muimba yakadai, ingangove imba yemitambo yakaisvonaka munyika yose inogona kuonekwa.
Kungofamba muguta iri rine vagari vanenge mamiriyoni mashanu kunogona kuita kuti munhu anakidzwe nokuona zvivako zvinoyevedza zvakatevedza Rwizi rweNeva. Kungofamba nemigwagwa yakaisvonaka yepasi pevhu yomuguta racho, yakadzika kupfuura yose pane iri munyika, kunogona kufadza kwazvo. Vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni maviri pazuva vanofamba nomugwagwa wepasi pevhu, vachidarika nomuzviteshi zvinodarika 50 mumakiromita 98. Zvimwe zviteshi zvacho zvakaisvonaka zvokuti hakuna kumwe kwazvinowanika. Muna 1955, gore rakavhurwa mugwagwa wacho wepasi pevhu, The New York Times yakadana zviteshi zvacho kuti “kubudirira kwomuzana remakore rechi20 kwemizinda yamambo yepasi pevhu.”
Zvechokwadi, zvakaoma kusaororwa neguta reSt. Petersburg—kuvandudzwa kwaro, uyewo kuramba kwaro rakanaka, zvigadzirwa zvaro, tsika, dzidzo, uye mimhanzi yaro kuvakwa kwaro zvinokanga mate mukanwa. Chero zvavangafarira, vanoshanyira ikoko vanogona kubvumirana nebhuku rakati St. Petersburg “rimwe remaguta akanaka kwazvo muEurope.”
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Peter Mukuru, muvaki weguta racho
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]
Peter-Paul Fortress nezvivako zvayo zvechechi, umo nheyo dzeguta reSt. Petersburg dzakaiswa
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 24, 25]
Muzinda womuChando waMambo paRwizi Neva, iye zvino wava miziyamu yeHermitage (mukati nechokurudyi)
[Kwazvakatorwa]
The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24, 25]
Muzinda Mukuru waMambo
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]
St. Petersburg yakasvika pakunzi Venice yoKuchamhembe
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]
Mariinsky Theater inozivikanwa munyika yose
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Steve Raymer/National Geographic Image Collection
Mufananidzo naNatasha Razina
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]
Zviteshi zvomugwagwa wepasi pevhu muSt. Petersburg zvakarondedzerwa se“mizinda yamambo yepasi pevhu”
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Mufananidzo uri pamusoro: Edward Slater/Index Stock Photography; painting and emblems: The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg