Pfuma Yakavanzwa Inoratidzwa
Nhau yeBhaibheri raMakarios
MUNA 1993 mumwe munzveri akawana murwi wekare, wakanga wachinja ruvara wemagazini eOrthodox Review muNational Library yeRussia muSt. Petersburg. Mukati memapeji emagazini a1860 kusvikira kuna 1867 makanga mune pfuma yakanga yavanzirwa vanhu veRussia kwemakore anopfuura zana. Yakanga iri shanduro yeMagwaro echiHebheru ose, kana kuti “Testamende Yekare,” yeBhaibheri mumutauro wechiRussia!
Vashanduri veMagwaro acho vakanga vari Mikhail Iakovlevich Glukharev, anozivikanwa saBhishopi Makarios, uye Gerasim Petrovich Pavsky. Vose vari vaviri vakanga vari mitezo yakakurumbira yeChechi yeOrthodox yekuRussia pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzemutauro. Varume ava pavakavamba basa ravo murutivi rwokutanga rwezana ramakore rapfuura, Bhaibheri rakakwana rakanga risati rashandurirwa muchiRussia.
Chokwadi, Bhaibheri rakanga riri muchiSlavonic, mutauro wakatangira chiRussia chomuzuva ranhasi. Zvisinei, pakasvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi19, mutauro wechiSlavonic wakanga warega kushandiswa kunze kwomuminamato yorudzidziso, mawaishandiswa navafundisi. Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana aiva muWest, umo Chechi yeRoma Katurike yakaedza kuchengeta Bhaibheri riri muchiLatin chete pashure pokunge chiLatin chafa somutauro.
Makarios naPavsky vakaedza kuti Bhaibheri riwanike kuvanhu vose zvavo. Kuwanika kwebhuku ravo rakanga ranguri rakanganwika, nokudaro, kwakaita kuti zvibvire kudzorera rutivi runokosha rwemabhuku nepfuma yorudzidziso yeRussia.
Zvisinei, ndivanaani vakanga vachimbova Makarios naPavsky? Uye nei nhamburiko dzavo dzokuisa Bhaibheri mumutauro wavanhu vose dzakarambwa zvakadaro? Nhauro yavo inofadza uye inosimbisa kutenda kuvose vanoda Bhaibheri.
Kudikanwa kweBhaibheri rechiRussia
Makarios naPavsky vakanga vasiri ivo vakatanga kuona kudikanwa kweBhaibheri mumutauro unozivikanwa navanhu. Makore ane zana pamberi pezvi, mutongi weRussia, Peter I, kana kuti Peter the Great, akaonawo kudikanwa kwakadaro. Nenzira inokosha, akarangarira Magwaro Matsvene noruremekedzo uye anonokorwa mashoko seanoti: “Bhaibheri ibhuku rakanaka kupfuura mamwe ose, uye rine chinhu chose chine chokuita nebasa romunhu kuna Mwari nomuvakidzani wake.”
Nokudaro, muna 1716, Peter akarayira dare rake roumambo kuti riite kuti Bhaibheri ridhindwe muAmsterdam, achibhadhara iye. Peji imwe neimwe yaifanira kuva nechikamu cherugwaro rwechiRussia uye chikamu chorugwaro rwechiDutch. Gore rimwe chete gare gare, muna 1717, Magwaro echiGiriki echiKristu, kana kuti “Testamende Itsva,” chikamu chakanga chagadzirirwa.
Pakasvika 1721 rutivi rwechiDutch rweshanduro yamavhoriyamu mana eMagwaro echiHebheru rwakanga rwadhindwawo. Chimwe chikamu chakasiyiwa chisina kunyorwa chinhu, kuti chizozadzwa gare gare norugwaro rwechiRussia. Peter akapa maBhaibheri acho ku“Musangano Mutsvene” weChechi yeOrthodox yeRussia—chiremera chikuru chorudzidziso chechechi yacho—kuti chipedzise kudhinda uye kutarisira kuparadzirwa. Zvisinei, vafundisi vacho havana kupfuurira.
Makore asingasviki mana gare gare, Peter akafa. Chii chakaitika kumaBhaibheri ake? Zvikamu zvisina chinhu zvakanga zvaitirwa rugwaro rwechiRussia hazvina kumbozadzwa. MaBhaibheri acho akanga akarongwa mumirwi yakakura muimba yepasi, maakaorera—hapana kana kopi imwe yakawanika gare gare isina kukanganisika! Chisarudzo chevafundisi vacho chakanga chiri choku“tengesa zvose zvakanga zvasara kuvatengi.”
Nhamburiko Dzokushandura Dzinovamba
Muna 1812, John Paterson, mutezo weBritish and Foreign Bible Society, akauya kuRussia. Paterson akanyandura fariro yevakangwara veSt. Petersburg mukuumba sosaiti yemaBhaibheri. Nomusi waDecember 6, 1812—gore rimwe chete iro uto reRussia rakakunda varwi vaNapoléon I—Mutongi Alexander I akabvumira bumbiro romutemo resosaiti yemaBhaibheri echiRussia. Muna 1815 mutongi akarayira sachigaro wesosaiti yacho, Prince Aleksandr Golitsyn, kuti akarakadze kuvafundisi vanodzora kuti “vanhu vokuRussiawo vanofanira kuva nomukana wokurava Shoko raMwari mururimi rwamai rwavo pachavo rwechiRussia.”
Nenzira inorumbidzwa, tendero yakapiwa yokushandurira Magwaro echiHebheru muchiRussia achibva zvakananga muchiHebheru chapakuvamba. Septuagint yechiGiriki yapakuvamba yakanga yava hwaro hwekushandurwa kweMagwaro echiHebheru muchiSlavonic. Vaya vakanga vachifanira kushandurira Bhaibheri muchiRussia vakaudzwa kuti nheyo dzinokosha dzokushandura dzakanga dziri dzokururama, kujeka, uye kuchena. Chii chakaitika kunhamburiko idzi dzapakuvamba dzokugovera Bhaibheri mumutauro wechiRussia?
Kuparadzwa Kweshanduro yeBhaibheri Here?
Vanhu vasingadi kuchinja muzvose zviri zviviri chechi nehurumende vakatanga kungwarira pesvedzero yerudzidziso yekudzimwe nyika uye yezvematongerwe enyika. Vamwe vatungamiriri vamachechi vakaramba vachitaura kuti chiSlavonic—mutauro wechechi—wajekesa shoko reBhaibheri kupfuura zvakaita chiRussia.
Nokudaro Sosaiti yemaBhaibheri yechiRussia yakaparadzwa muna 1826. Zviuru zvinoverengeka zvamakopi eshanduro dzakabudiswa nesosaiti yemaBhaibheri zvakapiswa. Somugumisiro, Bhaibheri rakava rechipiri kutsika nemagamuchidzanwa. Zvichitevera mutoo wakagadzwa neChechi yeRoma Katurike, vafundisi vacho vakarayira muna 1836 kuti: “Zvinobvumirwa kuti munhu upi noupi akazvipira anzwe Magwaro, asi hazvibvumirwi kuti munhu upi noupi arave zvimwe zvikamu zveMagwaro, zvikurukuru Testamende Yekare, pasina nhungamiro.” Zvakanga zvakaita sokuti kushandurwa kweBhaibheri kwakanga kwaparadzwa.
Basa raPavsky
Munguvayi, Gerasim Pavsky, purofesa wechiHebheru, akatanga basa rokushandurira Magwaro echiHebheru muchiRussia. Muna 1821 akapedza kushandura Mapisarema. Mutongi akakurumidza kuzvibvumira, uye pakasvika January 1822 bhuku reMapisarema rakanga rabudisirwa vanhu vose. Rakagamuchirwa nokukurumidza uye raifanira kudhindwazve ka12—richisvika makopi 100 000!
Nhamburiko dzounyanzvi dzaPavsky dzakamuwanira ruremekedzo rwenyanzvi dzakawanda dzemitauro uye nyanzvi dzezvorudzidziso. Anorondedzerwa semunhu akananga neakatendeseka asina kuvhundutswa nokutyisidzira kwakanga kwakamupoteredza. Pasinei zvapo nechishoro chechechi kuSosaiti yemaBhaibheri yechiRussia uye idi rokuti vamwe vakarangarira kuti yaimirira fariro dzokumwe, Purofesa Pavsky vakapfuurira kushandurira ndima dzeBhaibheri muchiRussia pahurukuro dzavo. Vadzidzi vake vaimuyemura vakakopa namaoko shanduro dzake uye, pashure penguva yakati, vakakwanisa kubatanidza basa rake. Muna 1839 vakazvishingisa kuti vabudise makopi 150 pamuchina wokutsikirira—vasina kutenderwa navatongi.
Shanduro yaPavsky yakaorora varavi vakawanda zvikuru, uye kudikanwa kwayo kwakaramba kuchikura. Asi muna 1841 munhu asingazivikanwi akanyunyuta kuvafundisi vacho pamusoro pe“ngozi” yeshanduro iyi, achitaura kuti yaitsauka mudzidziso yeOrthodox. Makore maviri gare gare vafundisi vacho vakarayira kuti: “Torai makopi ose aripo akanyorwa namaoko uye akadhindwa eshanduro yaG. Pavsky eTestamende Yekare muaparadze.”
Kurumbidza Zita raMwari
Kunyange zvakadaro, Pavsky akanga amutsiridza fariro mukushandura Bhaibheri. Akanga agadzawo muenzaniso unokosha kuvashanduri vomunguva yemberi mune imwe nhau inokosha—zita raMwari.
Munzveri wokuRussia Korsunsky akatsanangura kuti: “Zita raMwari chairo, zita rake dzvene zvikurusa, rakaumbwa namabhii mana echiHebheru יהוה uye zvino rinodudzirwa kuti Jehovha. Mumakopi akare eBhaibheri, zita iroro rakasiyana raMwari rinooneka kane zviuru muMagwaro echiHebheru oga. Zvisinei, vaJudha vakaita mhosho yokusvika pakudavira kuti zita raMwari rakanga richinyanyoyera kuti rinyorwe kana kuti kutaurwa. Nezvaizvozvi, Korsunsky akati: ‘Mukutaura kana kuti kunyora, raiwanzotsiviwa naAdonai, shoko rinowanzoshandurwa kuti “Ishe.”’
Nenzira yakajeka, kurega kushandisa zita raMwari kwakanga kuri nemhaka yokutya magamuchidzanwa—kwete kutya Mwari. Hapana apo Bhaibheri pacharo rinorambidza kushandiswa kwezita raMwari. Mwari pachake akaudza Mosesi kuti: “Undoti kuvana vaIsraeri: Jehovha, Mwari wamadzibaba enyu . . . wakandituma kwamuri; ndiro zita rangu nokusingaperi, ndiro zita ravachandirangarira naro kusvikira kumarudzi ose.” (Eksodho 3:15) Nguva nenguva, Magwaro anokurudzira vanamati kuti: “Vongai Jehovha, paridzai zita rake.” (Isaya 12:4) Kunyange zvakadaro, vashanduri veBhaibheri vakawanda vakasarudza kutevera tsika dzechiJudha uye vakadzivisa kushandisa zita raMwari.
Zvisinei, Pavsky haana kutevera tsika idzi. Mukushandura kwake Mapisarema roga, zita raJehovha rinooneka kanopfuura ka35. Kushinga kwake kwakanga kuchizova nepesvedzero inokosha pane mumwe wevairarama panguva imwe naye.
Bhishopi Makarios
Uyu airarama panguva imwe naye akanga ari bhishopi Makarios, mufundisi weOrthodox wokuRussia akanga ane unyanzvi hwemitauro hunoshamisa. Pazera duku ramakore manomwe, aigona kushandurira magwaro mapfupi echiRussia muchiLatin. Paakanga ava namakore 20, aiziva chiHebheru, chiGerman, uye chiFrench. Zvisinei, murangariro wokuzvininipisa uye pfungwa yokudisa mutoro wake kuna Mwari yakamubetsera kudzivisa musungo wokunyanyozvivimba. Akaramba achitsvaka mazano edzimwe nyanzvi dzemitauro nevadzidzi.
Makarios aida kuchinja basa roufundisi muRussia. Airangarira kuti chiKristu chisati chaendeswa kuvaMuslim navaJudha muRussia, chechi yaifanira ku“ita kuti vanhuwo zvavo vanzwisise kupfurikidza nokutanga zvikoro nokuparadzira maBhaibheri mumutauro wechiRussia.” Muna March 1839, Makarios akasvika muSt. Petersburg, achikarira kuti atenderwe kushandurira Magwaro echiHebheru muchiRussia.
Makarios akanga atoshandura mabhuku eBhaibheri aIsaya naJobho. Zvisinei, vafundisi vakaramba kumutendera kuti ashandurire Magwaro echiHebheru muchiRussia. Kutaura idi, Makarios akaudzwa kuti arege kumbofunga zvokushandurira Magwaro echiHebheru mumutauro wechiRussia. Musangano wacho wakapa mutongo, wakanyorwa kuti April 11, 1841, uchirayira Makarios “kuti ashande mavhiki matatu kusvika kumatanhatu pamusha wabhishopi muTomsk kuitira kuti achenese hana yake kupfurikidza nomunyengetero uye kupfugama.”
Kushinga kwaMakarios
Kubva muna December 1841 kusvika muna January 1842, Makarios akaita mutongo wake. Asi izvozvo zvangoitwa, akakurumidza kuvamba kushandura Magwaro echiHebheru ose akanga asara. Akanga awana kopi yeshanduro yaPavsky yeMagwaro echiHebheru uye akaishandisa kuti anzvere kushandura kwake pachake. Kufanana naPavsky, akaramba kubvisa zita raMwari. Kutaura idi, zita rokuti Jehovha rinooneka kanopfuura ka3 500 mushanduro yaMakarios!
Makarios akatumira makopi ebasa rake kushamwari dzaifarira. Kunyange zvazvo makopi mashomanene akanyorwa namaoko akaparadzirwa, chechi yakaramba ichidzivisa kubudiswa kwebasa rake. Makarios akaita gadziriro yokutsigira Bhaibheri rake kune dzimwe nyika. Manheru omusi wokuenda kwake, akarwara ndokufa nokukurumidza pashure pacho, mugore ra1847. Shanduro yake yeBhaibheri haina kumbobudiswa panguva yaakanga achiri kurarama.
Yakazobudiswa Pakupedzisira!
Pakupedzisira, masimba ezvematongerwe enyika norudzidziso akachinja. Kusaomerera pazvinowanzodavirwa kwakapararira munyika yacho, uye muna 1856 vafundisi vakatenderazve kushandurwa kweBhaibheri muchiRussia. Muaya mamiriro ezvinhu akavandudzwa, Bhaibheri raMakarios rakabudiswa muzvikamu muOrthodox Review pakati pa1860 na1867, pasi pomusoro waiti An Experiment of Translation Into the Russian Language.
Bhishopi mukuru Filaret weChernigov, nyanzvi yemabhuku orudzidziso echiRussia, yakarumbidza Bhaibheri raMakarios ichiti: “Shanduro yake inoomera kurugwaro rwechiHebheru, uye mutauro weshanduro yacho wakachena uye wakafanira nhau yacho.”
Zvisinei, Bhaibheri raMakarios harina kumbobudisirwa vanhuwo zvavo. Kutaura idi, rakanga rotoda kukanganwika. Muna 1876 Bhaibheri rose, kubatanidza ose ari maviri Magwaro echiHebheru neechiGiriki, rakashandurirwa pakupedzisira muchiRussia zvatenderwa nevafundisi. Iri Bhaibheri rakakwana rinowanzonzi shanduro yevafundisi. Nenzira inoshamisa, shanduro yaMakarios, pamwe chete neyaPavsky, dzakashanda semanyuko eiyi shanduro “ine mvumo” yeChechi yeOrthodox yeRussia. Asi zita raMwari rakashandiswa munzvimbo shomanene bedzi parinooneka mumutauro wechiHebheru.
Bhaibheri raMakarios Nhasi
Bhaibheri raMakarios rakaramba rakavigwa kusvikira muna 1993. Sezvataurwa pakutanga, panguva iyoyo kopi yaro yakawanwa mumagazini ekare eOrthodox Review muchikamu chamabhuku asingawaniki eNational Library yeRussia. Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakaziva kukosha kwokuita kuti Bhaibheri iri riwanike kuvanhu vose. Raibhurari yacho yakapa Sangano Rorudzidziso reZvapupu zvaJehovha muRussia mvumo yokuti riwane kopi yeBhaibheri raMakarios kuitira kuti rigadzirirwe kudhindiswa.
Ipapo Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakaronga kuti makopi anoda kusvika 300 000 eBhaibheri iri adhindwe muItaly nokuda kwokuparadzirwa muRussia yose uye mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda kunotaurwa chiRussia. Mukuwedzera kushanduro yaMakarios yeMagwaro echiHebheru akawanda, ichi chinyorwa cheBhaibheri chine shanduro yaPavsky yeMapisarema pamwe chete neshanduro yakatenderwa nevafundisi veChechi yeOrthodox yeMagwaro echiGiriki.
Muna January wegore rino, rakabudiswa mukati memusangano wenhau muSt. Petersburg, Russia. (Ona peji 26.) Zvirokwazvo varavi vechiRussia vachavhenekerwa zvechokwadi uye vachavakwa neiri Bhaibheri idzva.
Kubudiswa kweiri Bhaibheri nokudaro kukunda kworudzidziso uye kwemabhuku! Uyewo chiyeuchidzo chinosimbisa kutenda cheuchokwadi hwemashoko aIsaya 40:8: “Uswa hunooma, ruva rinosvava; asi shoko raMwari wedu richagara nokusingaperi.”
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Bhaibheri Rinorumbidzwa Navatsoropodzi
“CHIMWEZVE chinyorwa chamabhuku chabudiswa: Bhaibheri raMakarios.” Nesumo iyoyo, pepanhau reKomsomolskaya Pravda rakazivisa kubudiswa kweBhaibheri raMakarios.
Pashure pokucherekedza kuti Bhaibheri harina kuoneka mumutauro wechiRussia kutozosvikira pashure pemakore “120 akapfuura,” pepanhau iri rakati: “Kwamakore akawanda chechi yakanga isingadi kushandurwa kwemabhuku matsvene kuti ave mumutauro uri nyore kurava. Yaramba shanduro dzinoverengeka, chechi pakupedzisira yakabvumirana neimwe yadzo muna 1876, uye yakasvika pakuzivikanwa seshanduro yevafundisi. Zvisinei, haina kubvumirwa mumachechi. Imomo, kusvikira nhasi, Bhaibheri rinozivikanwa bedzi riri muchiSlavonic.”
Pepanhau rinonzi St. Petersburg Echo rakataurawo kukosha kwokubudisa Bhaibheri raMakarios, richiti: “Nyanzvi dzine chiremera dzinobva kuSt. Petersburg State University, Herzen Pedagogical University, uye State Museum of Religious History dzakarumbidza ichi chinyorwa chitsva cheBhaibheri zvikuru.” Richitaura nezvekushandurwa kweBhaibheri muchiRussia naMakarios naPavsky muhafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rapfuura, pepanhau racho rakati: “Kusvika panguva iyoyo, muRussia Bhaibheri raingogona kuraviwa muchiSlavonic, icho chaingonzwisisika kumitezo yevafundisi bedzi.”
Kubudiswa kweBhaibheri raMakarios neZvapupu zvaJehovha kwakataurwa mukati memusangano wenhau muSt. Petersburg pakuvamba kwegore rino. Pepanhau reNevskoye Vremya romunzvimbomo rezuva nezuva rakati: “Nyanzvi dzine chiremera . . . dzakasimbisa kuti chinyorwa chacho chinofanira kuyerwa sechiitiko chine ukoshi hukuru muupenyu hwetsika hweRussia neSt. Petersburg. Pasinei zvapo nezvinofunga munhu pamusoro pomubato weiri sangano rorudzidziso, kudhindiswa kwechinyorwa ichi cheshanduro yeBhaibheri yakanga isingazivikanwi kusvika panguva ino pasina kupokana kunobetsera zvikuru.”
Chokwadi, vose vanoda Mwari vanofadzwa apo Shoko rake rakanyorwa rinoitwa kuti riwanike mumutauro unogona kuraviwa nokunzwisiswa navanhu vose zvavo. Vadi veBhaibheri kwose kwose vanofadzwa kuti imwe shanduro yeBhaibheri yakaitwa kuti iwanike kumamiriyoni evanhu vanotaura chiRussia munyika yose.
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Kubudiswa kweBhaibheri raMakarios kwakaziviswa pamusangano uyu
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MuNational Library yeRussia umo makawanikwa pfuma yakavanzwa
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Peter the Great akaedza kuti Bhaibheri ribudiswe muchiRussia
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Corbis-Bettmann
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Gerasim Pavsky, uyo akabetsera kushandurirwa kweBhaibheri muchiRussia
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Bhishopi Makarios, ane zita rakapiwa Bhaibheri idzva rechiRussia