Matambudziko Evarimi Anokonzerwa Nei?
“Vashandi veFarm Stress Line vakadzidziswa kukubatsira kutarisana nokuzvidya mwoyo munyaya yokurima. Tiri varimi uye taimbova varimi—sewewo—uye tinonzwisisa zvinetso zviri kutarisana nemhuri dzokumaruwa. Tinogona kuita kuti utaure nevanhu vanogona kubatsira. . . . Hapana chatinozomboti bufu pane zvose zvatinokurukurirana.”—Kubva panzvimbo yehurumende yeCanada yokubudisira mashoko paIndaneti.
KUZVIDYA mwoyo iye zvino kwava kuzivikanwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzoutano senjodzi inowanika mubasa rokurima. Kubatsira varimi kurarama nako, kune nyanzvi dzokushanda kwepfungwa muzvipatara dzinobatsira vanozvidya mwoyo mune zvokurima, dzichipa zvinhu zvakadai semapoka anotsigira uye nhare dzine vanobatsira nemazano.
Jane, mumwe mudzimai womurimi anopinda purogiramu inopa mazano neboka remanheru musi weChina. “Ndakauya kuno nokuti murume wangu akazviuraya,” anotsanangura kudaro Jane. “Vavariro yake nguva dzose yaiva yokurima purazi rakasiyiwa nemhuri, uye ndinofunga kuti kana aizotadza kuzviita, hapana chimwe chaaida kuita.”
Vakawanda vakaona varimi vazhinji vari kutsvaka kusununguka pakuzvidya mwoyo. Chii chaizvo chinokonzera matambudziko aya ari kutarisana nevarimi vakawanda?
Njodzi Dzinongoitika Dzoga uye Zvirwere
Nzvimbo yehurumende yokubudisira mashoko paindaneti yataurwa kwokutanga inoti: “Basa chairo rokurima rinoreva kuti zvinhu zvako zvakawanda zvoupenyu hwezuva nezuva—mamiriro okunze, mitengo, mari yomubereko, kufa kwezvishandiso—zvinhu zvausingakwanisi kudzora. Kunyange kusarudza pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvakadai sokuti worima chirimwa chipi kana kutenga munda [noku]upa mukweretesi zvinogona kukonzera kuzvidya mwoyo, sezvo magumisiro acho achigona kunge akanaka kana kuti asina.” Zvinhu izvi pazvinowedzerwa nokutyisidzirwa nokusanaya kwakanaka kwemvura kana zvirwere kana kuti kurasikirwa nepurazi, kuzvidya mwoyo kwacho kunogona kukuvadza kwazvo.
Somuenzaniso, kusanaya kwemvura, kunogona kuva mufakaviri. Murimi anonzi Howard Paulsen akatsanangura kuti kusanaya kwemvura kwa2001, uko kwakanga kwakaipisisa munhau yeCanada, kwakakanganisa zvirimwa uye zvipfuwo zvake. Zvapakanga pasisina mafuro kana zvirimwa zvokukohwa, zvokudya zvezvipfuwo zvaifanira kutengwa. “Ndakatoshandisa CAD$10 000 (Z$8 240 000) pazvokudya zvezvipfuwo uye iye zvino ndiri kuzvipa zvokudya zvinofanira kushandiswa munguva yechando,” akadaro. “Ukangotanga kudaro chete, hapana purofiti kunyange panozotengeswa zvipfuwo zvacho.” Mudzimwe nzvimbo, mafashamo akaparadza mapurazi akawanda—achiparadza goho rose.
MuBritain kuvapo kwechirwere chemahwanda muna 2001 ndiko chete chinetso chichangobva kuitika panhevedzano yezvinetso zvakawanwa nevarimi vokuBritain, kusanganisira chirwere chemombe dzinopenga uye fivhiri yenguruve. Zvirwere izvi—uye kutyira kuti zvinotapukira kuvanhu—kunoparira zvakawanda kudarika kukuvadzwa mune zvemari. Agence France-Presse yakati: “Varume vakasimba vokumaruwa, vaya vasingachemi nhando, vakaonekwa vachisvimha misodzi sezvavaitarisa varapi vezvipfuwo vehurumende vachikandira mumoto mirwi yezvipfuwo zvavakapedza upenyu hwose vachichengeta.” Zvichitevera kuvapo kwechirwere chemahwanda, mapurisa akatotanga kutora pfuti kuvarimi vaigona kungozviuraya. Masangano anopa mazano akawandirwa nenhare dzaidirana dzichibva kuvarimi vaishushikana.
Kusagadzikana Kwoupfumi
Pave panewo kuchinja kukuru mune zvoupfumi. “Pakati pa1940 nema1980,” rinodaro butiro reshure rebhuku rinonzi Broken Heartland, “mari yaishandiswa mukurima muAmerica’s Heartland yakawedzera nekatatu, kutenga zvokushandisa kwakawedzera nekana, mari yomubereko yakawedzera nekagumi, purofiti yakaderera ne10 muzana, uwandu hwevarimi hwakaderera nevaviri pavatatu, uye runenge ruwa rwose rwokurima rwakarasikirwa nevanhu, mabhizimisi, uye kugadzikana kwoupfumi.”
Nei purofiti yatadza kuramba ichienderana nokudhura kwezvinhu kuri kuwedzera? Munyika yanhasi yakabatana, varimi vanovhiringidzwawo panovhiringika misika yepasi pose. Saka varimi vanotozoona vava kukwikwidzana nevagadziri vezvokudya vanenge vari kure nezviuru zvemakiromita. Chokwadi, kutengeserana kwomunyika yose kwakaita kuti pave nemisika mitsva yezvirimwa, asi kutengeserana kwomunyika yose kunogona kusagadzikana zvakaipisisa. Somuenzaniso, muna 1998 vagadziri vakawanda vemakushe uye vechibage muCanada vakatarisana nokupererwa nemari mumabhangi apo vatengi vezvinhu zvavo kuAsia vakatambura nechibingamupinyi choupfumi.
Kuparara Kwenzanga
Purofesa Mike Jacobsen weUniversity of Iowa, uyo anoshanda nenyaya dzokumaruwa, akacherechedza kuti matambudziko anowanika pamapurazi matambudzikowo enzanga yokumaruwa. Anoti: “Nzvimbo idzi dzakanakira vana, dzakachena, inzvimbo kwaungada kuroora kana kuroorwa uye kurerera vana vako. Zvikoro zvacho zvakanaka. Zvakachengeteka. Ndiwo maonero anoita vanhu, handizvo here? Chokwadi, upfumi hwemataundi aya hunotsamira zvikuru pamapurazi maduku emhuri dziri munzvimbo dzakapoteredza.” Somugumisiro, matambudziko anowanika pamapurazi anoonekawo nokuvharwa kwezvipatara, zvikoro, nzvimbo dzokudyira, zvitoro, uye machechi ari mumataundi okumaruwa. Chimwe chinhu chinokwezva choupenyu hwokurima, kuvapo kwenzanga yakabatana chaizvo, asi iri kunyangarika.
Saka, hazvishamisi kuti maererano nemagazini yeNewsweek, inoda kuva 16 muzana yevagari vokumaruwa kuAmerica varombo. Mumushumo wake waiti “Matambudziko Okumaruwa muAustralia,” Geoffrey Lawrence anonyora kuti muAustralia, “kushayikwa kwemabasa, kushanda usingapiwi mari yakakodzera uye urombo zvakakwirira kwazvo kumaruwa kudarika munzvimbo dzomumaguta.” Kusagadzikana kwoupfumi kwakamanikidza mhuri dzakawanda—zvikurukuru vaduku—kutamira kuguta. Sheila, uyo anorima nemhuri yake, anobvunza kuti: “Mamiriro aya ezvinhu acharamba aripo kusvika rini tisati tarasikirwa nevanhu vanoda zvokurima?”
Pamusana pokudirana kumaguta kwechizvarwa chevechiduku, mumataundi mazhinji okumaruwa mangosara vanhu vakura. Nzanga idzi hadzina kungorasikirwa nevaduku vane simba asiwo kuvapo kwevanotsigira vakura—kazhinji apo kutarisira uku kunodiwa kwazvo. Zvinonzwisisika kuti, vechikuru vakawanda vanovhiringika uye vanotyiswa nokuchinja uku kuri kuitika nokukurumidza.
Saka matambudziko evarimi anoparadza uye anosvika kure. Anobata tose. Asi, sezvicharatidzwa munyaya ichatevera, pane chikonzero chokudavira kuti matambudziko evarimi achaguma.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 6]
Munzanga yomunyika yose yanhasi, varimi vanovhiringidzwawo nokutengeserana pamisika yepasi rose
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 6]
“Mamiriro aya ezvinhu acharamba aripo kusvika rini tisati tarasikirwa nevanhu vanoda zvokurima?”
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 7]
KURIMA USINGASHANDISI MAKEMIKARI
Zvokudya zvisina kurimwa pachishandiswa makemikari zviri kuwedzera kufarirwa nevanhu. Vanotenga zvokudya zvisina kurimwa pachishandiswa makemikari muCanada vari kuwedzera pamwero unenge 15 muzana gore roga roga.
Zvokudya zvisina makemikari chii? Mumwe mushumo wakaitwa neAlberta Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development unozvirondedzera se“zvokudya zvinorimwa nokugadzirwa pasingashandiswi makemikari, uye pachisimudzirwa utano hwevhu, kuvapo kwezvipenyu zvemarudzi akawanda panzvimbo, kutarisira mhuka dzisinganetswi uye kushandisa miitiro inochengetedza zvakanaka zvakapoteredza.”
Varimi vasingashandisi makemikari vanoti, izvi zvakasiyana nezvokudya zvinogadzirwa pamapurazi makuru anogadzira zvinhu zvokutengesa. “Kuwanda kweminda kunokonzera kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvakawanda zvemhando imwe, izvo kubereka kwazvo kukuru kunokonzerwa nemichina yakawanda nemishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene nefetiraiza,” anonyora kudaro Katharine Vansittart muCanadian Geographic. “Kuwedzera pane zvinogona kusiyiwa nemakemikari akadaro pazvokudya, zvinovaka muviri zvinoderera kana chirimwa chikakohwewa chisina kuibva, izvo zvinokosha zvikuru kana chichizonotengeserwa kure. Kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti zvirimwa zvasvika kwazvinofanira zvichakanaka, zvingaiswa makemikari, kuiswa namo kana kupiswa nemagetsi kuti zvisaore.”
Ndiani ari kutenga zvokudya zvisina kurimwa pachishandiswa makemikari? Mushumo weAlberta unotaura kuti vatengi vacho “vanobvira pavayaruki vanotyira utano hwavo, kusvika kuvanaamai vane hanya, nevakwegura vakaberekwa hondo yenyika yechipiri ichangopera. . . . Havasisiri vana vokuma1960.”
Zvisinei, havasi vanhu vose vanobvuma kuti zvokudya zvinorimwa zvisina makemikari zviri nani. Canadian Geographic inoti: “Kudhura kunowanzoita zvokudya izvi kunokonzera kuti vamwe vasina chokwadi nazvo vasaona kukosha kwazvo pasina uchapupu hwakasimba hwesayenzi hwokuti zvinobatsira. Vamwe vanotyira kuva nezvokudya zvemhando mbiri zvisingabatanidzi varombo.” Vatsigiri vezvokudya zvisingarimwi nemakemikari vanopikisa vachiti kuchinja zvokudya, matengesero, uye matakuriro kunogona kuita kuti zviwanike kuvanhu vose, pasinei nemari yavo. Pamusana pepfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana uye uzivi hwesayenzi, kukakavadzirana zvokudya zvisina makemikari kungasapera nokukurumidza iye zvino.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]
MISHONGA YEZVIPEMBENENE—DAMBUDZIKO ROMURIMI
Zvipembenene nezvirwere zvezvirimwa mudzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika zvakakuvadza zvaizova zvirimwa 75 muzana. Nzira chete yakajairika ndeyokungorima zvirimwa zvakawanda. Pepanhau reGlobe and Mail rinoti: “Varimi vokuCanada vakaedza kukunda dambudziko racho nokushandisa nzira itsva dzakagadzirirwa kuwedzera zvirimwa, zvichiita kuti vawane zvakawanda zvokutengesa.” Asi, Terence McRae wesangano rinoona nezvezvakapoteredza kuCanada anoyambira kuti: “Kuchinja kwakawanda uku kwakawedzera mikana yokuparadzwa kwemasango nokurima.”
Zvakadini nokushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene? Izviwo zvinokonzera dambudziko kuvarimi, sezvo kukakavadzana kuchiri kutsviriridza nezvokushanda kwemishonga iyi uye ngozi yainokonzera kuutano. Mumwe mushumo weWorld Health Organization wakabvuma kuti muchetura uye ngozi yemishonga yezvipembenene haisati yazivikanwa zvizere. Ngozi ingangovapo ingawedzera sezvo mishonga yezvipembenene ichipinda muzvokudya. Mhuka dzinodya uswa hwakafiritwa mishonga yezvipembenene. Vanhu vozodyawo mhuka dzacho.
[Kwazvakatorwa]
USDA Photo by Doug Wilson