Mitero—Mubayiro “Wenzanga Yakabudirira” Here?
“Mitero mubayiro wenzanga yakabudirira.”—Mashoko ari pachivako cheInternal Revenue Service, muWashington, D.C.
HURUMENDE dzinoti mitero haifadzi hayo asi inokosha—mubayiro “wenzanga yakabudirira.” Pasinei nokuti unobvumirana nepfungwa iyi here kana kuti kwete, hazvirambiki kuti mubayiro wacho unowanzova wakakwirira.
Mitero inogona kupatsanurwa kuiswa mumapoka maviri: yakananga uye isina kunanga. Mitero yemari inowanwa mukushanda, mitero yemakambani, uye mitero yedzimba mienzaniso yemitero yakananga. Pairi yose, mitero yemari inowanwa mukushanda, zvichida ndiyo isinganyanyi kufarirwa. Izvi zvinodaro zvikurukuru munyika dziya dzinobhadharisa mitero yemari inowanwa mukushanda zvichienderana nemawaniro omunhu—kuwanda kwemari yaunowana, ndiko kuwandawo kwomutero. Vatsoropodzi vanoti kubhadharisa mitero zvichienderana nemawaniro omunhu kunovhiringidza kushanda nesimba uye kubudirira.
OECD Observer, rimwe bhuku reOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development, rinotiyeuchidza kuti kuwedzera kumitero inobhadharwa hurumende, “vanotambira mari vangafanira kubhadhara mitero yomunharaunda, yedunhu, purovhinzi kana kuti ruwa. Ndizvo zvazviri muBelgium, Canada, Iceland, Japan, Korea, nyika dzokuNorway, Spain, Switzerland uye United States.”
Mitero isina kunanga inosanganisira mitero yezvinhu zvinotengeswa, mitero yezvinwiwa zvinodhaka nefodya, uye mitero yokutenga nokutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika. Iyi hainyanyi kuoneka kana ichienzaniswa nemitero yakananga asi inogona kungorwadza mune zvemari, zvikurukuru kuvarombo. Munyori wemagazini yokuIndia inonzi Frontline, Jayali Ghosh anoti ipfungwa yenhema kuti boka revakapfuma zvishoma nevakapfuma zvikuru ndivo vanobhadhara mutero wakakura muIndia. Ghosh anoti: “Kana ari matunhu akazvimirira mitero isina kunanga inoumba 95 muzana yemitero yose yaanounganidza. . . . Kunenge kuti varombo chaizvoizvo ndivo vanobhadhara mitero yakakura pamari yavanowana mukushanda semitero kudarika vapfumi.” Mitero yakakwirira pazvinhu zvinotengwa nevanhu vakawanda, zvakadai sesipo uye zvokudya, zviri pachena kuti ndiyo inokonzera musiyano uyu.
Hurumende dzinomboitei nemari yadzinounganidza?
Kunoenda Mari
Zvinobvumwa kuti zvinodyira hurumende mari yakawanda kuti ishande uye iite mabasa anokosha. Somuenzaniso, muFrance, munhu mumwe chete pavana anoshandira hurumende. Izvi zvinosanganisira vadzidzisi, vashandi veposvo, vemiziyamu uye vashandi vomuzvipatara, mapurisa, uye vamwe vashandi vehurumende. Mitero inodiwa kuvabhadhara. Mitero inoitawo kuti pave nemigwagwa, zvikoro, nezvipatara uye inobatsira kubhadhara mari dzemabasa akadai sokunhonga marara nokutumira zvinhu neposvo.
Mari inodiwa nemauto ndeimwewo inokonzera mitero. Vanhu vokuBritain vakapfuma ndivo vakatanga kubatirwa mutero kuti pawanikwe mari yehondo yokurwisa France muna 1799. Zvisinei, muHondo Yenyika II, hurumende yeBritain yakatanga kubata mitero pamari yevashandi. Nhasi, kubhadhara mauto enyika kuchiri kungodhura, kunyange munguva dzorugare. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute inofungidzira kuti mari yakashandiswa nenyika dzose mune zvemauto muna 2000 inenge yaiva mabhiriyoni US$798 (mabhiriyoni Z$657 552).
Kuderedza Zvinetso Zvenzanga
Mitero inoshandawo senzira yo“kuderedza zvinetso zvenzanga”—kukurudzira miitiro yakanaka kana kuti kuderedza miitiro yakaipa. Somuenzaniso, kuteresa doro, kunofungidzirwa kuti kunoderedza kunwisa. Saka, munyika dzakawanda mutengo wedoro unowedzerwa nomutero unenge 35 muzana.
Mitero inorema inoiswawo pafodya. MuSouth Africa, mitero inoumba 45 kusvika ku50 muzana yomutengo wepakiti remidzanga. Zvisinei, vavariro yehurumende mukusimudzira mitero yakadaro nguva dzose ingasava chaizvoizvo yokuva nehanya nenzanga. Sokutaura kunoita mumwe munyori Kenneth Warner mumagazini inonzi Foreign Policy, fodya “ine simba mune zvoupfumi zvokuti pagore inopinza mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora nokutengeswa kwayo uye mamwe mabhiriyoni emari yemitero.”
Mumwe muenzaniso unozivikanwa wokuderedza zvinetso zvenzanga wakaitika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Vadziki vemitemo veUnited States vakatsvaka kuderedza kuvapo kwemadzinza emhuri dzakapfuma. Sei? Nokuita kuti pave nomutero wepfuma yenhaka. Panofa mupfumi, mitero yakakwirira kwazvo inotorwa paupfumi hwake hwaakaunganidza. Vanotsigira izvi vanoti mutero wacho “unobvisa zvinhu mumhuri, kumapoka evapfumi kuzviisa kuzvizvarwa zvenyika, kuruzhinji.” Asi, zvimwe vapfumi ava vakava nenzira dzakawanda dzokuti vasatorerwe zvakawanda nomutero uyu.
Mitero iri kuramba ichishandiswa kusimudzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenzanga, zvakadai sezvakatipoteredza. The Environmental Magazine inoti: “Nyika pfumbamwe dzokuMadokero kweEurope dzakatanga kuisa mitero yezvakatipoteredza nguva ichangodarika iyi, zvikurukuru senzira yokuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo.” Mitero inoenderana nemawaniro omunhu, yambotaurwa, kumwezve kuedza kutarisira vanhu; pfungwa yacho inenge iri yokuderedza musiyano uri pakati pevapfumi nevarombo. Dzimwe hurumende dzinoderedzawo mitero yevaya vanopa mari kumasangano anoyamura kana kuvabereki vane vana.
Nei Mitemo Yacho Yakaoma Zvakadaro?
Mutero mutsva paunongovapo, vadziki vemitemo vanoedza kuvhara nzira dzingavapo dzokuunzvenga. Yeuka: Mari yakawanda iri panjodzi yokuti inogona kurasika. Zvichiguma nei? Mitemo yemitero inobva yaoma nokusanganisira zvakawanda-wanda zvisinganzwisisiki nyore. Imwe nyaya yomumagazini inonzi Time inotsanangura kuti zvakawanda zvakaoma kunzwisisa mumutemo womutero weUnited States “zvinobva pakurondedzera chinonzi mari inotambirwa nomunhu,” uye kusarudza kuti imarii inofanira kubatwa. Chimwewo chinoita kuti zviome kunzwisisa zviuru zvemitemo “inobvumira kubviswa kweimwe mari mutero usati wabatwa uye kusabatirwa mimwe mitero.” Zvisinei, haisi United States yoga ine mitemo yemitero yakaoma. Bumbiro idzva remitemo yemitero reUnited Kingdom rakasvika mapeji 9 521, richizadza mavhoriyamu gumi.
Office yeTax Policy Research paUniversity yeMichigan inoti: “Gore roga roga vateri muUnited States vanopedza mabhiriyoni matatu emaawa vachizadzisa mapepa avo emitero yemari yavanotambira. . . . Zvose, nguva nemari yakashandiswa nevateri veUnited States vanowana mari nokushanda [kuzadzisa mapepa emitero] mabhiriyoni US$100 (mabhiriyoni Z$82 400) gore negore, kana kuti inenge 10 muzana pamitero yakaunganidzwa. Mitemo iyi yakaoma yemitero ndiyo inoita kuti munhu azopedzisira abhadhara mari zhinji.” Reuben, ataurwa kwokutanga munyaya yapfuura anoti: “Ndaiedza ndoga kunyora mitero yandaizotera, asi zvaidya nguva, uye kazhinji ndainzwa sokuti ndakanga ndichibhadhara mari yakawanda kudarika yandaifanira. Saka iye zvino ndinobhadhara munhu anoziva akaunzi kuti andiitire svomhu dzemitero yangu.”—Ona bhokisi rinoti “Kuteerera Mitemo yeMitero,” papeji 8.
Vanobhadhara, Vanonzvenga Kuibhadhara, uye Vasingabhadhari
Vanhu vakawanda vanobvuma havo kubatsira kwemitero kunzanga yavo asi vachinyunyuta. Mutungamiriri weBritish Inland Revenue akambotsanangura kuti: “Hakuna anofarira kubatirwa mutero pamari yake yaanotambira, asi vanhu vashoma vanofunga kuti taizova nani tisingateri.” Vamwe vanofungidzira kuti vanhu vanobvuma kubhadhara mutero muUnited States vanosvika 90 muzana. Imwe nyanzvi yezvemitero inobvuma kuti: “Zvinonyanya kukonzera kusateerera kuoma kunzwisisa kwemitemo nemaitirwo acho, panzvimbo pokusabhadhara nemaune.”
Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawanda vanotsvaka nzira dzokunzvenga nadzo kubhadhara mimwe mitero. Somuenzaniso, chimbofunga zvakataurwa neimwe nyaya yomuU.S.News & World Report nezvemitero yemakambani: “Makambani akawanda anonzvenga zviri pamutemo kubhadhara mitero yakawanda yaanenge achifanira kubhadhara—dzimwe nguva yose zvayo—nokukwidza mari isingabatirwi mutero nedzimwe nzira dzokuita chitsotsi nepenzura.” Ichipa mumwe muenzaniso werimwe zano roungwaru, nyaya yacho inoenderera mberi ichiti: “Imwe kambani yokuUnited States yakavhura kambani yayo munyika yaiva nemitero yakaderera. Ichibva yaita kuti iya yaiva muUnited States iite sekabazi kadiki kekambani yaiva kunze kwenyika.” Saka kambani yacho haibhadhariswi mitero yeUnited States—iyo ingave yakakwirira kusvika ku35 muzana—kunyange zvazvo “dzimbahwe rayo ringave riri duku zvokungova kabhineti remafayera nebhokisi retsamba zvoga.”
Tevere kune zvokusabhadhara mitero yacho zvachose. Zvinonzi kusabhadhara mitero kunoonekwa so“mutambo wenyika” mune imwe nyika yokuEurope. Maererano nokumwe kuongorora muUnited States, varume 58 muzana chete vaiva nemazera ari pakati pe25 ne29 vaidavira kuti zvaiva zvakaipa kusazivisa hurumende mari yose yaunotambira. Vanyori vokuongorora uku vanobvuma kuti: “Mushumo wacho hautauri zvakawanda nezvetsika uye kuzvibata kwenzanga yedu.” MuMexico kusabhadhara mitero kunofungidzirwa kuti kungasvika 35 muzana.
Kunyange zvakadaro, vanhu vanowanzobvuma kuti mitero inodiwa uye havanetseki havo nokubhadhara chikamu chavo. Zvisinei, mashoko akakurumbira anonzi akataurwa naTibherio Kesari anoita seechokwadi anoti: “Mufudzi akanaka anofanira kuveura makwai ake, kwete kuabvisa ganda.” Kana uchinzwa sokuti uri kubiridzirwa nourongwa hunenge hunorema, husina kururamisira, uye hwakaoma kwazvo, asi chaizvo unofanira kuona sei kubhadhara mitero?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 7]
Funga Usati Watama!
Urongwa hwemitero hunosiyana nyika nenyika. Zvechokwadi, mitero yomunharaunda yemari yaunotambira ingasiyana zvikuru munyika imwe chete iyoyo. Zvinobatsira here kufunga zvokutamira kunzvimbo ine mitero yakaderera? Zvichida, asi unofanira kufunga usati watama.
Somuenzaniso, imwe nyaya iri muOECD Observer inoyeuchidza vaverengi kuti mutero wemari yaunotambira handiwo woga mutero. Inoti: “Mari chaiyoiyo yomutero womunhu nomunhu anotera inenge inewo dzimwe mari dzinobviswa dzakasiyana-siyana.” Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzine mutero wemari yaunotambira wakaderera. Asi “dzinoyamura zvishoma, hadziwanzovi nezvimwe zvinhu zvadzisingabhadharisi nokuderedza mitero.” Saka munhu anogona kuzoguma ava kubhadhara mari yakawanda ikoko kudarika ari munyika dzinobhadharisa mitero yakakwirira idzo dzine zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvadzisingabhadharisi nokuderedza mitero.
MuUnited States, vamwe vanofunga kutamira kumaruwa asingabati mitero yemari yavanoshandira. Asi chaizvoizvo izvi zvinoreva kuchengetedza mari here? Kwete maererano neKiplinger’s Personal Finance, iyo inoti: “Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kutsvakurudza kwedu kunoratidza kuti maruwa asingabhadharisi mitero yemari yaunotambira anozowana mari yacho nokuchaja mitero yakakwirira padzimba, kumitero yezvinhu zvinotengeswa uye kumamwewo mapoka emitero.”
[Bhokisi riri papeji 8]
Kuteerera Mitemo yeMitero
Kuvakawanda vedu, kubhadhara mitero kunonetesa pfungwa, chokwadi, mutoro unorema. Saka Mukai! yakabvunza imwe nyanzvi yezvemitero kuti ipe mazano anoshandisika.
“Wana zano rakanaka. Izvi zvinokosha, nokuti mitemo yemitero inogona kuva yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye kusaziva mutemo hakuwanzogamuchirwa sechikonzero chinonzwika chokusauteerera. Kunyange zvazvo muteri angafunga kuti vateresi vavengi, vanowanzopa mirayiridzo yakarurama uye iri nyore yokubata nenyaya dzemitero. Zviremera zvemitero zvingada kuti uzadzise zvakarurama mapepa ako emitero paunotanga chaipo. Hazvidi kukusungisa pamusana pokusateerera.
“Kana mari dzako dzakaoma kunzwisisa, tsvaka zano kunyanzvi yemitero. Asi ngwarira! Kunyange zvazvo kune nyanzvi dzakawanda dzemitero dzinoda kukubatsira nemwoyo wose, kune dzakawandawo dzisina kudaro. Tsvaka mashoko kushamwari yaunovimba kana mumwe wezvebhizimusi waunoziva, uye imbobvunza-bvunza kuti inyanzvi ine mukurumbira wakadini.
“Ita nokukurumidza. Kunonoka kuendesa mashoko kunogona kuzokuomera.
“Chengeta zvinyorwa zvako zvakanaka. Chero nzira yaunoshandisa yokunyora nayo mumabhuku, ramba uchiita kuti ifambirane nenguva. Nenzira iyoyo, basa rauchafanira kuita panguva yaunofanira kuzadzisa mapepa ako emitero richange riri shoma. Uchavawo uri pari nani kana zvinyorwa zvako zvikafanira kuongororwa.
“Vimbika. Unganzwa kuda kubiridzira kana zvichida kukonesa mirayiridzo zvishoma. Asi vateresi vane nzira dzakawanda dzoungwaru dzokuona nadzo mashoko enhema. Zvakanaka nguva dzose kuvimbika.
“Ratidza chido. Kana anoongorora mitero yako yaunobhadhara akapa mashoko asina kururama, uchingori mutoro wako. Saka ngwarira kuti anokumiririra anoita maererano nezvido zvako.”
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Munyika dzakawanda mitero yakakwirira inoiswa pazvinhu zvinobva mufodya uye zvinwiwa zvinodhaka
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 8, 9]
Mitero ndiyo inobhadhara mabasa anokosha akawanda atingarerutsa