Kuzvarwa Kwevana Vakawanda Pachishandiswa Zvinobatsira Kubata Pamuviri

Musi waJuly 25, 1978, kubereka kunoshamisa kwakaitika muOldham, kuEngland, pakaberekwa mwana musikana anonzi Louise Joy Brown. Louise akanga ari mwana wokutanga kunambirwa kunze kwomuviri waamai.

MWEDZI mipfumbamwe izvi zvisati zvaitika, Louise akanga anambirwa murabhoritari izvi zvichiitikira kunze kwomuviri waamai [in vitro fertilization (IVF)]. Pachishandiswa nzira iyi, zai rakatorwa muna amai vake rakabatanidzwa nourume mumudziyo wegirazi. Kwapera mazuva maviri nehafu, pashure pokunge sero rezai rakamuka-kamuka kuita masero masere asingaoneki nemaziso, aya masero aikamuka-kamuka akanga akaumbana, akaiswa muchibereko chaamai vake kuti akure sezvinongoitawo mamwe ose. Kuzvarwa kwaLouise kwakatanga imwe nzira itsva yokurapa nayo kushaya mbereko.

IVF yakabatsira kuti pave nezvinozivikanwa iye zvino soruzivo rwezvinobatsira kubata pamuviri [assisted reproductive technology (ART)], izvo zvinosanganisira marudzi ose okurapa kushaya mbereko. Funga nezvemimwe mienzaniso. Muna 1984 mumwe mukadzi wokuCalifornia, U.S.A., akabereka mwana akabva muzai raiva romumwe mukadzi. Mugore iroro, mumwe mwana akaberekwa muAustralia, achikura kubva mukamwana kakanga kachangobva kunambwa kaiva kakaomeswa kuita chando. Muna 1994 mumwe mukadzi wokuItaly aiva nemakore 62, akabereka mwana, pachishandiswa mazai akabva kune mumwe mukadzi uye urume hwakabva kumurume wake.

Kufambira Mberi Kunoramba Kuchiitika

Iye zvino, anopfuura makore anenge 25 Louise Joy Brown aberekwa, vaongorori vaunganidza mishonga yakawanda kwazvo uye nzira dzokushandisa michina yemberi izvo zvachinja zvachose kurapa kushaya mbereko. (Ona mabhokisi anoti “Dzimwe Nzira Dzokurapa Kushaya Mbereko” uye “Ngozi Dzacho Ndedzipi?”) Kubudirira kwakadaro kwakawedzera zvikuru nhamba yevana vanoberekwa pachishandiswa zvinobatsira kubata pamuviri. Somuenzaniso muna 1999, ART yakaguma nokuberekwa kwevana vanopfuura 30 000 muUnited States moga. Mune dzimwe nyika dzokuScandinavia, vana vari pakati pe2 ne3 kubva muzana avo vanoberekwa gore roga roga, vanonambwa saizvozvo. Mupasi rose, vana vanenge100 000 vanoberekwa gore roga roga somugumisiro wokurapa kweIVF. Zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti vana vakadaro vanenge miriyoni imwe chete vakaberekwa kubvira muna 1978.

ART inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munyika dzakabudirira. Kurapa kwacho kwose kunoda mamiriyoni emadhora, uye rubatsiro rwokurapa runopiwa nehurumende, nomushandirwi, uye nemainishuwarenzi akazvimirira haruwanzobhadhari zvinodiwa. Magazini inonzi Time yakati “mukadzi ane makore 45 anenge arapwa kanomwe pachishandiswa IVF anogona kupedza nyore nyore madhora US$100 000 (Z$533 500 000).” Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinobatsira kubata pamuviri zvinopa tariro vakaroorana vasina mbereko avo vave vachingova nenzira imwe chete yokuva nevana—kurera vana vasiri vavo. Iye zvino nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokurapa kushaya mbereko dzinogadzirisa zvizhinji zvinokonzera kushaya mbereko muvanhukadzi nomuvanhurume.a

Nei Kwakakurumbira Kwazvo?

Chimwe chinoita kuti zvinobatsira kubata pamuviri zvive zvakakurumbira, mararamiro emazuva ano. Imwe nyaya yakabudiswa neAmerican Society for Reproductive Medicine inoti: “Zera iro vanhu vanowanzobereka naro vana rakawedzera mumakore makumi matatu akapfuura sezvo vakadzi vakawanda vakatanga kuwedzera dzidzo uye kutsvaka mabasa zvichiita kuti vanonoke kuroorwa. Panguva imwe chete, boka guru revakadzi vakaberekwa panguva ‘Yakazvarwa Vana Vakawanda’ (1946-1964) vasvika pazera rokuguma kubereka, zvichiita kuti vakawanda vezera iri vatsvake rubatsiro padambudziko rokushaya mbereko.”

Vamwe vakadzi vangasaziva kuti kukwanisa kwavo kubereka kunokurumidza kupera zvakadini pavanenge vachikura. Maererano neU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, mukadzi paanenge ava nemakore 42, mikana yake yokuva nomwana achishandisa mazai ake inenge isisapfuuri 10 muzana. Saka mazai anopiwa nevamwe vakadzi anowanzoshandisirwa vakadzi vakura vanenge vachitsvaka kurapwa neART.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvisingatarisirwi, vamwe vakaroorana vasina mbereko vano“gamuchira” kamwana kanenge kachangobva kunambwa kanenge kasara vamwe pavanorapwa dambudziko iroro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muUnited States moga, tuvana twakaomeswa kuita chando tunenge 200 000 twakachengetwa. Nhau dzakabudiswa neCBS munguva pfupi yapfuura dzakati: “Kupa vamwe tuvana tunenge tuchangobva kunambwa kwave kuchiitika chinyararire pamwero muduku kwemakore.”

Hazvishamisi kuti kubudirira mune zvokubatsira kubata pamuviri kunomutsa mibvunzo yakati kuti. Kubereka vana kworudzi urwu kungaonekwa sei kana toreva nezvetsika? Bhaibheri rinotii panyaya iyi? Mibvunzo iyi nemimwe ichakurukurwa munyaya inotevera.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Dzimwe Nzira Dzokurapa Kushaya Mbereko

AI (ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION). Iyi inzira yokuisa nayo urume munhengo dzokubereka nadzo dzomunhukadzi pasina kurara pamwe chete. AI inzira inowanzoedzwa dziri kutsanangurwa pasi apa dzisati dzashandiswa.

GIFT (GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER). Iyi nzira inosanganisira kubvisa mazai muchizvaro chomukadzi, kuabatanidza nourume, uye kushandisa laparoscope (muchina wokuongororesa mudumbu) kuti vaise mazai uye urume zvisina kusangana muchubhu inotakura mazai yomukadzi vachishandisa nzvimbo duku dzinenge dzachekwa mudumbu rake.

ICSI (INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION). (Mufananidzo wakakudziridzwa nechokuruboshwe) Iyi inzira yokuisa nayo urume zvakananga muzai.

IVF (IN VITRO FERTILIZATION). Iyi inzira yokutora nayo mazai muchizvaro chomukadzi obatanidzwa nourume kunze kwomuviri wake. Tuvana tunenge twanambwa tunobva twaendeswa muchibereko chake nepanobuda nomwana.

ZIFT (ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER). Iyi inzira yokutora nayo mazai muchizvaro chomukadzi obatanidzwa nourume kunze kwomuviri wake. Zai rinenge rabatanidzwa nourume rinobva raiswa muchubhu inotakura mazai nepanenge pachekwa padukuduku mudumbu rake.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mashoko ebhokisi anobva kuReproductive Health Information Source, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Courtesy of the University of Utah Andrology and IVF Laboratories

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

NGOZI DZACHO NDEDZIPI?

KUKANGANISA KWEVANHU. MuUnited States, muNetherlands, uye muGreat Britain, zvipatara zvinobatsira kuti pave nembereko zvakaisa netsaona urume kana kamwana kachangobva kunambwa muna amai vasiri ivo. Mune chimwe chiitiko vamwe vakaroona vakaita mapatya orumwe rudzi, uye mune chimwe chiitiko mumwe mukadzi akabereka mapatya emarudzi maviri.

KUBEREKA VANA VAKAWANDA. Kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti kubereka vana vakawanda—kunokonzerwa nokuisa muchibereko tuvana twakawanda tunenge tuchangobva kunambwa—kunowedzera mikana yokubereka gavamwedzi, vana vasingaremi zvakakodzera, vana vanoberekwa vakafa, uye vana vanoberekwa vaine urema hunogara kwenguva refu.

UREMA HWOKUBEREKWA NAHWO. Maererano nokumwe kuongorora, vana vanonambirwa kunze kwomuviri waamai vane ngozi yakakura yokuberekwa vari zvirema, vaine zvinetso zvemwoyo kana kuti zveitsvo, vaine chirimi uye vaine manhu anorambira mudumbu.

UTANO HWAVANAAMAI. Matambudziko anovapo nokurapa pachishandiswa mahormone kana kuva nenhumbu ine vana vakawanda zvinowedzera ngozi kuna vanaamai.