Tsika Padzakaderera Zvinooneka
NDIRINI paungati tsika dzakatanga kuderera zvinooneka? Kuti zvingave zvakaitika muupenyu hwako, zvichida hwehama dzako dzechikuru kana kuti hweshamwari dzako here? Vamwe vanoti tsika dzakatanga kuparara zvisina mukare akamboona pakabvondoka Hondo Yenyika I muna 1914. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Chizvarwa cha1914 [The Generation of 1914], mumwe purofesa wenhau dzakaitika kare anonzi Robert Wohl akanyora kuti: “Vaya vakararama pakaitika hondo iyi havambofi vakabvisa pfungwa yokuti imwe nyika yakanga yaguma imwe ndokutanga muna August 1914.”
Norman Cantor, mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare anoti: “Kwose kwose, tsika dzinotevedzerwa nevanhu, padzakanga dzichiri kuderera ndipo padzakaparara. Kana vezvematongerwo enyika nevakuru vakuru vemauto vakabata mamiriyoni avanotonga semhuka dziri kuda kuurayiwa, mitemo ipi yechitendero kana tsika zvingatadzisa vanhu kuti vabatane sezvinoita zvikara zvinorura zvomusango? . . . Kuteura ropa kwakaitwa muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga [1914-18] kwakarerutsa zvikuru kukosha kwoupenyu hwevanhu.”
Mubhuku rake rinonzi Pfupiso Yenhau Dzakaitika Kare, [The Outline of History] mumwe munyori wokuEngland H. G. Wells akataura kuti “tsika dzakatanga kunyatsorerutswa” pashure pokugamuchirwa kwedzidziso yokuti vanhu vakabva kumhuka. Nei? Vamwe vakafunga kuti munhu imhuka yakangokwirirawo zvayo. Muna 1920, Wells uyo aidavirawo kuti munhu akabva kumhuka, akanyora kuti: “Vamwe vakati munhu imhuka yakangofanana norumwe rudzi rweimbwa yokuIndia inoshandiswa pakuvhima ichikwanisa kugara nevanhu . . . , saka vakaona sezvakakodzera kuti vati vanhu vane simba pavanotonga vamwe vanofanira kuratidza umhuka.”
Zvechokwadi, sezvakataurwa naCantor, hondo yenyika yokutanga yakaita kuti vanhu varerutse kwazvo tsika. Akatsanangura kuti: “Chokwadi madzitateguru edu haana kuzoremekedzwa mune zvose, zvematongerwo enyika, mumapfekero, nemaonero avaiita zvepabonde.” Machechi akakanganisa dzidziso dzechiKristu nokudzidzisa kuti vanhu vakabva kumhuka uye akakurudzira kuti nyika dzirwisane zvichiita kuti vanhu varase tsika kwazvo. Brigadier General Frank Crozier wokuBritain akanyora kuti: “Machechi echiKristu ndiwo honzeri yokuuraya kwose kunoitwa uye takaashandisa takasununguka.”
Tsika Dzakaraswa
Makore gumi akatevera pashure peHondo Yenyika I, aimbonzi makore omutambarakede—tsika dzekare uye kuzvibata zvakambosendekwa ndokutsiviwa nokuraramira mafaro. Mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare Frederick Lewis Allen anoti: “Makore gumi akazotevera hondo yapera anganzi Makore Okushaya Tsika. . . . Nyika yekare zvayakanga yapfuura netsika dzayo dzakanaka dzaiita kuti upenyu huve nechinangwa, hazvina kuzova nyore kuwana dzimwe tsika dzakanaka.”
Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi kwakaitika munyika yose kuma1930 kwakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vasare vava kudya nhoko dzezvironda. Zvisinei, pakazopera makore iwayo nyika yakanga yapinda mune imwezve hondo yaitoparadza zvikuru, Hondo Yenyika II. Nenguva isipi nyika dzakanga dzava kugadzira zvombo zvinotyisa zvinoparadza, zvichibudisa nyika muKuderera kwayainge yaita muupfumi asi zvichiita kuti ipinde mune kumwe kutambura kunotyisa kusina mukare akamboona. Pakazopera hondo yacho, mazana emaguta akanga angova ungwandangwanda; maviri acho muJapan akanga aparadzwa, rimwe nerimwe nebhomba reatomu! Mamiriyoni evanhu akafa zvaityisa mumisasa yevasungwa. Hondo yacho yakauraya varume, vakadzi nevana, vose vaisvika mamiriyoni 50.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aityisa kudai eHondo Yenyika II, pane kuomerera kutsika dzakanga dzagara dzichichengetwa dzaigamuchirwa, vanhu vakatanga kurarama vachiita madiro. Bhuku rinonzi Rudo, Bonde neHondo—Kuchinja Kwetsika, 1939-45, [Love, Sex and War—Changing Values] rakati: “Panguva iyi zvaiita sokuti kusazvidzora mune zvepabonde kwaingoitwa muhondo kwakanga kwatekesherawo mumisha. . . . Kutarisira nguva yehondo yakanga yoda kubvondoka kwakaita kuti vanhu varase tsika, uye mumisha yakawanda upenyu hwakanga husingachakosheswi uye vanhu vakanga vava kukurumidza kufa sezvaiitika munzvimbo dzairwirwa hondo.”
Vanhu zvavakanga vava kutya kufa zvakaita kuti vade kurara nevamwe vanhu kuti vadzikamise pfungwa, kunyange zvenguva pfupi. Vachitaura kuti unzenza hwaiitwa hwainge hwakarurama mumakore iwayo avaiti chauya chauya, vamwe amai vokuBritain vakati: “Chaizvoizvo takanga tisiri nzenza asi yaiva nguva yehondo.” Mumwe musoja wokuAmerica akabvuma kuti, “Vanhu vakawanda vaiti havo taiva nzenza, asi taingova vaduku uye taigona kungofa chero nguva.”
Vakawanda vakapona muhondo iyoyo vakatambura pamusana pezvinhu zvinotyisa zvavakaona. Nanhasi vamwe kusanganisira vaiva vana panguva iyoyo, vari kutambura pamusana pezvinhu zvavakaona kare ikako, zvichiita sokuti zviri kuitika zvakare. Vakawanda vakasiya zvavaitenda pamwe chete netsika dzavo. Vanhu vakanga vava kutevedzera tsika dzavanoda vasingachateereri chero chiremera chipi zvacho chaigona kuvaudza zvakanga zvakanaka nezvakanga zvakaipa.
Tsika Dzakazotanga Kutevedzerwa
Hondo Yenyika II yapera, ongororo dzakabudiswa dzaitaura nezvounhu hwevanhu munyaya dzepabonde. Imwe ongororo yakadaro yakaitwa muUnited States kuma1940 yainzi Mushumo waKinsey yaiva nemapeji aidarika 800. Saka zvakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vatange kutaura pachena nyaya dzepabonde dzakanga dzisingawanzotaurwi pachena. Kunyange zvazvo nhamba dzakataurwa mumushumo wacho nezvevaya vaiita ungochani uye vaiita zvepabonde nenzira dzisiri dzomuzvarirwo dzakazoonekwa kuti dzaiva dzokuwedzeredza, ongororo yacho yakaratidza kuderera kwetsika kwakavapo hondo yapera.
Kwenguva yakati, vanhu vakaedza kuchengetedza tsika dzavo. Somuenzaniso, unzenza hwakanga husingabudiswi mumaredhiyo, mumafirimu uye mumaterevhizheni. Asi izvi hazvina kutora nguva. William Bennett, aimbova munyori wezvedzidzo muUnited States, akatsanangura kuti: “Zvisinei, kuma1960 muAmerica tsika dzakakurumidza kuramba dzichiderera zvinganzi kushaya unhu.” Uye izvi zvakaonekawo mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Nei tsika dzakaramba dzichiderera kuma1960?
Munguva iyi ndimowo makaumbwa sangano rekodzero dzevakadzi uye maonerwo ezvepabonde akanga achinja sezvo pasi pakanga parohwa nenyundo. Uyezve, mapiritsi okurera mhuri akavandudzwa. Zvakanga zvapararira kuti vanhu varare vose vasingachatyi kubata pamuviri, “vachingorara nomunhu wose wose.”
Panguva iyiwo, mapepanhau, mafirimu, uye materevhizheni zvakarerutsawo tsika. Gare gare Zbigniew Brzezinski, aimbova mukuru mukuru weSangano Rokuchengetedza Nyika muUnited States [U.S. National Security Council], akataura nezvezvaibudiswa paTV achiti: “Zvinorumbidza pachena kuzvigutsa, zvinoita kuti chisimba noutsinye zvionekwe sezvinhu zvinogamuchirwa, [uye] zvinokurudzira unzenza.”
Kuma1970 maVCR akanga atowanda. Mudzimba dzavo, vanhu vakanga vava kuona unzenza, zvinhu zvepabonde zvavakanga vasina kusununguka kuona mudzimba dzinoonerwa mafirimu noruzhinji. Kubva munguva ichangopfuura, munyika dzakawanda vanhu vane makombiyuta vava kuona kana kuverenga zvinonyadzisira zvinosembura zvinowanika paIndaneti.
Yakawanda yemigumisiro yacho inotyisa. Munguva ichangopfuura iyi mumwe mukuru wemagadhijeri pane rimwe jeri rokuUnited States akati: “Makore gumi akapfuura vechiduku pavaisungwa ndaitaura navo tichinzwisisana pamusoro pezvakanaka nezvakaipa. Asi vechiduku vanounzwa kuno mazuva ano vanongova utsi zvahwo.”
Toendepi?
Hatigoni kuenda kumachechi ari munyika kuti atitungamirire mutsika. Pane kuti atevedzere mitemo yakarurama sezvakaita Jesu nevateveri vake vomuzana remakore rokutanga, machechi akati kwati kwati nenyika ino nezvakaipa zvayo. Mumwe munyori akabvunza kuti: “Pane hondo yakamborwiwa here mapato ose airwisana akasati ari kutsigirwa naMwari?” Nezvokuchengeta mitemo yaMwari yetsika, makore akapfuura mumwe mufundisi weGuta reNew York akati: “Chechi ndiyo chete sangano rinobvumira vanhu varo kusununguka zvakanyanya kudarika vanhu vari mubhazi.”
Zviri pachena kuti kuderera kwetsika zvinooneka munyika ino kuri kuratidza kuti pane zvinofanira kukurumidza kuitwa. Asi zvii zvingaitwa? Zvii zvinofanira kuchinjwa? Ndiani angazviita, uye zvichagadziriswa sei?
[[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 23]
“Kuteura ropa kwakaitwa muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga [1914-18] kwakarerutsa zvikuru kukosha kwoupenyu hwevanhu”
[Bhokisi riri papeji 24]
UNHU NETSIKA
Unhu hwaimbova chinhu chisinganetsi kuona. Zvaigona kunzi munhu akatendeseka, akavimbika, akachena, uye anokudzwa kana kuti haana unhu uhwu. Iye zvino shoko rokuti “tsika” ratsiva rokuti “unhu.” Asi pane dambudziko nokuita izvi, sokutaura kwakaita mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare anonzi Gertrude Himmelfarb mubhuku rake rinonzi Kuparadzwa Kwetsika Munzanga [The De-Moralization of Society] achiti: “Munhu haagoni kutaura nezveunhu achiti munhu wose ane kodzero yokusarudza unhu hwaanoda, . . . sematauriro aangaita nezvetsika.”
Anoti tsika “dzingasanganisira zvatinotenda, zvatinofunga, unhu, manzwiro atinoita, zviito, bumbiro retsika, zvatinofarira, maonero atingaita vamwe, kunyange kuvaona sevasina pfungwa dzakakwana—chero chii zvacho chinokosheswa nomunhu, boka revanhu, kana kuti nzanga chero panguva ipi zvayo, nokuda kwechikonzero chero chipi zvacho.” Munzanga dzemazuva ano dzakasununguka, vanhu vanonzwa vaine kodzero dzokusarudza tsika dzavo, sokungosarudza kwavangaita zvokutenga muzvitoro. Asi kana zvakadaro chii chinoitika kuunhu hwechokwadi netsika dzechokwadi?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25, 26]
Zvava nyore chaizvo kuwana zvinovaraidza zvinonyadzisa