Fundo Pamusoro paMagwaro Akafuridzirwa Nemamirire Awo Ezvinhu Ekare

Fundo Nhamba 6—Rugwaro rwechiKristu rwechiGiriki rweMagwaro Matsvene

Kunyorwa kworugwaro rweMagwaro echiGiriki; kusvitswa kwarwo muchiGiriki nemimwe mitauro kuzuva rino; kuvimbika kworugwaro rwazvino uno.

1. Gadziriro yedzidzo yechiKristu yakatanga sei?

VAKRISTU vapakuvamba vakanga vari vadzidzisi vomunyika yose navaparidzi ve‘shoko raJehovha’ rakanyorwa. Vairangarira zvakakomba mashoko aJesu asati chaizvo akwira kudenga, kuti: “Muchapiwa simba, kana Mweya Mutsvene wauya pamusoro penyu; ipapo muchava zvapupu zvangu paJerusarema, napaJudhea rose, napaSamaria, nokusvikira kumugumo wenyika.” (Isa. 40:8; Mabasa 1:8) Sezvo Jesu akanga afanotaura, vadzidzi 120 vokutanga vakagamuchira mudzimu mutsvene, nesimba ravo rinosimbisa. Ipapo pakanga pari pazuva rePentekosta 33 C.E. Zuva rimwe chetero, Petro akatungamirira gadziriro itsva yedzidzo kupfurikidza nokupa uchapupu hwakakwana, nomugumisiro wokuti vakawanda vakagamuchira nomwoyo wose shoko racho uye vamwe vanenge 3 000 vakawedzera kuungano yechiKristu yakanga ichangobva kuvambwa.—Mabasa 2:14-42.

2. Mashokoi akanaka akaziviswa zvino, uye iri basa rokupupura rakanga riri kuratidzirwa kwechii?

² Vanyandurirwa kuchiito sezvakanga zvisina kumboita rimwe boka munhau yose, ava vadzidzi vaJesu Kristu vakavamba gadziriro yokudzidzisa iyo pakupedzisira yakafashukirira murutivi rwuri rwose rwenyika yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo. (VaK. 1:23) Hungu, izvi zvapupu zvakazvipira zvaJehovha zvakanga zvichidisa kushandisa makumbo azvo, zvichifamba paimba neimba, muguta neguta, uye munyika nenyika, zvichizivisa “mashoko omufaro ezvinhu zvakanaka.” (VaR. 10:15) Aya mashoko akanaka aitaura nezvegadziriro yorudzikinuro yaKristu, tariro yorumuko, uye Umambo hwaMwari hwakapikirwa. (1 VaK. 15:1-3, 20-22, 50; Jak. 2:5) Uchapupu hwakadaro pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingaoneki hwakanga husina kutongopiwa kare kurudzi rwomunhu. Hwakava “kuratidzirwa kuri pachena kwezvinhu chaizvoizvo kunyange zvazvo zvisingaonekwi,” kuratidzirwa kwokutenda, kuvakawanda avo zvino vakagamuchira Jehovha saChangamire Ishe wavo pahwaro hwechibayiro chaJesu.—VaH. 11:1, NW; Mabasa 4:24; 1 Tim. 1:14-17.

3. Chii chakaratidzira vashumiri vechiKristu vezana ramakore rokutanga C.E.?

³ Ava vashumiri vechiKristu, varume navakadzi, vakanga vari vashumiri vanoziva vaMwari. Vaigona kurava nokunyora. Vakanga vakadzidziswa Magwaro Matsvene. Vakanga vari vanhu vaiziva pamusoro pezviitiko zvenyika. Vakanga vakajaira kufamba. Vakanga vakafanana nemhashu mukuti vaisabvumidza mhinganidzo kupinganidza kufambira mberi kwavo mukuparadzira mashoko akanaka. (Mabasa 2:7-11, 41; Joe. 2:7-11, 25) Muzana rokutanga ramakore iroro reNguva yaVose, vakashanda pakati pavanhu vakanga vari munzira dzakawanda vakafanana zvikuru kwazvo navanhu vari munguva dzazvino uno.

4. Mukufuridzira kwaJehovha nenhungamiro, kunyorai kwakaitwa mumazuva eungano yapakuvamba yechiKristu?

⁴ Savaparidzi vanofambira mberi ve“shoko roupenyu,” vaKristu vapakuvamba vakashandisa zvakanaka mipumburu yamanyoro yeBhaibheri ipi neipi yavaigona kuwana. (VaF. 2:15, 16; 2 Tim. 4:13) Vana vavo, ndiko kuti Mateo, Marko, Ruka, uye Johane, vakafuridzirwa naJehovha kuti vanyore “mashoko akanaka pamusoro paJesu Kristu.” (Marko 1:1, NW; Mat. 1:1) Vamwe vavo, vakadai saPetro, Pauro, Johane, Jakobho, uye Judhasi, vakanyora tsamba vachifuridzirwa. (2 Pet. 3:15, 16) Vamwe vakava vanyori veaya mashoko akafuridzirwa, ayo akatsinhanwa nebetsero pakati peungano dzinowedzera. (VaK. 4:16) Uyezve, “vaapostora navarume vakuru muJerusarema” vaiita zvisarudzo zvedzidziso munhungamiro yomudzimu waMwari, uye izvozvi zvakanyorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa gare gare. Uyu mutumbi unodzora mukuru wakatumirawo tsamba dzemurayiridzo kuungano dzaiva kure. (Mabasa 5:29-32; 15:2, 6, 22-29, NW; Mab 16:4) Uye nokuda kwaikoku, vaifanira kugovera nzira dzavo vamene dzokutumira tsamba.

5. (a) Kodhekisi chii? (b) VaKristu vapakuvamba vakashandisa kodhekisi kusvikira kutambanukoi, uye ndedzipi dzakanga dziri betsero dzayo?

⁵ Kuti vakurumidzise kuparadzirwa kwaMagwaro, pamwe chete nokuagovera muchimiro chiri nyore kushandisa nokuda kwenongedzero, vaKristu vapakuvamba vakakurumidza kutanga kushandisa kodhekisi yamanyoro panzvimbo pemipumburu yamanyoro. Kodhekisi yakafanana muchimiro nebhuku razvino uno, mariri mapeji angavhurwa nenzira iri nyore mukutsvaka nongedzero, panzvimbo pokuputunura kwakati kwaidikanwa kazhinji kazhinji kana uri mupumburu wamanyoro. Uyezve, kodhekisi yakaita kuti kubvire kubatanidza manyoro omundaza yamanyoro matsvene pamwe chete, nepo ayo ari muchimiro chomupumburu wamanyoro kazhinji kazhinji aichengetwa ari mumipumburu yamanyoro yakaparadzana. VaKristu vapakuvamba vakanga vari vokutanga mukushandiswa kwekodhekisi. Vangave vakatovamba. Nepo kodhekisi yakagamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma bedzi navanyori vaisava vechiKristu, mipumburu yamanyoro yenhokwe yechiKristu mizhinjisa zvikuru yezana ramakore rechipiri nerechitatu iri mukodhekisi.a

6. (a) Nhambo yechiGiriki chekare yakanga iri rini, yaibatanidzei, uye Koine, kana kuti chiGiriki chinozivikanwa navose, yakavamba rini? (b) Koine yakatanga kushandiswa navose sei uye kusvikira kutambanukoi?

⁶ Mutoo Wekurukurirano weKoine (ChiGiriki Chinozivikanwa Navose). Inonzi nhambo yekare yemutauro wechiGiriki yakabvira muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe B.C.E. kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechina B.C.E. Iyoyi yakanga iri nhambo yetumitauro tweAttica neIonia. Makanga muri mukati meiyi nguva, uye zvikurukuru muzana ramakore rechishanu nerechina B.C.E., umo vatambi vemitambo, vanyori venhetembo, vakurukuri, vezvenhau, vazivi, uye masayendisiti vakawanda vechiGiriki vakabudirira, pana ivava Homer, Herodotus, Socrates, Plato, uye vamwe vakava vakakurumbira. Nhambo kubvira munenge muzana ramakore rechina B.C.E. kusvikira munenge muzana ramakore rechitanhatu C.E. yakanga iri nguva yeinozivikanwa seKoine, kana kuti chiGiriki chinozivikanwa navose. Kukura kwayo kwakanga kuri zvikurukuru nemhaka yemabasa ehondo aAlexander Mukuru, ane hondo yakanga yakaumbwa navarwi vaibva mumativi ose eGirisi. Vaitaura tumitauro twakasiyana-siyana twechiGiriki, uye sezvo ivava vakavhengana pamwe chete, kamutauro kanozivikanwa navose, Koine, kakatanga uye kakashandiswa zvikuru. Kukunda kwaAlexander Egipita, uye Asia kusvikira kuIndia, kwakaparadzira Koine pakati pavanhu vakawanda, zvokuti wakava mutauro wamarudzi akawanda uye wakaramba wakadaro kwamazana amakore akawanda. Mashoko echiGiriki eSeptuagint akanga ari Koine yenguva iyoyo yeAlexandria, Egipita, mukati mezana ramakore rechitatu nerechipiri B.C.E.

7. (a) Bhaibheri rinopupurira sei kushandiswa kweKoine munguva yaJesu navaapostora vake? (b) Neiko Koine yakanga yakasanokodzera nokuda kwokukurukura Shoko raMwari?

⁷ Mumazuva aJesu navaapostora vake, Koine wakanga uri mutauro wamarudzi akawanda wenzvimbo yeRoma. Bhaibheri rimene rinopupurira iri idi. Apo Jesu akarovererwa padanda, kwakanga kuri madikanwa kuti runyoro pamusoro pake ruturikwe kwete bedzi muchiHebheru, mutauro wavaJudha, asiwo muchiLatin, mutauro wapamutemo wenyika yacho, uye muchiGiriki, icho chaitaurwa mumigwagwa yeJerusarema kanodokuva kazhinji kazhinji somuRoma, Alexandria, kana kuti Atene imene. (Joh. 19:19, 20; Mabasa 6:1) Mabasa 9:29 inoratidza kuti Pauro akaparidza mashoko akanaka muJerusarema kuvaJudha avo vaitaura mutauro wechiGiriki. Koine panguva iyoyo rwakanga rwava rurimi rwakasimba, rupenyu, rwakakura zvikuru—mutauro waiva nyore uye wakasanokodzera nokuda kwechinangwa chikuru chaJehovha mukusvitsazve Shoko roumwari.

RUGWARO RWECHIGIRIKI NOKUSVITSWA KWARWO

8. Neiko zvino tichinzvera dziva remanyoro eRugwaro rwechiGiriki?

⁸ Mufundo yakapfuura, takadzidza kuti Jehovha akachengeta mvura dzake dzezvokwadi mudziva remagwaro akanyorwa—Magwaro echiHebheru akafuridzirwa. Zvisinei, zvakadiniko naMagwaro akanyorwa navaapostora navamwe vadzidzi vaJesu Kristu? Iwaya akachengetwa nokuda kwedu netarisiro yakafanana here? Kunzverwa kwedziva guru ramanyoro akachengetwa muchiGiriki, pamwe chete nomumimwe mitauro, kunoratidza kuti akadaro. Sezvatotsanangurwa, urwu rutivi rwendaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri rwakaumbwa nemabhuku 27. Rangarira mikoto yokusvitswa kwamagwaro kwaaya mabhuku 27, iyo inoratidza kuti rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwechiGiriki rwakachengetwa sei kusvikira kuzuva rino razvino.

9. (a) Magwaro echiKristu akanyorwa mumutauroi? (b) Musiyanoi unocherekedzwa naMateo?

⁹ Tsime Remanyoro echiGiriki. Mabhuku 27 omundaza yamanyoro matsvene eMagwaro echiGiriki akanyorwa muchiGiriki chavose chezuva racho. Zvisinei, bhuku raMateo sezviri pachena rakanyorwa kutanga muchiHebheru cheBhaibheri, kubatira vanhu vechiJudha. Mushanduri weBhaibheri wezana ramakore rechina Jerome anotaura izvi, achitaura kuti rakashandurirwa gare gare muchiGiriki.b Mateo amene zvimwe akaita iyi shanduro—achive akanga ari mushandi wehurumende yeRoma, muteresi, iye pasina panikiro aiziva chiHebheru, chiLatin, uye chiGiriki.—Marko 2:14-17.

10. Manyoro eBhaibheri akasvika sei kwatiri?

¹⁰ Vamwe vanyori veBhaibheri vechiKristu, Marko, Ruka, Johane, Pauro, Petro, Jakobho, uye Judhasi, vose vakanyora magwaro avo muKoine, mutauro waizivikanwa navose, mupenyu uyo wainzwisiswa navaKristu navamwe vanhu vakawanda zvikurusa vezana ramakore rokutanga. Rwokupedzisira rwamagwaro apakuvamba rwakanyorwa naJohane munenge muna 98 C.E. Sezvinozivikanwa, hapana namamwe aaya manyoro 27 apakuvamba muKoine akapukunyuka kusvikira kuzuva rino. Zvisinei, kubvira paaya manyuko apakuvamba, kwakayerera kusvika kwatiri makopi eokuvamba, makopi amakopi, uye mhuri dzamakopi, kuti aumbe dziva remanyoro aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki.

11. (a) Makopii amanyoro anowanikwa nhasi? (b) Iwaya anosiyana sei namabhuku ekare pamusoro pouwandu nenguva yokuvapo?

¹¹ Dziva Remanyoro Anopfuura 13 000. Mugove mukuru wamakopi amanyoro emabhuku 27 ose omundaza yamanyoro matsvene unowanikwa nhasi. Mamwe aiwaya anofukidza zvikamu zvikuru zvoRugwaro; mamwe zvimeduwo zvazvo. Maererano nokumwe kuverenga, kune manyoro anopfuura 5 000 ari muchiGiriki chapakuvamba. Mukuwedzera, kune manyoro anopfuura 8 000 ari mumimwe mitauro yakasiyana-siyana—hwerengedzo inopfuura manyoro 13 000 pamwe chete. Kuvambira muzana ramakore rechi2 C.E. kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechi16 C.E., ose anobetsera mukuwana rugwaro rwechokwadi, rwapakuvamba. Ekaresa aaya manyoro akawanda chimedu chemupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe cheEvhangeri yaJohane chiri muJohn Rylands Library iri muManchester, England, chinozivikanwa nenhamba P⁵², chiri chenhambo inosvika kuhafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechipiri, sezvinobvira munenge muna 125 C.E.c Nokudaro, iyi kopi yakanyorwa chikamu chimwe chezvina bedzi chinenge chezana ramakore pashure peyokuvamba. Apo tinorangarira kuti nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chorugwaro rwevanyori vekare vazhinjisa, manyoro mashomanene bedzi anowanikwa, uye iwaya haawanzova mukati memazana amakore emanyoro apakuvamba, tinogona kuonga kuti mune pfuma yakadini youfakazi hwokubatsira mukusvika parugwaro rwakatenderwa rweMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki.

12. Manyoro okutanga akanyorwa pachii?

¹² Manyoro Omupumburu Wamanyoro Wenhokwe. Semakopi apakuvamba eSeptuagint, manyoro okutanga eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akanyorwa pamupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe, uye iwoyu wakapfuurira kushandiswa nokuda kwamanyoro eBhaibheri kusvikira munenge muzana ramakore rechina C.E. Vanyori veBhaibheri sezviri pachena vakashandisawo mupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe apo vakatumira tsamba kuungano dzechiKristu.

13. Kuwanwai kunokosha kwemupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe kwakaziviswa mugore ra1931?

¹³ Zvitsama zvikuru zvemanyoro omupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe zvakawanwa muruwa rweFaiyūm, muEgypt. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, mipumburu yamanyoro enhokwe yeBhaibheri yakati yakaonekwa. Kumwe kwokuwanwa kwamanyoro kunokosha zvikurusa kwekwose kwomuzuva razvino uno kwakanga kuri kuwanwa kwakaziviswa muna 1931. Aiumbwa nemativi 11 emakodhekisi, ane zvikamu zvamabhuku 8 akasiyana-siyana eMagwaro echiHebheru akafuridzirwa namabhuku 15 eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, ose ari muchiGiriki. Iyi mipumburu yamanyoro yenhokwe inosiyana-siyana mumisi yokunyora kubvira muzana ramakore rechipiri kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechina reNguva yaVose. Zvakawanda zvezvikamu zvoRugwaro rwechiKristu rwechiGiriki zvouku kuwana zvino zviri muChester Beatty Collections uye zvakarongwa saP⁴⁵, P⁴⁶, uye P⁴⁷, chiratidzo “P” chichimirira “Papyrus.”

14, 15. (a) Ndeapi ari manyoro emupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe akatanhamara eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akarongwa mundaza iri papeji 313? (b) Ratidzira kuti New World Translation yakashandisa sei aya manyoro. (c) Kodhekisi dzapakuvamba dzemupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe dzinosimbisei?

¹⁴ Mipumburu yamanyoro yenhokwe yomumwe muunganidzwa unoshamisa yakabudiswa muGeneva, Switzerland, kubvira muna 1956 kusvikira kuna 1961. Ichizivikanwa seBodmer Papyri, inobatanidza magwaro apakuvamba eEvhangeri mbiri (P⁶⁶ neP⁷⁵) inovambira pakuvamba kwezana remakore rechitatu C.E. Ndaza inotangira iyi fundo inoronga mimwe yemipumburu yamanyoro yenhokwe yakatanhamara yeBhaibheri yakare neMagwaro echiHebheru neechiKristu echiGiriki. Mumutsetse wokupedzisira, makarongwa zvikamu zviri muNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures umo aya manyoro emupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe anopa tsigiro kushanduro dzinoitwa, uye ikoku kunoratidzirwa mumashoko omuzasi ari pamusoro pendima idzodzo.

¹⁵ Kuwanwa kweiyi mipumburu yamanyoro yenhokwe kunogovera chibvumikiso chokuti ndaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri yakapedzwa panhambo yapakuvamba zvikuru. Pakati peChester Beatty Papyri, makodhekisi maviri—imwe yakabatanidza pamwe chete mativi eEvhangeri ina naMabasa (P⁴⁵) uye imwe ichipinza mukati mamabutiro ayo 9 dzetsamba 14 dzaPauro (P⁴⁶)—anoratidza kuti Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akafuridzirwa akaunganidzwa chinguvana pashure porufu rwavaapostora. Sezvo kwaizodai kwakatora nguva kuti aya makodhekisi atenderere zvakafara ndokupinda muEgipita, kuri pachena kuti aya Magwaro akanga aunganidzwa muchimiro chawo chinogamuchirwa pakazosvika zana ramakore rechipiri, pakunonokesa. Nokudaro, pakasvika mugumo wezana ramakore rechipiri, kwakanga kusina mubvunzo asi kuti ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki yakapfigwa, kuchipedza ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yeBhaibheri rose.

16. (a) Manyoroi euncial eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akapukunyuka kusvikira kuzuva rino? (b) Manyoro euncial akashandiswa kusvikira kutambanukoi muNew World Translation, uye neiko?

¹⁶ Manyoro eVellum uye Edehwe. Sezvatakadzidza mufundo yakapfuura, vellum inogarisa zvikuru, rudzi rwakaisvonaka rwedehwe kazhinji kazhinji raigadzirwa nemakanda emhuru, gwayana, kana kuti mbudzi, yakavamba kushandiswa panzvimbo pemupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe mukunyora manyoro kubvira munenge muzana ramakore rechina C.E. zvichienda mberi. Mamwe manyoro eBhaibheri anokosha zvikuru ariko nhasi akanyorwa pavellum. Tatokurukura manyoro evellum needehwe eMagwaro echiHebheru. Ndaza iri papeji 314 inoronga mamwe amanyoro evellum needehwe akatanhamara eMagwaro eose ari maviri echiKristu echiGiriki neechiHebheru. Ayo akarongwa aMagwaro echiGiriki akanyorwa ose mumavara makuru uye anonongedzerwa kwaari semauncial. New Bible Dictionary rinoshuma manyoro euncial 274 eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, uye iwaya anovambira muzana ramakore rechina C.E. kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechigumi C.E. Ipapo kune manyoro omubatanidzwa, kana kuti ane mavara maduku anopfuura 5 000, akaitwa nomuitiro womubatanidzwa wokunyora.d Iwaya, ariwo pavellum, akanyorwa mukati menhambo inobvira muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe C.E. kusvikira kukuvambwa kwokudhinda. Nemhaka yemusi wayo wapakuvamba nokururama kukuru, manyoro euncial akashandiswa zvikuru neDare Reshanduro yeBhaibheri Renyika Itsva mukuita shanduro dzokungwarira kubva murugwaro rwechiGiriki. Ikoku kunoratidzirwa mundaza inoti “Mamwe Manyoro Makuru eVellum Needehwe.”

NHAMBO YOKUONGORORWA KWORUGWARO NOKUNATSA

17. (a) Zviitikoi zviviri zvakatungamirira kukufundwa kwakawedzerwa kwoRugwaro rwechiGiriki rweBhaibheri? (b) Erasmus akakurumbira nokuda kwebasai? (c) Rugwaro rukuru rwakadhindwa runogadzirwa sei?

¹⁷ Rugwaro rwaErasmus. Mumazana ose amakore marefu eDark Ages, apo mutauro wechiLatin wakatekeshera uye Western Europe yakanga iri muudzori hwakasimba hweChechi yeRoma Katurike, ruzivo uye kudzidza zvakanga zvakaderera. Zvisinei, nokuvamba kweEurope kudhinda kubva mumabhii anochinjika muzana ramakore rechi15 neChinjo yezana ramakore rapakuvamba rechi16, rusununguko rwakawanda rwakapararira, uye kwakanga kune kutangwazve kwokufarira mutauro wechiGiriki. Makanga muri mukati mouku kumutsidzirwa kwapakuvamba kwokudzidza umo nyanzvi yakakurumbira yeDutch Desiderius Erasmus yakaita chinyorwa chayo chokutanga chorugwaro rukuru rwechiGiriki che“Testamente Itsva.” (Rugwaro rukuru rwakadhindwa rwakadaro runogadzirwa kupfurikidza nokuenzanisa nenzira yokungwarira manyoro akati nokushandisa mashoko anobvumiranwa kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa seapakuvamba, kazhinji kazhinji anobatanidza, muzvinhu zvokushandisa zviri pasi, zvinonyorwa pamusoro pokurava kupi nokupi kwakasiyana-siyana kuri mumanyoro akati.) Ichi chinyorwa chokutanga chakadhindwa muBasel, Switzerland, muna 1516, gore rimwe Chinjo isati yatanga muGermany. Chinyorwa chokutanga chakanga chine zvikanganiso zvakawanda, asi rugwaro rwakanatswa rwakapiwa muzvinyorwa zvakatevera muna 1519, 1522, 1527, uye 1535. Erasmus akanga ane manyoro omubatanidzwa mashomanene bedzi enguva pfupi ichangobva kupfuura aiwanikwa kwaari nokuda kwokuunganidza nokugadzira rugwaro rwake rukuru.

18. Rugwaro rwaErasmus rwakabvirisa chii, uye ndiani akarushandisa zvakanaka?

¹⁸ Rugwaro rwakanatswa rwechiGiriki rwaErasmus rwakava hwaro hweshanduro dziri nani muinoverengeka yemitauro yeWestern Europe. Irworwu rwakabvirisa kuitwa kweshanduro dzakanaka kupfuura idzo dzakanga dzashandurwa kare kubva muVulgate yechiLatin. Akatanga kushandisa rugwaro rwaErasmus akanga ari Martin Luther weGermany, uyo akapedza kushandurira kwake Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki muchiGerman muna 1522. Mukutarisana nechitambudzo chikuru, William Tyndale weEngland akatevera neshanduro yake yechiNgezi kubva murugwaro rwaErasmus, achipedza iyoyi apo akanga ari muutapwa munyika yeEurope muna 1525. Antonio Brucioli weItaly akashandurira rugwaro rwaErasmus muchiItaly muna 1530. Nokusvika kworugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaErasmus, zvino kwakanga kwave kutanga nhambo yokuongororwa kworugwaro. Kuongororwa kworugwaro ndiwo mutoo unoshandiswa nokuda kwokuumbwazve nokudzorerwa kworugwaro rwapakuvamba rweBhaibheri.

19. Ndeipi iri nhau yokukamurwa kweBhaibheri kuva maganhuro nendima, uye ikoku kwakabvirisa chii?

¹⁹ Kukamura Kuva Maganhuro Nendima. Robert Estienne, kana kuti Stephanus, akanga akatanhamara somudhindi nomupepeti muzana ramakore rechi16 muParis. Zvaakanga ari mupepeti, akaona betsero inoshanda yokushandisa muitiro wemaganhuro nendima nokuda kwenongedzero iri nyore, ndizvo akatanga uyu muitiro muTestamente Itsva yake yechiGiriki nechiLatin muna 1551. Kukamurwa kwendima kwakatanga kuitwa nokuda kweMagwaro echiHebheru navaMasorete, asi rakanga riri Bhaibheri rechiFrench raStephanus ra1553 iro rakatanga kuratidza zvikamu zvazvino uno zveBhaibheri rakakwana. Ikoku kwakateverwa mumaBhaibheri akatevera emutauro wechiNgezi ndokubvirisa kuitwa kwekonikodhenzi dzeBhaibheri dzakadai seiyo yakanyorwa naAlexander Cruden muna 1737 nekonikodhenzi huru mbiri dzeAuthorized Version of the English Bible—yaRobert Young, yakatanga kubudiswa muEdinburgh muna 1873, uye yaJames Strong, yakabudiswa muNew York muna 1894.

20. Chii chakanga chiri Textus Receptus, uye yakava hwaro hwechii?

²⁰ Textus Receptus. Stephanus akabudisawo zvinyorwa zvinoverengeka zve“Testamente Itsva” yechiGiriki. Izvozvi zvakanga zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru parugwaro rwaErasmus, neruramiso maererano neComplutensian Polyglott ya1522 uye manyoro omubatanidzwa 15 enguva pfupi yakanga ichangobva kupfuura emazana amakore mashomanene akapfuura. Chinyorwa chechitatu chaStephanus cherugwaro rwake rwechiGiriki muna 1550 chakava chaizvoizvo Textus Receptus (chiLatin nokuda kwo“rugwaro rwakagamuchirwa”) pakanga pakavakirwa zvimwe zvinyorwa zvechiNgezi zvomuzana ramakore rechi16 uye King James Version ya1611.

21. Magwaroi akanatswa akaitwa kubvira muzana ramakore rechi18, uye akashandiswa sei?

²¹ Magwaro echiGiriki Akanatswa. Gare gare, nyanzvi dzechiGiriki dzakaita magwaro akanatswa nenzira inowedzera. Rwakatanhamara rwakanga rwuri urwo rwakaitwa naJ. J. Griesbach, uyo aikwanisa kuwana mazana amanyoro echiGiriki akanga ava anowanika nechokumugumo kwezana ramakore rechi18. Chinyorwa chakanakisisa chorugwaro rwose rwechiGiriki rwaGriesbach chakabudiswa 1796-1806. Rugwaro rwake rukuru rwakanga rwuri hwaro hweshanduro yechiNgezi yaSharpe muna 1840 uye rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwakadhindwa muThe Emphatic Diaglott, yakatanga kubudiswa yakakwana muna 1864. Mamwe magwaro akaisvonaka akaitwa naKonstantin von Tischendorf (1872) naHermann von Soden (1910), rwapashure ruchibatira sehwaro hwechinyorwa chechiNgezi chaMoffatt cha1913.

22. (a) Rugwaroi rwechiGiriki rwakagamuchirwa zvikuru? (b) Rwakashandiswa sehwaro hweshanduroi dzechiNgezi?

²² Rugwaro rwaWestcott naHort. Rugwaro rukuru rwechiGiriki rwakagamuchirwa zvikuru ndourwo rwakaitwa nenyanzvi dzeCambridge University B. F. Westcott naF. J. A. Hort, muna 1881. Makopi okunzvera orugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaWestcott naHort akanzverwa neBritish Revision Committee (Dare Rehwirudzuro reBritain), iyo Westcott naHort vakanga vari mitezo yayo, nokuda kwokuhwirudzura kwavo “Testamente Itsva” ya1881. Urwu rugwaro rukuru ndirwo urwo rwakashandiswa zvikurukuru mukushandurira Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki muchiNgezi muNew World Translation. Urwu rugwaro hwarowo hweshanduro dzinotevera kuisa muchiNgezi: The Emphasised Bible, American Standard Version, An American Translation (Smith-Goodspeed), uye Revised Standard Version.e Iyi shanduro yokupedzisira yakashandisawo rugwaro rwaNestle.

23. Mamwe magwaroi akashandiswa nokuda kweNew World Translation?

²³ Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaNestle (chinyorwa chechi18, 1948) rwakashandiswawo neDare Reshanduro yeBhaibheri Renyika Itsva nokuda kwechinangwa chokuenzanisa. Dare racho rakanongedzerawo kune ayo akaitwa nenyanzvi dzeKaturike dzechiJesuit José M. Bover (1943) naAugustinus Merk (1948). Rugwaro rweUnited Bible Societies rwa1975 norugwaro rweNestle-Aland rwa1979 akanzverwa kuwiriranisa nomusi mashoko omuzasi eReference Edition ya1984.f

24. New World Translation yakanongedzera kuzvinyorwai zvakare? Ndeipi iri mimwe mienzaniso?

²⁴ Zvinyorwa Zvakare Kubva muchiGiriki. Mukuwedzera kumanyoro echiGiriki, kunewo anowanikwa nokuda kwefundo nhasi manyoro akawanda eshanduro dzeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki mumimwe mitauro. Kune manyoro anopfuura 50 (kana kuti zvimedu) ezvinyorwa zvechiLatin Chekare nezviuru zvamanyoro eVulgate yechiLatin yaJerome. Dare Reshanduro yeBhaibheri Renyika Itsva rakatendeukira kuna iwaya, pamwe chete nokuzvinyorwa zveCopt, Armenia, uye zveSyria.g

25. Zvinyorwa zvomutauro wechiHebheru zvinonongedzerwa kwazviri muNew World Translation ndezvefariroi chaiyo?

²⁵ Kuvambira munenge muzana ramakore rechi14 zvichienda mberi, shanduro dzaMagwaro echiGiriki kuisa mumutauro wechiHebheru dzakaitwa. Idzodzi ndedzefariro mukuti dzakati kuti dzawo dzakadzorera zita raMwari muMagwaro echiKristu. New World Translation inoita nongedzero dzakawanda kuizvi zvinyorwa zvechiHebheru pasi pechiratidzo chokuti “J” nenhamba iri pamusoro. Nokuda kwoudzame, ona mashoko okutanga eNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References, mapeji 9-10, uye apendikisi 1D, “The Divine Name in the Christian Greek Scriptures.”

MISIYANO YAMAGWARO NEREVO YAYO

26. Misiyano yamagwaro nemhuri dzamanyoro yakamuka sei?

²⁶ Pakati pemanyoro anopfuura 13 000 eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, pane misiyano yakawanda yamagwaro. Manyoro 5 000 ari mumutauro wechiGiriki woga anoratidza misiyano yakawanda yakadaro. Tinogona kusanonzwisisa kuti kopi imwe neimwe yakagadzirwa namanyoro apakuvamba yaizova nezvikanganiso zvokunyora zvayo imene zvinotsauranisa. Sezvo api naapi aaya manyoro apakuvamba akatumirwa kuimwe nharaunda nokuda kwokushandiswa, izvi zvikanganiso zvaizodzokororwa mumakopi ari munharaunda iyoyo uye aizova akafanana namamwe manyoro ari ikoko. Mhuri dzamanyoro akafanana dzakakura neiyi nzira. Naizvozvo zviuru zvezvikanganiso zvokunyora hazvifaniri kurangarirwa norutyo here? Hazviratidziri kushayikwa kwokutendeka mukusvitswa kworugwaro rwacho here? Nyangwe!

27. Ivimbisoi yatinayo pamusoro pokururama kworugwaro rwechiGiriki?

²⁷ F. J. A. Hort, uyo akanga ari mugadziri biyavo worugwaro rwaWestcott naHort, anonyora, kuti: “Akawanda zvikuru amashoko eTestamente Itsva akatanhamara pamusoro pemiitiro yose yokusarura yokuongorora, nemhaka yokuti haina musiyano, uye inofanira bedzi kunyorwa. . . . Kana zvisingakoshi zvikuru . . . zvikatsaurwa, mashoko ari mumurangariro wedu achingori anopanikirwa haatongogoni kuva anopfuura rutivi rwechikamu chimwe chezviuru cheTestamente Itsva yose.”h

28, 29. (a) Ndokupi kunofanira kuva kukoshesa kwedu kwose rugwaro rwakanatswa rwechiGiriki? (b) Kutaurai kune chiremera kwatinako pamusoro paikoku?

²⁸ Ukoshi Hworugwaro Rwakasvitswa. Ndohupi, ipapoka, huri ukoshi hwose pamusoro pekururama kworugwaro nouchokwadi, pashure peaya mazana amakore akawanda okusvitsa? Hakuna bedzi zviuru zvamanyoro zvokuenzanisa asi kuwanwa kwemanyoro eBhaibheri ekare zvikuru mukati mamakumi amakore mashomanene akapfuura kunodzorera rugwaro rwechiGiriki kure kusvikira kurinenge gore ra125 C.E., kuperevedza nemakumi amakore mashomanene chete kusvika parufu rwomuapostora Johane munenge muna 100 C.E. Uhwu ufakazi hwamanyoro hunogovera vimbiso yakasimba yokuti zvino tine rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwakavimbika muchimiro chakanatswa. Cherekedza ukoshi uhwo aichimbova mutungamiriri nomutarisiri weraibhurari weBritish Museum, Sir Frederic Kenyon, anoisa paiyi nhau:

²⁹ “Nhambo panguva iyoyo yaiva pakati pemisi yokurongwa kwapakuvamba noufakazi hwapakuvamba zvikurusa huripo inova duku kwazvo zvokuva chaizvoizvo isingakoshi, uye hwaro hwokupedzisira hwepanikiro ipi neipi yokuti Magwaro akasvika kwatiri chaizvoizvo sokunyorwa kwaakanga akaitwa zvino hwakabviswa. Zvose zviri zviviri uchokwadi uye kururama kwose hako zvemabhuku eTestamente Itsva zvingarangarirwa sezvakabvumikiswa pakupedzisira. Kururama kwose zvako, zvisinei, ndechimwe chinhu, uye uchokwadi pamusoro poudzame ndechimwe.”i

30. Neiko tichigona kuva nechivimbo chokuti New World Translation iri kugovera varavi vayo “shoko raShe” rakatendeka?

³⁰ Pamusoro pecherekedzo yokupedzisira pa“uchokwadi pamusoro poudzame,” mashoko akanokorwa ari mundima 27 akanyorwa naDr. Hort anofukidza ikoku. Ibasa ravanatsi vamagwaro kururamisa udzame, uye vakaita ikoku kusvikira kumwero mukuru. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwakanatswa rwaWestcott naHort kazhinji kazhinji runogamuchirwa serwakaisvonaka zvikuru. Chikamu choRugwaro rwechiKristu rwechiGiriki cheNew World Translation, chichiva chakavakirwa paurwu rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwakaisvonaka, nokudaro chinokwanisa kupa varavi vacho “shoko raShe” rakatendeka, sezvo irori rakachengetwa nenzira inoshamisa kwazvo nokuda kwedu mudziva rechiGiriki ramanyoro.—1 Pet. 1:24, 25.

31. (a) Zviwanwa zvazvino uno zvakaratidzei pamusoro porugwaro rwaMagwaro echiGiriki? (b) Chati iri papeji 309 inoratidzira sei manyuko makuru echikamu choRugwaro rwechiKristu rwechiGiriki eNew World Translation, uye ndeapi ari mamwe amanyuko echipiri akashandiswa?

³¹ Dzinofadzazve itsinhiro dzaSir Frederic Kenyon mubhuku rake rinonzi Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts, 1962, papeji 249: “Tinofanira kugutsikana nokuziva kuti uchokwadi hwose hahwo hworugwaro rweTestamente Itsva hwakatsigirwa nenzira inoshamisa nezviwanwa zvazvino uno izvo zvakaderedza zvikuru kwazvo nhambo yapakati pamanyoro apakuvamba namanyoro edu apakuvamba zvikurusa achiriko, uye kuti misiyano yokurava, kunyange zvazvo ichifadza, haitapuri dzidziso huru dzokutenda kwechiKristu.” Sezvinoratidzwa papeji 309 muchati inoti, “Manyuko oRugwaro rweNew World Translation—Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki,” magwaro ose anobatanidzwa akashandiswa kugovera rugwaro rwechiNgezi rwakashandurwa nenzira yakarurama. Mashoko omuzasi anokosha anotsigira kushandura kwokutendeka kwose ikoku. Dare Reshanduro yeBhaibheri Renyika Itsva rakashandisa migumisiro yakanakisisa yoruzivo rweBhaibheri rwakatangwa mumazana ose amakore mukuita shanduro yaro yakaisvonaka. Chivimbo chakadini chatingava nacho nhasi chokuti Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, sezvo zvino achiwanika kwatiri, zvirokwazvo ane “muenzaniso wamashoko akanaka” seakanyorwa navadzidzi vakafuridzirwa vaJesu Kristu. Ngatirambe takabatisisa aya mashoko anokosha mukutenda uye murudo!—2 Tim. 1:13, NW.

32. Neiko nzvimbo yakati yapiwa pano kukukurukurwa kwamanyoro norugwaro rwaMagwaro Matsvene, uye nomugumisiroi unogutsa?

³² Dzose dziri mbiri fundo ino neyapfuura dzakapiwa kukukurukurwa kwamanyoro norugwaro zvaMagwaro Matsvene. Neiko ikoku kwabatwa zvakakwana kudaro? Chinangwa chacho chave chiri chokuratidza zvakasimba kuti magwaro eose ari maviri Magwaro echiHebheru neechiGiriki ndemamwe chetewo zvikuru norugwaro rwechokwadi, rwapakuvamba urwo Jehovha akafuridzira varume vakatendeka vekare kunyora. Manyoro apakuvamba iwayo akanga akafuridzirwa. Vakopi, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vane unyanzvi, vakanga vasina kufuridzirwa. (Pis. 45:1; 2 Pet. 1:20, 21; 3:16) Nokudaro, kwave kuri madikanwa kunzvera dziva guru remakopi emanyoro kuti tizive nenzira yakajeka uye nenzira isina chikanganiso mvura dzakachena dzezvokwadi sezvo dzaibuda pakuvamba dzichibva muManyuko Makuru, Jehovha. Kuonga kwose kunoenda kuna Jehovha nokuda kwechipo chinoshamisa cheShoko rake, Bhaibheri rakafuridzirwa, uye shoko roUmambo rinozorodza rinoyerera richibva mumapeji aro!

[Mashoko Omuzasi]