Fundo Pamusoro paMagwaro Akafuridzirwa Nemamirire Awo Ezvinhu Ekare

Fundo Nhamba 5—Rugwaro rwechiHebheru rweMagwaro Matsvene

Nzira iyo Magwaro echiHebheru, sorutivi rweShoko rakafuridzirwa raMwari, akanyorwa nayo, kuchengetwa pamusoro pokururama kwerugwaro, uye kusvitswa kuzuva rino.

1. (a) ‘Mashoko aJehovha’ anosiyana sei nedzimwe pfuma dzomunguva yakapfuura? (b) Mibvunzoi inomuka pamusoro pokuchengetwa kweShoko raMwari?

‘MASHOKO aJehovha’ akanyorwa angafananidzwa nemvura dzezvokwadi dzakaunganidzwa mudziva rinoshamisa ramagwaro akafuridzirwa. Tinogona kuva vanoonga sei kuti munhambo yose yeidzi kurukurirano dzomudenga, Jehovha akasakisa idzi “mvura” kuunganidzwa pamwe chete kuti dzive manyuko asingaperi amashoko anopa upenyu! Imwe pfuma yomunguva yakapfuura, yakadai sekorona dzoumambo, zvinhu zvenhaka, uye zvidhori zvavanhu, zvakashata, zvakapera, kana kuti zvakaparara nokufamba kwenguva, asi mashoko akafanana nepfuma aMwari wedu achagara kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi. (Isa. 40:8) Zvisinei, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti pave pane kushatiswa kweidzi mvura dzezvokwadi here pashure pokunge dzapinzwa mudziva. Dzakaramba dziri dzisina kushatiswa here? Dzakasvitswa nenzira yokutendeka kubva mumagwaro omutauro wapakuvamba, nomugumisiro wokuti zvinowanika kuvanhu vomutauro uri wose pasi pano nhasi zvakavimbika here? Tichawana iri fundo inofadza kunzvera chikamu cheiri dziva chinozivikanwa serugwaro rwechiHebheru, tichicherekedza ngwariro yakaitwa kuchengeta ururami hwarwo, pamwe chete negadziriro dzinoshamisa dzakaitwa dzokusvitswa kwarwo nokuwanika kumarudzi ose orudzi rwomunhu kupfurikidza nezvinyorwa neshanduro itsva.

2. Manyoro akafuridzirwa akachengetwa sei kusvikira kuzuva raEzra?

² Magwaro apakuvamba ari mumitauro yechiHebheru nechiAramaic akanyorwa navanyori vaMwari avo vaiva vanhu, kubvira pana Mosesi muna 1513 B.C.E. kusvikira kuchinguvana pashure pa443 B.C.E. Sokuzivikanwa kwazvinoitwa nhasi, hapana namamwe aaya manyoro apakuvamba ariko zvino. Zvisinei, kubvira pamavambo, ngwariro huru yakashandiswa mukuchengeta manyoro akafuridzirwa, kubatanidza makopi anobvumirwa awo. Munenge muna 642 B.C.E., munguva yaMambo Josia, “bhuku [ro]murayiro” waMosesi, pasina panikiro kopi yapakuvamba, rakawanwa rakachengetwa muimba yaJehovha. Pakasvika nguva ino rakanga rachengetwa nenzira yokutendeka kwamakore 871. Munyori weBhaibheri Jeremia akaratidzira fariro huru yakadaro muuku kuwana zvokuti akanyora chinyorwa chako pana 2 Madzimambo 22:8-10, uye munenge mugore ra460 B.C.E., Ezra akanongedzera zvakare kuchiitiko chimwe chetecho. (2Mako. 34:14-18) Iye akanga achifarira zvinhu izvozvi, nokuti “iye wakanga ari munyori wakangwara pamurayiro waMosesi, wakanga wapiwa naJehovha Mwari waIsraeri.” (Ezra 7:6) Pasina panikiro Ezra aikwanisa kuwana mimwe mipumburu yamanyoro yeMagwaro echiHebheru iyo yakanga yagadzirwa kusvikira kunguva yake, sezvinobvira kubatanidza apakuvamba amamwe amanyoro akafuridzirwa. Zvirokwazvo, Ezra anoratidzika kuve aiva muchengeti wamanyoro oumwari muzuva rake.—Neh. 8:1, 2.

NHAMBO YOKUNYORA MANYORO

3. Kudikanwai kwakamuka kwamakopi okuwedzera aMagwaro, uye ikoku kwakagutswa sei?

³ Kubvira munguva yaEzra zvichienda mberi, kwakanga kune kudikanwa kwakawedzerwa kwemakopi aMagwaro echiHebheru. Havasati vari vaJudha vose vakadzokera kuJerusarema nePalestine mudzorerwo ya537 B.C.E. uye pashure pacho. Panzvimbo pezvo, zviuru zvakarambira muBhabhironi, nepo vamwe vakatama kubva munyika yavo nokuda kwebhizimisi uye zvimwe zvikonzero, nomugumisiro wokuti vakanga vachiwanwa mudzakawanda zvikurusa dzenzvimbo huru dzokutengeserana dzenyika yakare. VaJudha vakawanda vaiita nzendo dzokuenda kunzvimbo tsvene dzegore negore vachidzoka kuJerusarema nokuda kwemitambo yakasiyana-siyana yapatembere, uye ikoko vaigoverana mukunamata kwaiitiswa muchiHebheru cheBhaibheri. Munguva yaEzra vaJudha vaiva muidzi nyika dziri kure dzakawanda vaishandisa nzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo dzokuungana dzaizivikanwa semasinagoge, uko kuraviwa nekukurukurwa kwaMagwaro echiHebheru zvaiitika.a Nemhaka yenzvimbo dzakawanda dzakapararira dzokunamatira, vanyori vakanga vachifanira kuwedzera mugove wemanyoro akanyorwa noruoko.

4. (a) Chii chakanga chiri genizah, uye yakashandiswa sei? (b) Kuwanai kunokosha kwakaitwa mune imwe yaiwaya muzana ramakore rechi19?

⁴ Aya masinagoge kazhinji kazhinji akanga ane kamuri rokuchengetera zvinhu raizivikanwa segenizah. Mukufamba kwenguva, vaJudha vakaisa mugenizah manyoro akaraswa ayo akanga abvaruka kana kuti asakara nokugarisa, vachiatsiva namatsva nokuda kwokushandisa panguva iyoyo musinagoge. Nguva nenguva, zvaiva mugenizah zvaivigwa nomutambo muvhu, kuti rugwaro—rwaiva nezita dzvene raJehovha—rugorega kuzvidzwa. Mumazana ose amakore akapfuura, zviuru zvemanyoro ekare eBhaibheri rechiHebheru zvakanyangarika mukushandiswa neiyi nzira. Zvisinei, genizah yakasanochengetwa yesinagoge muCairo Yekare yakadzivisirwa uku kubatwa, zvimwe nemhaka yokuti yakanga yakavharidzirwa namadziro ndokukanganikwa kutozosvikira pakati pezana ramakore rechi19. Muna 1890, apo sinagoge yakanga ichigadzirwa, zviri mugenizah zvakanzverwazve nepfuma yayo zvimwe yakatengeswa zvishoma nezvishoma kana kuti kupiwa somupiro. Kubva muaya manyuko, manyoro akati kwanei nezviuru zvezvimedu (zvimwe zvinotaurwa kuva zvezana ramakore rechitanhatu C.E.) zvakapinda muCambridge University Library namamwe maraibhurari eEurope neAmerica.

5. (a) Manyoroi akare echiHebheru akarongwa zvino, uye ndeekare sei? (b) Kufundwa kwawo kunozivisei?

⁵ Nhasi, mumaraibhurari akasiyana-siyana enyika, kwakaverengwa ndokurongwa mundaza zvichida manyoro 6 000 ezvose kana kuti zvikamu zveMagwaro echiHebheru. Kusvikira misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kwakanga kusina manyoro akadaro (kunze kwezvimedu zvishomanene) ekare zvikuru kupfuura zana ramakore rechigumi C.E. Ipapo, muna 1947, munharaunda yeGungwa Rakafa, makawanwa mupumburu wemanyoro webhuku raIsaya, uye mumakore apashure mipumburu yamanyoro inokosha yokuwedzera yeMagwaro echiHebheru yakaoneka sezvo mapako munharaunda yeGungwa Dzvuku akapa pfuma huru yamanyoro akanga akavigwa kweanodokusvika makore 1 900. Nyanzvi zvino dzakaronga misi mamwe aiwaya seakakopiwa mumazana amakore mashomanene akapfuura B.C.E. Kufundwa kwokuenzanisa kwemanyoro anenge 6 000 eMagwaro echiHebheru kunopa chikonzero chakanaka chokusimbisa rugwaro rwechiHebheru uye kunozivisa kutendeka mukusvitswa kworugwaro rwacho.

MUTAURO WECHIHEBHERU

6. (a) Ndeipi yakanga iri nhau yapakuvamba yomutauro wechiHebheru? (b) Neiko Mosesi akanga akakwaniriswa kunyora Genesi?

⁶ Uyo vanhu nhasi vanodana kuti mutauro wechiHebheru, muchimiro chawo chapakuvamba, mutauro uyo Adhama akataura mubindu reEdheni. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero waigona kunongedzerwa kwauri somutauro womunhu. Wakanga uri mutauro waitaurwa muzuva raNoa, kunyange zvazvo waiva nemashoko anowedzera. Muchimwezve chimiro chakakudzwa, wakanga uri mutauro mukuru uyo wakapukunyuka apo Jehovha akanyonganisa mutauro worudzi rwomunhu paShongwe yeBhabheri. (Gen. 11:1, 7-9) ChiHebheru ndecheboka rechiSemite remitauro, uyo uri musoro wemhuri waro. Chinoratidzika kuva chine chokuita nomutauro weKanani munguva yaAbrahama, uye kubva mubazu ravo rechiHebheru, vaKanani vakaumba tumitauro twakasiyana-siyana. Pana Isaya 19:18 unonongedzerwa kwauri se“rurimi rweKanani.” Mosesi munguva yake akanga ari nyanzvi, akadzidza kwete bedzi muuchenjeri hwavaEgipita asiwo mumutauro wechiHebheru wamadzibaba ake. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero akanga achikwanisa kurava magwaro akare ayo aiwana, uye iwaya angave akagovera hwaro hwemamwe amashoko ayo akanyora munerave kuzivikanwa zvino sebhuku reBhaibheri raGenesi.

7. (a) Kukurai kwapashure kwechiHebheru kwakaitika? (b) ChiHebheru cheBhaibheri chakabatira sechii?

⁷ Gare gare, mumazuva amadzimambo echiJudha, chiHebheru chakasvika pakuzivikanwa se“mutauro wavaJudha.” (2 Madz. 18:26, 28, NW) Munguva yaJesu, vaJudha vakataura chimiro chitsva zvikuru kana kuti chakakudzwa chechiHebheru, uye ichochi gare garezve chakava chiHebheru chavanarabhi. Zvisinei, kunofanira kucherekedzwa kuti muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, mutauro wacho uchiri kunongedzerwa kwauri somutauro we“chiHebheru,” kwete chiAramaic. (Joh. 5:2; 19:13, 17; Mabasa 22:2; Zvak. 9:11) Kubvira panguva dzapakuvamba zvikurusa, chiHebheru cheBhaibheri chakanga chiri mutauro unobatanidza wekurukurirano, wainzwisiswa navakawanda zvikurusa vezvapupu zvakatangira chiKristu zvaJehovha pamwe chete nezvapupu zvechiKristu zvemuzana ramakore rokutanga.

8. Tichirangarira chinangwa chaMagwaro, tinogona kuva vanoonga zvirokwazvo nokuda kwechii?

⁸ Magwaro echiHebheru akabatira sedziva remvura dzakachena zvikuru dzezvokwadi, akakurukurwa ndokuunganidzwa mufuridziro youmwari. Zvisinei, avo bedzi vaikwanisa kurava chiHebheru vaigona kuzviyamura vamene nenzira yakananga neidzi mvura dzakagoverwa nenzira youmwari. Vanhu vemarudzi aiva nendimi dzakawanda vaigona sei kuwanawo nzira yokunwa nayo idzi mvura dzezvokwadi, nokudaro vachiwana nhungamiro youmwari nezororo nokuda kwemweya yavo? (Zvak. 22:17) Nzira bedzi yakanga iri kupfurikidza nokushandura kubvisa muchiHebheru kuisa mumimwe mitauro, nokudaro vachikudza kuyerera kworukova rwezvokwadi youmwari kusvikira kuvazhinji vorudzi rwomunhu. Tinogona kuva vanoonga zvirokwazvo kuna Jehovha Mwari kuti kubvira munenge muzana ramakore rechina kana kuti rechitatu B.C.E. kusvikira kunguva yazvino, zvikamu zveBhaibheri zvakashandurirwa mumitauro inopfuura 1 900. Ikoku kwakabvumikisa kuva betsero yakadini nokuda kwavanhu vose vanoda kururama, avo vakagoneswa zvirokwazvo kuwana “mufaro” muidzi mvura dzinokosha!—Pis. 1:2, NW; Pis 37:3, 4.

9. (a) Chiremerai chokushandura icho Bhaibheri rimene rinopa? (b) Chimwe chinangwai chakanaka icho shanduro dzeBhaibheri dzakare dzakabatira?

⁹ Bhaibheri rimene rinopa chiremera kana kuti ruramiso yokushandurira rugwaro rwaro mumimwe mitauro here? Zvirokwazvo rinodaro! Shoko raMwari kuna Israeri rokuti, “Farai, imi ndudzi, pamwe chete navanhu vake,” uye murayiro wouporofita waJesu kuvaKristu wokuti, “Evhangeri iyi youshe ichaparidzirwa munyika dzose, chive chapupu kumarudzi ose,” zvinofanira kuzadzikwa. Kuti ikoku kuitike, kushandurwa kwaMagwaro ndichinodikanwa. Tichitarira shure anopfuura anodokusvika mazana amakore ane 24 okushandura Bhaibheri, kwakajeka kuti chikomborero chaJehovha chakava neiri basa. Uyezve, shanduro dzakare dzeBhaibheri dzakapukunyuka dziri muchimiro chamanyoro dzakabatirawo kusimbisa mwero mukuru wokutendeka kworugwaro kwedziva rechiHebheru rezvokwadi.—Dheut. 32:43; Mat. 24:14.

ZVINYORWA ZVAPAKUVAMBA ZVIKURUSA ZVAKASHANDURWA

10. (a) Chii chiri Pentateuch yechiSamaria, uye neiko ichibetsera kwatiri nhasi? (b) Ipa muenzaniso wokushanda kwePentateuch yechiSamaria muNew World Translation.

¹⁰ Pentateuch yechiSamaria. Tichironga misi kuvambira kunguva dzapakuvamba, kune chinyorwa chinozivikanwa sePentateuch yechiSamaria, icho, sezvinoreva zita racho, chine mabhuku mashanu okutanga bedzi aMagwaro echiHebheru. Chaizvoizvo kunyorwa namavara echiHebheru kwerugwaro rwechiHebheru murunyoro rwechiSamaria, kwakatangwa kuchibva murunyoro rwechiHebheru rwakare. Kunogovera nongedzero inobetsera kurugwaro rwechiHebheru rwenguva yacho. Uku kunyora namavara omumwe mutauro kwakaitwa navaSamaria—vazukuru vaavo vakasiyiwa muSamaria pashure pokukundwa kwoumambo hwendudzi gumi hwaIsraeri muna 740 B.C.E. naavo vakapinzwa navaAsiria panguva iyoyo. VaSamaria vakabatanidza kunamata kwaIsraeri nouko kwavamwari vavo vamene vechihedheni, uye vakagamuchira Pentateuch. Kunofungwa kuti vakaita kunyorwa kwaro munenge muzana ramakore rechina B.C.E., kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzichikarakadza kuti kungave kwakava pashure somuzana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E. Sezvo vakarava rugwaro rwako, ivo, kutaura idi, vaizova vachidudza chiHebheru. Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwacho rune misiyano inenge 6 000 nerugwaro rwechiHebheru, yakawanda yayo udzame huduku. Mashomanene amakopi ariko amanyoro ndeekare zvikuru kupfuura zana ramakore rechi13 C.E. Dzimwe nongedzero dzinoitwa kuPentateuch yechiSamaria mumashoko omuzasi eNew World Translation.b

11. MaTargum chii, uye ndeebetseroi pamusoro porugwaro rwaMagwaro echiHebheru?

¹¹ MaTargum echiAramaic. Shoko rechiAramaic ra“dudziro” kana kuti “kunyora namamwe mashoko” nditargum. Kubvira munguva yaNehemia zvichienda mberi, chiAramaic chakasvika pakushandiswa semutauro unozivikanwa navose wevakawanda vevaJudha vaigara munyika yePersia, uye naizvozvo kwakanga kuri madikanwa kukumbanira kuraviwa kweMagwaro echiHebheru neshanduro mumutauro iwoyo. Sezvingabvira vakagamuchira chimiro chawo chokupedzisira chazvino pasati pari pakuvamba zvikuru kupfuura rinenge zana ramakore rechishanu C.E. Kunyange zvazvo kuri kunyorwa namamwe mashoko kwokusangwarira bedzi kworugwaro rwechiHebheru, uye kwete shanduro yakarurama, anogovera ruzivo rukuru rwekare kurugwaro rwacho uye anopa yamuro mukuziva zvikamu zvamashoko zvakaoma. Nongedzero dzakawanda dzinoitwa kumaTargum mumashoko omuzasi eNew World Translation.c

12. Septuagint chii, uye neiko ichikosha kwazvo?

¹² Septuagint yechiGiriki. Chinokosha zvikurusa chezvinyorwa zvapakuvamba zveMagwaro echiHebheru, uye shanduro chaiyoiyo yakanyorwa yokutanga kubva muchiHebheru, iSeptuagint yechiGiriki (kureva kuti, “Makumi Manomwe”). Kushandurwa kwayo kwakavamba munenge muna 280 B.C.E., maererano negamuchidzanwa, nenyanzvi dzechiJudha 72 dzeAlexandria, Egipita. Gare gare, nhamba 70 nenzira yakati yakasvika pakushandiswa, uye nokudaro dudziro yacho yakadanwa kunzi Septuagint. Sezviri pachena yakapedzwa pane imwe nguva muzana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E. Yakabatira soRugwaro nokuda kwavaJudha vaitaura chiGiriki uye yakashandiswa zvikuru kusvikira kunguva yaJesu navaapostora vake. MuMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, kwakawanda zvikurusa kwokunokorwa kwamashoko kwakananga kune 320 nehwerengedzo yakabatanidzwa yokunokorwa kwamashoko zvichida 890 nenongedzero kuMagwaro echiHebheru kwakavakirwa paSeptuagint.

13. Zvimedui zvinokosha zveSeptuagint zvakapukunyuka kusvikira kuzuva rino, uye ndezveukoshii?

¹³ Zvakati kuti zvezvimedu zveSeptuagint zvakanyorwa pamupumburu wamanyoro wenhokwe zvichiri kuwanika nokuda kwefundo nhasi. Zvinokosha nemhaka yokuti ndezvenguva dzapakuvamba dzechiKristu, uye kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji dziri ndima shomanene chete kana kuti maganhuro, dzinobetsera mukunzvera rugwaro rweSeptuagint. Muunganidzwa weFouad Papyrus 266 wakawanwa muEgypt uye wakawanwa kuva wezana ramakore rokutanga B.C.E. Une zvikamu zvamabhuku aGenesi naDheuteronomio. Muzvimedu zvaGenesi, zita raMwari harioneki nemhaka yokuchengetwa kusina kukwana. Zvisinei, mubhuku raDheuteronomio, rinooneka munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, rakanyorwa mumavara echiHebheru akaenzana mumativi mana mukati morugwaro rwechiGiriki.d Mimwe mipumburu yamanyoro yenhokwe ndeyenhambo inosvika kuzana ramakore rinenge rechina C.E., apo vellum inogara zvikuru, rudzi rwakaisvonaka rwechinenge pepa chaigadzirwa kazhinji kazhinji nematehwe emhuru, gwayana, kana kuti mbudzi, yakavamba kushandiswa nokuda kwokunyora manyoro.

14. (a) Origen anopupurirei pamusoro peSeptuagint? (b) Septuagint yakakanganiswa rini uye sei? (c) VaKristu vapakuvamba vanofanira kuve vakapa uchapupui mukushandisa Septuagint?

¹⁴ Ndokwefariro kuti zita raMwari, muchimiro cheTetragrammaton, rinoonekawo muSeptuagint yeHexapla yaOrigen ine zvikamu zvitanhatu, yakapedzwa munenge muna 245 B.C.E. Achitsinhira pamusoro pePisarema 2:2, Origen akanyora nezveSeptuagint, kuti: “Mumanyoro akarurama zvikurusa ZITA RACHO rinooneka mumavara echiHebheru, bva kwete mu[mavara] echiHebheru anhasi, asi mune ekaresa.”e Ufakazi hunooneka hwakakwana hwokuti Septuagint yakakanganiswa panhambo yapakuvamba, Kyʹri·os (Ishe) uye The·osʹ (Mwari) achitsiviwa neTetragrammaton. Sezvo vaKristu vapakuvamba vaishandisa manyoro aiva nezita raMwari, hakugoni kufungidzirwa kuti vakatevera gamuchidzanwa rechiJudha mukukundikana kududza “ZITA RACHO” mukati moushumiri hwavo. Vanofanira kuva vakakwanisa kupupura zita raJehovha nenzira yakananga kubva muSeptuagint yechiGiriki.

15. (a) Uchishandisa chati iri papeji 314, rondedzera manyoro evellum needehwe eSeptuagint. (b) New World Translation inoita nongedzeroi kuna iwaya?

¹⁵ Kune mazana emanyoro evellum needehwe eSeptuagint yechiGiriki achiriko. Akati kuti aiwaya, akagadzirwa pakati pezana ramakore rechina C.E. nerechipfumbamwe C.E., anokosha nemhaka yezvikamu zvikuru zvaMagwaro echiHebheru zvaanofukidza. Anozivikanwa semauncial nemhaka yokuti akanyorwa chose chose namavara makuru akakura, akaparadzaniswa. Asara ose anonzi maminuscule nemhaka yokuti akanyorwa nomuitiro muduku zvikuru, wokubatanidza wokunyora noruoko. Manyoro eminuscule, kana kuti omubatanidzwa, akaramba akakurumbira kubvira muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe kutozosvikira pakuvambwa kwokudhinda. Manyoro akatanhamara euncial ezana ramakore rechina nerechishanu, ndiko kuti, Vatican Nha. 1209, Sinaitic, uye Alexandrine, ose ane Septuagint yechiGiriki ine misiyano miduku. Nongedzero dzakawanda dzinoitwa kuSeptuagint mumashoko omuzasi netsinhiro muNew World Translation.f

16. (a) Chii chiri Vulgate yechiLatin, uye neiko ichikosha kwazvo? (b) Ipa muenzaniso wokunongedzera kweNew World Translation kwairi.

¹⁶ Vulgate yechiLatin. Ichi chinyorwa chave chiri manyuko orugwaro akashandiswa navazhinji vavashanduri veKaturike mukugadzira zvimwe zvinyorwa mumitauro yakawanda yechiKristudhomu chokuMadokero. Vulgate yacho yakavamba sei? Shoko rechiLatin rokuti vulgatus rinoreva kuti “chinozivikanwa navose, icho chakakurumbira.” Apo Vulgate yakatanga kuitwa, yakanga iri muchiLatin chaizivikanwa navose, kana kuti chakakurumbira, chezuva racho zvokuti chaigona kunzwisiswa nenzira iri nyore navanhuwo zvavo voUmambo hweRoma hwokuMadokero. Nyanzvi Jerome, iyo yakaita iyi shanduro, yakanga yaita kare kuhwirudzurwa kuviri kweMapisarema Ekare echiLatin, mukuenzanisa neSeptuagint yechiGiriki. Zvisinei, shanduro yake yeBhaibheri reVulgate yakaitwa zvakananga ichibva mumitauro yapakuvamba yechiHebheru nechiGiriki uye nokudaro yakanga isiri dudziro yedudziro. Jerome akaita shanduro yake yechiLatin kubva muchiHebheru kubvira munenge muna 390 C.E. kusvikira kuna 405 C.E. Nepo bhuku rakapedzwa raibatanidza mabhuku eApokirifa, ayo pakazosvika nguva ino akanga ari mumakopi eSeptuagint, Jerome akatsauranisa nenzira yakajeka pakati pamabhuku ayo akanga ari omundaza yamanyoro matsvene naayo akanga asiri. New World Translation inonongedzera kakawanda kuVulgate yaJerome mumashoko ayo omuzasi.g

MAGWARO OMUTAURO WECHIHEBHERU

17. Ndivanaani vaiva vanyori, kana kuti vaSopher, uye Jesu akavashurikidza nokuda kwechii?

¹⁷ VaSopher. Varume vakanyora Magwaro echiHebheru kutanga mumazuva aEzra uye kupfuurira kusvikira kunguva yaJesu vainzi vanyori, kana kuti vaSopher. Mukufamba kwenguva, vakavamba kuva norusununguko mukuchinja magwaro. Kutaura idi, Jesu amene akashurikidza nenzira yakakomba ava vaizova vachengeti voMutemo nokuda kwokutora masimba akanga asiri avo.—Mat. 23:2, 13.

18. (a) Ndivanaani vakanga vari vaMasorete, uye itsinhiroi dzinokosha dzavakaita parugwaro rwechiHebheru? (b) Ndeipi iri mimwe mienzaniso yeruramiso dzevaSopher, sedzakanyorwa muNew World Translation?

¹⁸ Masora Inozivisa Chinjo. Vatsivi vavanyori vevaSopher mumazana amakore pashure paKristu vakasvika pakuzivikanwa savaMasorete. Ivava vakacherekedza chinjo dzakaitwa nevaSopher vapakuvamba zvikuru, vachidzinyora mumucheto kana kuti pamugumo werugwaro rwechiHebheru. Izvi zvinonyorwa zvomumucheto zvakasvika pakuzivikanwa seMasora. Masora yakaronga mapfundo echienzi 15 evaSopher, ndiko kuti, mashoko 15 kana kuti zvikamu zvamashoko zviri murugwaro rwechiHebheru izvo zvakanga zvaratidzirwa namadododo kana kuti mitsetse. Mamwe eaya mapfundo echienzi haatapuri shanduro yeShona kana kuti dudziro, asi mamwe anodaro uye ndeeukoshi.h VaSopher vakabvumira rutyo rwavo rwokutenda mashura rwokududza zita rokuti Jehovha kuvapinza mumusungo wokurichinja kuti rirave kuti ʼAdho·naiʹ (Ishe) munzvimbo 134 uye kuti rirave kuti ʼElo·himʹ (Mwari) muzvimwe zviitiko. Masora inoronga idzi chinjo.i VaSopher kana kuti vanyori vapakuvamba vanopomerwawo kuita chinjo dzinenge 18 (ruramiso), maererano netsinhiro iri muMasora, kunyange zvazvo sezviri pachena kwakanga kune dzakatowanda.j Idzi chinjo sezvingabvira zvikuru dzakaitwa nevavariro dzakanaka nemhaka yokuti chikamu chamashoko chapakuvamba chairatidzika kuva chairatidza kuzvidza Mwari kana kuti zvimwe kusaremekedza vamiririri vake vapasi.

19. Chii chiri rugwaro rwechiHebheru rwamakonzonendi, uye rwakasimbiswa rini muchimiro?

¹⁹ Rugwaro Rwamakonzonendi. Arufabheti yechiHebheru inoumbwa namakonzonendi 22, asina mavhawero. Pakuvamba, muravi aifanira kugovera kunzwika kwamavhawero muzivo yake yomutauro wacho. Kunyora kwechiHebheru kwakanga kwakafanana norugwaro rwakapfupikiswa. Kunyange muchiNgezi chazvino uno mune kupfupikisa kwakawanda kunogamuchirwa uko vanhu vanoshandisa umo makonzonendi bedzi anooneka. Somuenzaniso, kune ltd., sokupfupikiswa kwalimited. Nenzira yakafanana, mutauro wechiHebheru waiumbwa nenhevedzano yamashoko anoumbwa bedzi namakonzonendi. Nokudaro, nokuti “rugwaro rwemakonzonendi” kunorehwa rugwaro rwechiHebheru rusina zviratidzo zvamavhawero zvipi nezvipi. Rugwaro rwamakonzonendi rwamanyoro echiHebheru rwakasimbiswa muchimiro pakati pezana ramakore rokutanga nerechipiri C.E., kunyange zvazvo manyoro ane magwaro anosiyana-siyana akapfuurira kutenderera kwenguva yakati. Chinjo hadzina kuitwazve, mukusafanana nenhambo yakapfuura yevaSopher.

20. VaMasorete vakaitei pamusoro porugwaro rwechiHebheru?

²⁰ Rugwaro rwavaMasorete. Muhafu yechipiri yemireniyumu yokutanga C.E., vaMasorete (chiHebheru, ba·ʽalehʹ ham·ma·soh·rahʹ, kureva kuti “Vatenzi Vegamuchidzanwa”) vakatanga muitiro wemavhawero nezviratidzo zvemadudzire. Izvozvi zvakabatira seyamuro yakanyorwa mukurava nokududzwa kwokunzwika kwamavhawero, nepo munguva yakapfuura kududza kwakanga kwasvitswa negamuchidzanwa rokutaura. VaMasorete havana kutongoita chinjo mumagwaro avakasvitsa asi vakanyora zvinonyorwa mumucheto muMasora sezvo vaiona kwakakodzera. Vakashandisa ngwariro huru yokusava norusununguko namagwaro. Mukuwedzera, muMasora yavo, vakakwevera ngwariro kukuva kwamagwaro echienzi ndokupa kuraviwa kwakaruramiswa kwavairangarira kuva kuri madikanwa.

21. Chii chiri rugwaro rwavaMasorete?

²¹ Zvikoro zvitatu zvavaMasorete zvakapinzwa basa rokutangwa kwezviratidzo zvokutaura namadudzirwe orugwaro rwemakonzonendi, ndiko kuti, cheBhabhironi, chePalestine, uye cheTibheria. Rugwaro rwechiHebheru zvino runopiwa muzvinyorwa zvakadhindwa zveBhaibheri rechiHebheru runozivikanwa serugwaro rwavaMasorete uye runoshandisa muitiro wakavambwa nechikoro cheTibheria. Uyu muitiro wakatangwa navaMasorete veTibheria, guta riri pamhenderekedzo yokumadokero yeGungwa reGarirea. Mashoko omuzasi muNew World Translation anonongedzera kakawanda kurugwaro rwavaMasorete (pasi pechiratidzo chaM) uye kuzvinonyorwa zvarwo zvomumucheto, Masora (pasi pechiratidzo M^margin).k

22. Manyoroi omutsara weBhabhironi wemagwaro akava anowanika, uye anoenzana sei norugwaro rweTibheria?

²² Chikoro chePalestine chakaisa zviratidzo zvemavhawero pamusoro pamakonzonendi. Nhamba duku bedzi yemanyoro akadaro yakasvika kwatiri, kuchiratidza kuti uyu muitiro wokutaura wakanga usina kukwana. Muitiro weBhabhironi wokuisa zviratidzo zvamavhawero wakanga usina kukwanawo. Manyoro anoratidzira kuisa zviratidzo kweBhabhironi iPetersburg Codex yaVaporofita, ya916 C.E., yakachengetwa muSt. Petersburg Public Library, Russia. Iyi kodhekisi ine bhuku raIsaya, Jeremia, Ezekieri, uye vaporofita “vaduku,” ine zvinonyorwa zvemumucheto (Masora). Nyanzvi dzakanzvera nokudisa aya manyoro ndokuaenzanisa nerugwaro rweTibheria. Kunyange zvazvo achishandisa muitiro usina kukwana wokutaura, kutaura idi iwo anotevera rugwaro rweTibheria pamusoro porugwaro rwemakonzonendi namavhawero arwo neMasora. British Museum ine kopi yorugwaro rweBhabhironi rwePentateuch, iyo yakawanwa kuva inobvumirana zvikuru nerugwaro rweTibheria.

23. Inhevedzanoi yezviwanwa zvamanyoro echiHebheru yakaitwa pedyo neGungwa Rakafa?

²³ Mipumburu Yamanyoro yeGungwa Rakafa. Muna 1947 nhambo itsva inofadza munhau yamanyoro echiHebheru yakavamba. Mune rimwe bako paWadi Qumran (Nahal Qumeran), munharaunda yeGungwa Rakafa, mupumburu wamanyoro wokutanga waIsaya, pamwe chete nemimwe mipumburu yamanyoro yeBhaibheri neisiri yeBhaibheri, wakawanwa. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, kopi yakakwana yakaitwa nephotostat youyu mupumburu wamanyoro wakasanochengetwa waIsaya (1QIs^a) yakabudiswa kuti nyanzvi dzifunde. Unodavirwa kuva unosvika kumusi uri nechokukupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E. Pano, zvirokwazvo, pakanga pane chiwanwa chisingadaviriki—manyoro echiHebheru ekare zvikuru namakore anenge chiuru chimwe kupfuura manyoro ariko ekare zvikurusa orugwaro rwavaMasorete runogamuchirwa rwaIsaya!l Mamwe mapako muQumran akapa zvimedu zvemipumburu yamanyoro inopfuura 170 inomirira mativi amabhuku ose aMagwaro echiHebheru kunze kwaEstere. Kufundwa kwemipumburu yamanyoro yakadaro kuchiri kuitwa.

24. Aya manyoro anoenzana sei nerugwaro rwavaMasorete, uye New World Translation inoashandisa zvakadini?

²⁴ Imwe nyanzvi inoshuma kuti kufeya-feya kwayo Pisarema 119 refu muMupumburu Wamanyoro mumwe unokosha weGungwa Rakafa weMapisarema (11QPs^a) kunoriratidza kuva rinobvumirana mumashoko zvinodokuva zvakakwana nerugwaro rwavaMasorete rwaPisarema 119. Pamusoro poMupumburu waMapisarema, Purofesa J. A. Sanders akati: “Mizhinjisa ye[misiyano yacho] ndeyemunyorere mutsva uye inokosha bedzi kunyanzvi dziya dzinofarira nhungamiro kukududzwa kwechiHebheru kare, uye nhau dzakadaro.”a Mimwe mienzaniso yeaya manyoro akare anoshamisa hairatidziri misiyano yakakura muzviitiko zvakawanda zvikurusa. Mupumburu wamanyoro waIsaya umene, kunyange zvazvo uchiratidza misiyano yakati mukuperetera nomukuumbwa kwegirama, hausiyani pamusoro pemapfundo edzidziso. Uyu mupumburu wamanyoro waIsaya wakabudiswa wakanzverwa pamusoro pemisiyano yawo mukugadzirirwa kweNew World Translation, uye nongedzero dzinoitwa kwauri.b

25. Magwaroi echiHebheru akurukurwa zvino, uye kufundwa kwawo kunotivimbisa nezvechii?

²⁵ Mitoo mikuru yokusvitswa kwaMagwaro echiHebheru zvino yakurukurwa. Zvikurukuru, iyoyo ndiyo Pentateuch yechiSamaria, maTargum echiAramaic, Septuagint yechiGiriki, rugwaro rwechiHebheru rweTibheria, rugwaro rwechiHebheru rwePalestine, rugwaro rwechiHebheru rweBhabhironi, uye rugwaro rwechiHebheru rweMipumburu Yamanyoro yeGungwa Rakafa. Somugumisiro wokufundwa nokuenzaniswa kwamagwaro iwaya, tinovimbiswa kuti Magwaro echiHebheru akasvika kwatiri zvikurukuru ari muchimiro icho vabatiri vakafuridzirwa vaMwari vakatanga kuanyora machiri.

RUGWARO RWECHIHEBHERU RWAKANATSWA

26. (a) Kufundwa kwokutsoropodzwa kwerugwaro rwechiHebheru kwakafambisirwa mberi rini, uye ndeapi ari magwaro makuru akadhindwa? (b) Rugwaro rwaGinsburg rwakashandiswa sei?

²⁶ Chinyorwa chakadhindwa chinogamuchirwa cheBhaibheri rechiHebheru kupinda muzana ramakore rechi19 chaimo chakanga chiri Second Rabbinic Bible of Jacob ben Chayyim rakabudiswa muna 1524-25. Nyanzvi hadzina kuvamba kufambisira mberi kufundwa kwakakomba kwerugwaro rwechiHebheru kutozosvikira kuzana ramakore rechi18. Muna 1776-80, paOxford, Benjamin Kennicott akabudisa kurava kwakasiyana-siyana kwakabva mumanyoro echiHebheru anopfuura 600. Ipapo, muna 1784-98, paParma, nyanzvi yeItaly J. B. de Rossi yakabudisa kurava kwakasiyana-siyana kwemamwe manyoro anopfuura 800. Nyanzvi yechiHebheru S. Baer, yeGermany, yakaitawo rugwaro rukuru. Munguva dzichangobva kupfuura idzi zvikuru, C. D. Ginsburg akapa makore akawanda kukuita rugwaro rukuru runokosha rweBhaibheri rechiHebheru. Irworwu rwakatanga kuoneka muna 1894, nokuhwirudzurwa kwokupedzisira muna 1926.c Joseph Rotherham akashandisa chinyorwa cha1894 chourwu rugwaro mukuita shanduro yake yechiNgezi, The Emphasised Bible, muna 1902, uye Purofesa Max L. Margolis navashandi biyake vakashandisa magwaro aGinsburg neaBaer mukuita shanduro yavo yeMagwaro echiHebheru muna 1917.

27, 28. (a) Chii chiri Biblia Hebraica, uye rakatangwa sei? (b) New World Translation yakashandisa sei urwu rugwaro?

²⁷ Muna 1906 nyanzvi yechiHebheru Rudolf Kittel yakabudisa muGermany chinyorwa chokutanga (uye gare gare, chinyorwa chechipiri) chorugwaro rwake rwakanatswa rwechiHebheru rune musoro unoti Biblia Hebraica, kana kuti “Bhaibheri rechiHebheru.” Muiri bhuku Kittel akagovera zvokushandisa zvorugwaro kupfurikidza namashoko omuzasi akawanda, ayo akanzwananisa kana kuti kuenzanisa manyoro echiHebheru akawanda orugwaro rwavaMasorete rwaiwanika panguva iyoyo. Akashandisa rugwaro runogamuchirwa kazhinji kazhinji naJacob ben Chayyim sorugwaro rukuru. Apo magwaro ekare zvikuru kwazvo, makuru eMasora aBen Asher, ayo akanga aitwa anogamuchirwa munenge muzana ramakore rechi10 C.E., akawanika, Kittel akatanga kuita chinyorwa chechitatu chakasiyana chose chose cheBiblia Hebraica. Iri bhuku rakapedzwa navasonganiri vake pashure porufu rwake.

²⁸ Biblia Hebraica raKittel, chinyorwa chechi7, chechi8, uye chechi9 (1951-55), chakagovera rugwaro rukuru runoshandiswa nokuda kwechikamu chechiHebheru cheNew World Translation muchiNgezi. Chinyorwa chitsva cherugwaro rwechiHebheru, ndiko kuti Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, chomugore ra1977, chakashandiswa nokuda kwokuwiriranisa nomusi mashoko akapiwa mumashoko omuzasi eNew World Translation yakabudiswa muna 1984.

29. Rutivii rweBiblia Hebraica rwakanga rwuri rwoukoshi chaihwoihwo mukudzorera zita raMwari?

²⁹ Kupa kwaKittel Masora yomumucheto, uko kunobata chinjo dzakawanda dzorugwaro dzavanyori vakatangira chiKristu, kwakabetsera kushandurwa kwakarurama muNew World Translation, kubatanidza kudzorerwa kwezita raMwari, Jehovha. Ruzivo rweBhaibheri runowedzera nguva dzose runopfuurira kuitwa kuti ruwanike kupfurikidza neNew World Translation.

30. (a) Uchishandisa chati iri papeji 308 inoratidza manyuko echikamu choRugwaro rwechiHebheru chorugwaro rweNew World Translation, ronda nhau yorugwaro rwechiHebheru kusvikira kuBiblia Hebraica samanyuko makuru eNew World Translation. (b) Ndeapi ari akati kuti amamwe amanyuko ayo Dare Rekushandurwa kweBhaibheri Renyika Itsva rakanongedzera kwaari?

³⁰ Iri pamwe chete neiyi fundo ichati inoratidza manyuko orugwaro rweMagwaro echiHebheru muNew World Translation. Iyi chati inoratidza nenzira yokupfupikisa kukura kworugwaro rwechiHebheru kuchitungamirira kuBiblia Hebraica yaKittel, iyo yakanga iri manyuko makuru akashandiswa. Manyuko maduku akanongedzerwa kwaari anoratidzwa nemitsetse ine madododo machena. Ikoku hakuitirwi kuratidzira kuti kana zviri zvinyorwa zvakadai seVulgate yechiLatin neSeptuagint yechiGiriki, mabhuku apakuvamba akanongedzerwa kwaari. Sezvazvakaita namanyoro akafuridzirwa echiHebheru amene, dzapakuvamba dzeidzi dudziro hadziko zvino. Aya manyuko akanongedzerwa kwaari kupfurikidza nezvinyorwa zvakavimbika zvamagwaro kana kuti kubva mushanduro dzakare dzakavimbika nemabhuku anotsinhira anotsoropodza. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera aya manyuko akasiyana-siyana, Dare Rekushandurwa kweBhaibheri Renyika Itsva rakakwanisa kupa kushandurwa kune chiremera nekwakavimbika kweMagwaro echiHebheru akafuridzirwa apakuvamba. Aya manyuko anoratidzirwa ose mumashoko omuzasi eNew World Translation.

31. (a) Naizvozvo, chikamu choRugwaro rwechiHebheru cheNew World Translation mugumisiro wechii? (b) Nokudaro tingaratidzira kuongai netariroi?

³¹ Chikamu choRugwaro rwechiHebheru cheNew World Translation nokudaro mugumisiro woruzivo rweBhaibheri rwenguva refu nenzvero. Chakavakirwa parugwaro rwakarurama zvikuru, mugumisiro wakanaka zvikuru wokusvitswa kworugwaro kwakatendeka. Nokuravika zvakanaka nomunyorerwo zvinoorora, chinogovera fundo yeBhaibheri yakakomba shanduro iri pakarepo yakatendeseka neyakarurama. Jehovha ngaaongwe, Mwari anokurukura, kuti Shoko rake ibenyu uye rinoshandisa simba nhasi! (VaH. 4:12) Vanhu vane mwoyo wakatendeseka ngavapfuurire kuvaka kutenda nokufunda Shoko rinokosha raMwari ndokunyandurwa kuita kuda kwaJehovha mukati meaya mazuva anokosha.—2 Pet. 1:12, 13.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Chati iri papeji 313]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

MAMWE MANYORO MAKURU EMIPUMBURU YAMANYORO YENHOKWE

AMagwaro echiHebheru

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Anowanwa ku Cambridge, England

Zita reManyoro Rylands 458

Chiratidzo 957

Musi Zana ramakore rechi2 B.C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Manchester, England

Zita reManyoro Fouad 266

Musi Zana ramakore rechi1 B.C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Cairo, Egypt

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvikamu zvaGenesi naDheuteronomio

Zita reManyoro Gungwa Rakafa Mupumburu waRevhitiko

Chiratidzo 4Q LXX Lev^b

Musi Zana ramakore rechi1 B.C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Jerusalem, Israel

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvimedu zvaRevhitiko

Zita reManyoro Chester Beatty 6

Chiratidzo 963

Musi Zana ramakore rechi2 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvikamu zvaNumeri naDheuteronomio

Zita reManyoro Chester Beatty 9, 10

Chiratidzo 967/968

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

AMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki

Zita reManyoro Oxyrhynchus 2

Chiratidzo P¹

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Mat. 1:1-9, 12, 14-20

Zita reManyoro Oxyrhynchus 1228

Chiratidzo P²²

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Glasgow, Scotland

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvimedu zvaJohane maganh. 15, 16

Zita reManyoro Michigan 1570

Chiratidzo P³⁷

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3/4 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Mat. 26:19-52

Zita reManyoro Chester Beatty 1

Chiratidzo P⁴⁵

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Dublin, Ireland; Vienna, Austria

Zita reManyoro Chester Beatty 2

Chiratidzo P⁴⁶

Musi c. 200 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Pfumbamwe dzetsamba dzaPauro

Zita reManyoro Chester Beatty 3

Chiratidzo P⁴⁷

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Dublin, Ireland

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvak. 9:10–17:2

Zita reManyoro Rylands 457

Chiratidzo P⁵²

Musi c. 125 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Manchester, England

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Joh. 18:31-33, 37, 38

Zita reManyoro Bodmer 2

Chiratidzo P⁶⁶

Musi c. 200 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Geneva, Switzerland

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvizhinjisa zvaJohane

Zita reManyoro Bodmer 7, 8

Chiratidzo P⁷²

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3/4 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Judhasi, 1 Petro, uye 2 Petro

Zita reManyoro Bodmer 14, 15

Chiratidzo P⁷⁵

Musi Zana ramakore rechi3 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Geneva, Switzerland

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvizhinjisa zvaRuka uye Johane

[Chati iri papeji 314]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

MAMWE MANYORO MAKURU EVELLUM NEEDEHWE

AMagwaro echiHebheru (muchiHebheru)

Zita reManyoro Aleppo Codex

Chiratidzo Al

Musi 930 C.E.

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Zita reManyoro Codex Or4445 yeBritish Museum

Musi Zana ramakore rechi10 C.E.

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Anowanwa ku London, England

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Zvizhinjisa zvePentateuch

Zita reManyoro Cairo Codex yeKaraite

Chiratidzo Ca

Musi 895 C.E.

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Anowanwa ku Cairo, Egypt

Zita reManyoro Leningrad Codex

Chiratidzo B 19^A

Musi 1008 C.E.

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Anowanwa ku St. Petersburg,

Russia

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Magwaro echiHebheru

Zita reManyoro Petersburg Codex ya Vaporofita

Chiratidzo B 3

Musi 916 C.E.

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Anowanwa ku St. Petersburg,

Russia

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Vaporofita Vapashure

Zita reManyoro Mupumb. Wokutanga walsaya weGungwa Rakafa

Chiratidzo 1QIs^a

Musi Kupera kwezana ramakore rechi2 B.C.E.

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Anowanwa ku Jerusalem, Israel

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Isaya

Zita reManyoro Mupumb. waMapisarema weGungwa Rakafa

Chiratidzo 11QPs^a

Musi Zana ramakore rechi1 C.E.

Mutauro ChiHebheru

Anowanwa ku Jerusalem, Israel

ESeptuagint naMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki

Zita reManyoro Sinaiticus

Chiratidzo 01( א)

Musi Zana ramakore rechi4 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku London, England

Zita reManyoro Alexandrinus

Chiratidzo A (02)

Musi Zana ramakore rechi5 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku London, England

Zita reManyoro Vatican 1209

Chiratidzo B (03)

Musi Zana ramakore rechi4 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Vatican Library muRome, Italy

Zita reManyoro Rescriptus yaEphraemi Syri

Chiratidzo C (04)

Musi Zana ramakore rechi5 C.E.

Mutauro ChiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Paris, France

Zita reManyoro Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis

Chiratidzo D^ea (05)

Musi Zana ramakore rechi5 C.E.

Mutauro ChiLatin-chechiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Cambridge, England

Zita reManyoro Codex Claromontanus

Chiratidzo D^P (06)

Musi Zana ramakore rechi6 C.E.

Mutauro ChiLatin-chechiGiriki

Anowanwa ku Paris, France

Zviri Mukati Zvinenge Tsamba dzaPauro (kubatanidza VaHebheru)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 308]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Manyuko oRugwaro rweNew World Translation Magwaro echiHebheru

Manyoro Apakuvamba echiHebheru Namakopi Apakuvamba

MaTargum echiAramaic

Manyoro eGungwa Rakafa

Pentateuch yechiSamaria

Septuagint yechiGiriki

ChiLatin Chekare

ChiCopt, ChiEthiopia, ChiArmenia

Rugwaro Rwamakonzonendi rwechiHebheru

Vulgate yechiLatin

Zvishuvo zvechiGiriki—Aquila, Theodotion, Symmachus

Peshitta yeSiria

Rugwaro rwavaMasorete

Cairo Codex

Petersburg Codex yaVaporofita

Aleppo Codex

Rugwaro rwechiHebheru rwaGinsburg

Leningrad Codex B 19^A

New World Translation

Magwaro echiHebheru—chiNgezi; Kubva muchiNgezi Kuisa Mumimwe Mitauro Yazvino Uno

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 309]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Manyuko oRugwaro rweNew World Translation Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki

Manyoro Apakuvamba echiGiriki Namakopi Apakuvamba

Chinyorwa chechiArmenia

Zvinyorwa zvechiCoptic

ChiLatin Chekare

Vulgate yechiLatin

Magwaro Akahwirudzurwa echiLatin aSixtus uye Clement

Manyoro Omubatanidzwa echiGiriki

Rugwaro rwaErasmus

Rugwaro rwaStephanus

Textus Receptus

Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaGriesbach

Emphatic Diaglott

Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaWestcott naHort

Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaBover

Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaMerk

Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rweNestle-Aland

Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rweUnited Bible Societies

New World Translation

Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki—chiNgezi; Kubva muchiNgezi Kuisa Mumimwe Mitauro Yazvino Uno