Manyoro eBhaibheri echiHebheru Omuenzaniso

PAMBERI pokuwanwa kweDead Sea Scrolls muna 1947, manyoro eBhaibheri echiHebheru akazivikanwa ekaresa—kunze kwezvisaririra zvishomanene—aivambira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 9 kusvikira kune rechi 11 N.V. Iwayo haasviki makore ane chiuru chimwe apfuura. Ikoku kunoreva here kuti pamberi pa 1947 rugwaro rwechiHebheru rweBhaibheri rwakanga rwusina chokwadi? Uye neiko kwakanga kune manyoro echiHebheru akare mashomanene kwazvo?

Kutanga kurangarira mubvunzo iwoyo wokupedzisira, mutsika yechiJudha inogamuchirwa, manyoro eBhaibheri echiHebheru api naapi airangarirwa kuva akanyanyosakara zvokusagona kushandiswazve aipfigirwa mugenizah, kamuri rokuchengetera musinagoge. Gare gare, manyoro akasakara akaunganidzwa aibudiswa ndokuvigwa. VaJudha vaiita ikoku kudzivisa Magwaro avo kushatiswa kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Neiko? Nemhaka yokuti aiva neTetragrammaton, mabhii echiHebheru anomirira zita dzvene raMwari, iro rinowanzopiwa muShona sa“Jehovha.”

“Crown”

Zvikurukuru, rugwaro rwechiHebheru rwakare rwakapfuudzwa nenzira yokutendeka kubva munguva dzakaresa. Somuenzaniso, kwakanga kune manyoro echiHebheru anokosha, anonzi Keter, “Crown,” ayo pakuvamba-vamba aiva naMagwaro ose echiHebheru, kana kuti “Testamende Yekare.” Akanga akachengetwa musinagoge rekaresa renzanga yakare, duku yavaJudha vaigara muAleppo, Siria, taundi rechiMuslim zvikurukuru. Pamberi pezvi, aya manyoro akanga asiiwa kuvaJudha veKaraite muJerusarema, asi yakatapwa navarwi vechiKristu muna 1099. Gare gare, manyoro acho akawanwazve ndokuendeswa kuOld Cairo, Egypt. Akasvika Aleppo munenge muzana ramakore rechi 15 uye pashure akava anozivikanwa seAleppo Codex. Aya manyoro, akarongwa musi kudzokera kusvika panenge pana 930 N.V., akarangarirwa kuva crown youdzidzi hweMasoretic, sezvinoreva zita rayo. Muenzaniso wakaisvonaka wokuenzanisira ngwariro inoitwa nokuchinjwa kworugwaro rweBhaibheri uye, zvamazvirokwazvo, manyoro echiHebheru omuenzaniso.

Munguva dzazvino uno zvikuru, vachengeti vaaya manyoro akatanhamara, vachitya nenzira yokutenda mashura kusvibiswa kwechinhu chavo chinoyera, vaisabvumira kunzverwa nenyanzvi. Uyezve, sezvo pepa rimwe bedzi rakapikichwa, chinyorwa chakafanana chaisagona kubudiswa nokuda kwefundo.

Apo vaBritain vakabva muPalestine muna 1948, zvimurenga zvakatanga muAleppo mukurwisana navaJudha. Sinagoge ravo rakapiswa; codex inokosha yakanyangarika uye yakafungidzirwa kuti yakaparadzwa. Chishamiso chakadini, ipapoka, makore gumi gare gare, kuziva kuti zvinenge zvikamu zvitatu zvezvina zvayo zvakanga zvapukunyuka uye zvakanga zvaverevedzwa zvichibuda muSiria kuenda kuJerusarema! Muna 1976 chinyorwa chakafanana chakaisvonaka chamakopi 500 mumavara akazara chakabudiswa pakupedzisira.

Basa raTenzi

Neiko aya manyoro achikosha kwazvo? Nemhaka yokuti rugwaro rwawo rwapakuvamba rwamakonzonendi rwakaruramiswa ndokuiswa zviratidziro zvokumira pakasvika 930 N.V. naAaron ben Asher, mumwe wenyanzvi dzakakurumbira zvikurusa dzakarovedzwa mukukopa nokuchinja Bhaibheri rechiHebheru. Naizvozvo yakanga iri codex yomuenzaniso, inogadza mupimo wamakopi omunguva yemberi akaitwa navaGiriki vane unyanzvi zvishomanene.

Pakuvamba yaiva namaforiyo 380 (mapeji 760) uye yakanga yakanyorwa kazhinji kazhinji muzvikamu zvitatu pamatehwe. Zvino ine maforiyo 294 uye inoshaiwa yakawanda zvikurusa yePentateuch nechikamu chokupedzisira, chakaumba Mariro, Rwiyo rwaSoromoni, Dhanieri, Estere, Ezra, uye Nehemia. Chinodudzwa se“Al” muNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—Reference Bible (Joshua 21:37, mashoko omuzasi). Moses Maimonides (akaratidzwa pano), nyanzvi yechiJudha yemuMiddle East ine mukurumbira yezana ramakore rechi 12 N.V., yakataura Aleppo Codex kuti yakanakisisa yaati amboona.a

Rugwaro rwechiHebheru rwakanyorwa noruoko kubva muzana ramakore rechi 13 kusvika kune rechi 15 rwakanga rwakavhengana rwakatorwa mumhuri dzamagwaro mbiri huru dzeMasoretic, Ben Asher uye Ben Naphtali. Muzana ramakore rechi 16, Jacob ben Hayyim akabudisa rugwaro rwacho nokuda kweBhaibheri rechiHebheru rakatsikirirwa rakatorwa muiri gamuchidzanwa rakavhengana, uye ihwohwu hwakava hwaro nokuda kwamaBhaibheri echiHebheru anodokuva ose akatsikirirwa kwamakore 400 akatevera.

Nechinyorwa chechitatu muna 1937 cheBiblia Hebraica (rugwaro rwechiHebheru rwakatsigirwa), gamuchidzanwa raBen Asher rakanzverwa sezvo rakanga rakachengetwa mumanyoro akachengetwa muRussia, anozivikanwa seLeningrad B 19^A. Leningrad B 19^A inovambira muna 1008 N.V. Hebrew University muJerusarema inoronga kubudisa rugwaro rweAleppo Hebrew zvakazara munhambo yakati yenguva, pamwe chete nokurava kunobva mumamwe ose manyoro anokosha nezvinyorwa, kubatanidza Dead Sea Scrolls.

Rugwaro rweBhaibheri rwatinoshandisa nhasi rwakavimbika. Rwakafuridzirwa nenzira youmwari uye rwakapiwa mumazana ose amakore akapfuura navanyori vaishanda nounyanzvi hukuru. Ngwariro huru yaava vanyori inoonwa mukuti kuenzaniswa kwomupumburu waIsaya wakawanwa parutivi peDead Sea muna 1947 nerugwaro rweMasoretic kunoratidza misiano mishomanene nenzira inoshamisa, kunyange zvazvo Dead Sea Scrolls yagara makore anopfuura chiuru chimwe kupfuura Bhaibheri reMasoretic rekaresa. Uyezve, zvino izvo Aleppo Codex yowanikwa kunyanzvi, ichagovera kunyange chikonzero chikuru zvikuru chechivimbo muururami hworugwaro hwaMagwaro echiHebheru. Zvirokwazvo, “kana riri shoko raMwari wedu, richagara kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi.”—Isaya 40:8, NW.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Bibelmuseum, Münster

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Jewish Division / The New York Public Library / Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations