Kuramba Kutenda Kukuru Kunotanga — RAIBHURARI YEPAINDANETI yeWatchtower

Ganhuro 4

Kuramba Kutenda Kukuru Kunotanga

“ISHE mumwe, nokutenda kumwe.” (VaEf. 4:5) Apo muapostora Pauro akanga achifuridzirwa akanyora mashoko iwayo (munenge muna 60-61 C.E.), kwaingova nokutenda kumwe bedzi kwechiKristu. Bva, nhasi tinoona masangano akawanda, masekete, uye marudzidziso anotaura kuva echiKristu, kunyange zvazvo achidzidzisa dzidziso dzinorwisana uye achiomerera kumipimo yakasiyana-siyana yomufambiro. Musiyano mukuru wakadini neungano imwe yechiKristu yakabatana yakatanga paPentekosta ya33 C.E.! Misiyano iyoyi yakavapo sei? Nokuda kwemhinduro tinofanira kudzokera shure kuzana rokutanga ramakore reNguva yedu Yavose.

Kubvira pamavambo pamene, Muvengi, Satani, akaedza kunyaradza chipupuriro chezvapupu zvechiKristu zvaJehovha kupfurikidza nokuunza pazviri chitambudzo chakabva kuna avo vaiva kunze kweungano. (1 Pet. 5:8) Pakutanga chakabva kuvaJudha uye tevere chakabva kuUmambo hweRoma hwaVamarudzi. VaKristu vapakuvamba vakatsungirira nenzira inobudirira mutoo uri wose wechishoro. (Enzanisa naZvakazarurwa 1:9; 2:3, 19.) Asi Muvengi haana kutera. Kana asati aigona kuvanyaradza kupfurikidza nedzvinyiriro yakabva kuna avo vaiva vokunze, kuregererei kuvashatisa mukati? Apo ungano yechiKristu yakanga ichiri duku, kuvapo kwayo kumene kwakatyisidzirwa nomuvengi womukati—kuramba kutenda.a

Zvisinei, kuramba kutenda hakuna kupinda muungano kusingaziviswi. SoMusoro weungano, Kristu akava nechokwadi chokuti vateveri vake vaifanonyeverwa.—VaK. 1:18.

“Pakati Penyu Pachava . . . Navadzidzisi Venhema”

“Chenjerai,” akanyevera kudaro Jesu, “vaporofita venhema vanouya kwamuri vakapfeka nguo dzamakwai.” (Mat. 7:15, NW) Jesu aiziva kuti Satani aizoedza kukamura uye kushatsa vateveri Vake. Naizvozvo kubvira pamavambo muushumiri hwake, akavanyevera pamusoro pavadzidzisi venhema.

Ava vadzidzisi venhema vaizobva kupi? “Pakati penyu mumene,” akadaro muapostora Pauro munenge muna 56 C.E., pakutaura kuvatariri veEfeso. Hungu, vachibva mukati meungano, varume vaizo“muka vachitaura zvinhu zvakamonyana kuti vatsause vadzidzi vatevere ivo vamene.” (Mabasa 20:28, 29, NW) Vanoramba kutenda vane udyire vakadaro vaisazogutswa nokuita vadzidzi vavo vamene; vaizoedza “kutsausa vadzidzi,” ndiko kuti, vadzidzi vaKristu.

Muapostora Petro (munenge muna 64 C.E.) akafanotaurawo ushati hwomukati uye akatorondedzera nzira yaizoshanda nayo vakaramba kutenda vakadaro: “Pakati penyu pachava . . . navadzidzisi venhema. Ivava vamene vachapinza chinyararire dzidziso dzinoparadza . . . Nokuchochora vachakunyengerai namashoko amanomano.” (2 Pet. 2:1, 3, NW) Setsori kana kuti vanyengeri vari mumusasa womuvengi, vadzidzisi venhema, kunyange zvazvo vachibva mukati meungano, vaizopinza mirangariro yavo inoshatsa munzira yakavandika kana kuti yapachivande.

Idzi nyevero dzaJesu navaapostora vake dzakanga dzisati dziri dzisina maturo. Chishoro chomukati chakava namavambo maduku, asi chakabuda pachena pakuvamba muungano yechiKristu.

“Dzotobate basa”

Asingasviki makore 20 pashure porufu rwaJesu, muapostora Pauro akaratidzira kuti nhamburiko dzaSatani dzokuparira kukamukana ndokubvisa vanhu pakutenda kwechokwadi dzakanga “dzotobate basa.” (2 VaT. 2:7, NW) Pakuvamba somunenge muna 49 C.E., mutsamba yakatumirwa ungano, mutumbi unodzora wakati: “Isu takanzwa kuti vamwe vakabva pakati pedu vakakuparirai chinetso nokutaura, vachiedza kuparadza mweya yenyu, kunyange zvazvo isu tisina kuvapa mirayiridzo ipi neipi.” (Mabasa 15:24, NW) Naizvozvo vamwe mukati meungano vakanga vachitaura pamusoro pomurangariro wavo wokushora—mune ichi chiitiko nomutoo unooneka panhau yokuti vaKristu vaVamarudzi vaifanira kudzingiswa here uye kuchengeta Mutemo waMosesi.—Mabasa 15:1, 5.

Zana rokutanga ramakore zvarakaenderera mberi, kufunga kunokamura kwakapararira seronda rinonyenga. (Enzanisa na2 Timotio 2:17.) Pakasvika munenge muna 51 C.E., vamwe muTesaronika vakanga vachifanotaura nomutoo usakarurama kuti “kuvapo” kwaShe Jesu kwakanga kwava pedyo. (2 VaT. 2:1, 2) Pakasvika munenge muna 55 C.E., vamwe vomuKorinte vakanga varamba dzidziso yakajeka yechiKristu pamusoro porumuko rwavakafa. (1 VaK. 15:12) Munenge muna 65 C.E., vamwe vakataura kuti rumuko rwakanga rwatoitika, irwo ruchiva rworudzi rwokufananidzira urwo vaKristu vapenyu vanowana.—2 Tim. 2:16-18.

Hakuna zvinyorwa zvakafuridzirwa pamusoro pechakaitika mukati meungano yechiKristu mukati mamakore 30 akatevera. Asi pakasvika nguva muapostora Johane akanyora tsamba dzake (munenge muna 98 C.E.), kwakanga kuna “vanoramba Kristu vazhinji”—vanhu vairamba kuti “Jesu ndiKristu” uye kuti Jesu Mwanakomana waMwari uyo akauya “munyama.”—1 Joh. 2:18, 22; 4:2, 3, NW.

Kwaanopfuura makore 60, vaapostora vakanga va‘batira sechidziviso,’ vachiedza kudzivisa kufunga kwokuramba kutenda. (2 VaT. 2:7; enzanisa na2 Johane 9, 10.) Asi ungano yechiKristu zvayakanga yodokupinda muzana rechipiri ramakore, muapostora wairarama wokupedzisira, Johane, akafa, munenge muna 100 C.E. Kuramba kutenda kuya kwakanga kwavamba kupinda zvishoma nezvishoma muungano zvino kwakanga kwagadzirira kubuda pachena kusingadziviswi, nemigumisiro inoparadza yesangano nedzidziso.

Vafundisi Navanhuwo Zvavo

“Imi mose muri hama,” Jesu akanga adaro kuna vadzidzi vake. “Mutungamiriri wenyu ndimumwe, Kristu.” (Mat. 23:8, 10, NW) Naizvozvo kwakanga kusina boka ravafundisi mukati meungano dzechiKristu dzomuzana rokutanga ramakore. Sehama dzakazodzwa nomudzimu dzaKristu, vaKristu vose vapakuvamba vakanga vane kariro yokuva vaprista vokudenga pamwe naKristu. (1 Pet. 1:3, 4; 2:5, 9) Kana kuri kuronga, ungano imwe neimwe yakanga ichitarisirwa nomutumbi wavatariri, kana kuti vakuru vomudzimu.b Vakuru vose vakanga vane chiremera chakaenzana, uye hapana nomumwe wavo akanga achibvumirwa ku‘dzora saishe’ boka ravaitarisira. (Mabasa 20:17; VaF. 1:1; 1 Pet. 5:2, 3) Zvisinei, kuramba kutenda zvakwakawadzanyuka, zvinhu zvakavamba kuchinja—nokukurumidza.

Pakati pokutsauka kwapakuvamba zvikurusa pakanga pane musiyano pakati pamashoko okuti “mutariri” (Gr., e·piʹsko·pos) uye “murume mukuru,” kana kuti “mukuru” (Gr., pre·sbyʹte·ros), zvokuti akanga asichiri kushandiswazve kunongedzera kunzvimbo imwe cheteyo yakafanana yomutoro. Makore ane gumi chete kana kuti anopfuura pashure porufu rwomuapostora Johane, Ignatius, “bhishopi” weAntiokia, mutsamba yake kuvaSmirna, akanyora, kuti: “Ivai nechokwadi chokuti mose munotevera bhishopi [mutariri], saJesu Kristu anotevera Baba, uye presbytery [mutumbi wavarume vakuru] sokunge kuti vaiva vaapostora.” Ignatius nokudaro akareverera kuti ungano imwe neimwe itarisirwe nabhishopi mumwe,c kana kuti mutariri, uyo aizozivikanwa seakasiyana, uye ane chiremera chikuru zvikuru kupfuura vapresbyter, kana kuti varume vakuru.

Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, uku kuparadzana kwakavapo sei? Augustus Neander, mubhuku rake rinonzi The History of the Christian Religion and Church, During the Three First Centuries, anotsanangura chakaitika: “Muzana rechipiri ramakore . . . , nzvimbo iripo yapurezidhendi wavapresbyter inofanira kuve yakanga yaumbwa, kuno uyo, sezvo iye zvikurukuru akanga achitarisira chinhu chiri chose, zita rokuti [e·piʹsko·pos] rakapiwa, uye nomutoo iwoyo akatsauraniswa navamwe vasara vavapresbyter.”

Nokudaro hwaro hwakavanzarikwa hwokuti boka ravafundisi ribude pashoma napashoma. Rinenge zana ramakore gare gare, Cyprian, “bhishopi” weCarthage, kuChamhembe kweAfrica, akanga ari murevereri akasimba wechiremera chamabhishopi—seboka rakaparadzana navapresbyter (gare gare vakazozivikanwa savapristad), vadhikoni, uye vanhuwo zvavo. Asi iye haana kuda chiremera chabhishopi mumwe pana vamwe.e

Mabhishopi navapresbyter zvavakakwira panzvimbo yakakwirira yomutumbi wavafundisi, vakasiya pasi payo vasara vavatendi vaiva muungano. Ikoku kwakaguma nomusiyano pakati pavafundisi (avo vanotungamirira) navanhuwo zvavo (mutumbi wakanyarara wavatendi). Cyclopedia yaMcClintock naStrong inotsanangura, kuti: “Kubvira munguva yaCyprian [uyo akafa munenge muna 258 C.E.], muvambi wegadziriro yomutumbi wavafundisi, musiyano wavafundisi navanhuwo zvavo wakava wakatanhamara, uye nokukurumidza zvikuru wakabvumwa munzvimbo yose. Zvirokwazvo, kubvira muzana rechitatu ramakore zvichienda mberi, shoko rokuti clerus . . . rakanga richishandiswa kanodokuva chose chose kuushumiri kurisiyanisa navanhuwo zvavo. Mutumbi wavafundisi weRoma zvawakatangwa, vafundisi vakazova vasati vachingova bedzi boka rakasiyana . . . asiwo kuva vanozivikanwa souprista bedzi.”

Nokudaro, mukati mamakore 150 kana kuti anopfuura orufu rwavaapostora vokupedzisira, chinjo mbiri dzakatanhamara dzesangano dzakapinda muungano: yokutanga, kusiyana pakati pamabhishopi navapresbyter, bhishopi achiva ane nzvimbo yapamusoro yenzvimbo yomutumbi wavafundisi; yechipiri, kusiyana pakati pavafundisi navanhuwo zvavo. Panzvimbo pokuti vatendi vose vakaberekwa nomudzimu vaumbe “uprista hwoumambo,” vafundisi zvino vakanga vachi“zivikanwa savaprista bedzi.”f—1 Pet. 2:9.

Chinjo dzakadaro dzakaratidzira kubva pamutoo wapaMagwaro wokudzora ungano mumazuva avaapostora. Chinjo dzesangano, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, dzakanga dzisati dzichingova migumisiro bedzi yokuramba kutenda.

Dzidziso Dzechihedheni Dzinopinda

Dzidziso dzakachena dzaKristu dzakanyorwa—dzakachengetwa muMagwaro Matsvene. Somuenzaniso, Jesu akadzidzisa nomutoo wakajeka kuti Jehovha ndiye “Mwari wechokwadi bedzi” uye kuti mweya womunhu unofa. (Joh. 17:3, NW; Mat. 10:28) Bva, nokufa kwavaapostora uye kuneta kwechimiro chesangano, dzidziso dzakadaro dzakajeka dzakashatswa sezvo dzidziso dzechihedheni dzakapinda muchiKristu. Chinhu chakadaro chaigona kuitika sei?

Chisakiso chikuru yakanga iri pesvedzero yamanomano youzivi hwechiGiriki. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotsanangura, kuti: “Kubvira pakati pezana ramakore rechi2 AD vaKristu vakava nerovedzo yakati muuzivi hwechiGiriki vakavamba kunzwa kudikanwa kwokuratidzira kutenda kwavo mumashoko ako, zvose zviri zviviri nokuda kwegutsikano yavo vamene youngwaru uye kuti vatendeutse vahedheni vakadzidza.” Apo vaiva nendangariro nouzivi vakava vaKristu, hakuna kuda nguva refu kuti uzivi hwechiGiriki ne“chiKristu” zvive zvakabatana nomutoo usingaparadzanisiki.

Somugumisiro wouyu mubatanidzwa, dzidziso dzechihedheni dzakadai soUtatu nokusafa kwomweya dzakapinda muchiKristu chakashatswa. Idzi dzidziso, zvisinei, dzinodzokera shure kupfuura vazivi vechiGiriki. Chaizvoizvo vaGiriki vakadziwana mupepuko dzekare, nokuti mune ufakazi hwedzidziso dzakadaro mumarudzidziso eEgipita yekare neBhabhironi.

Dzidziso dzechihedheni zvadzakapfuurira kupinda muchiKristu, dzimwe dzidziso dzapaMagwaro dzakamonyaniswawo kana kuti kuregwa.

Tariro yoUmambo Inodzimaidzika

Vadzidzi vaJesu vaisanoziva kuti vaifanira kuramba vachichenjerera “kuvapo” kwakapikirwa kwaJesu uye kuuya kwoUmambo hwake. Pashure penguva yakati, kwakanzwisiswa kuti uhu Umambo huchatonga papasi kwechiuru chamakore ndokurishandura kuva paradhiso. (Mat. 24:3, NW; 2 Tim. 4:18; Zvak. 21:4, 6) Vanyori veBhaibheri vechiKristu vakarayira zvapupu zvomuzana rokutanga ramakore kuti zvirambe zvakamuka mumudzimu uye kuti zvirambe zvakasiyana nenyika. (Jak. 1:27; 4:4; 5:7, 8; 1 Pet. 4:7) Asi nokukurumidza apo vaapostora vakafa, kariro yechiKristu yokuvapo kwaKristu nokuuya kwoUmambo hwake yakadzimaidzika. Neiko?

Chisakiso chimwe kwakanga kuri kushatiswa mumudzimu kwakaparirwa nedzidziso yechiGiriki yokusafa kwomweya. Sezvo iyo yakasimba pakati pavaKristu, tariro yamakore ane chiuru yakaregwa pashoma napashoma. Neiko? The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology inotsanangura, kuti: “Dzidziso yokusafa kwomweya yakapinda kuti itore nzvimbo ye[dzidziso ye“Zvinhu Zvokupedzisira”] yeTI [Testamente Itsva] netariro yayo yorumuko rwavakafa nechisiko chitsva (Zvak. 21 f.), zvokuti mweya unowana rutongeso pashure porufu uye unowana paradhiso zvino inofungwa nezvayo seimwe yenyika.” Namamwe mashoko, vaKristu vakaramba kutenda vaifunga kuti mweya waipfuurira kurarama pashure porufu rwomuviri uye kuti zvikomborero zvoKutonga Kwamakore Ane Chiuru kwaKristu zvinofanira naizvozvo kuva nechokuita nenzvimbo yemidzimu. Nokudaro vakatamisira Paradhiso kubva pasi kuenda kudenga, iyo, vaidavira kuti, mweya unoponeswa unowana parufu. Ipapoka, pakanga pasina kudikanwa kwokuchenjerera kuvapo kwaKristu uye kuuya kwoUmambo hwake, sezvo parufu vose vaikarira kukumbanira Kristu mudenga.g

Chimwe chisakiso, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, chakakuita chaizvoizvo kuti kuratidzike kuva kusina maturo kuchenjerera kuuya kwoUmambo hwaKristu. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotsanangura, kuti: “Kunonoka [kuri pamhene] kwoKuvapo kwakaparira kuneta kwekariro yaiva pedyo muchechi yapakuvamba. Muno uyu muitiro [wokuneta kwedzidziso pamusoro pe“Zvinhu Zvokupedzisira”], chechi yesangano nomutoo unowedzera yakatsiva Umambo hunokarirwa hwaMwari. Kuumbwa kweChechi yeKaturike sesangano romutumbi wavafundisi kwakabatana nomutoo wakananga nokuderera kwekariro yaiva pedyo.” (Kutsveyamiswa kwamashoko ndokwedu.) Naizvozvo zvikomborero zvamakore ane chiuru hazvina kungotamisirwa bedzi kudenga zvichibva pasi asi Umambo hwakachinjwa kubva kudenga huchienda kupasi. Uku “kuiswazve munzvimbo” kwakapedzwa naAugustine weHippo (354-430 C.E.). Mubhuku rake rakakurumbira rinonzi The City of God, akati: “Chechi kunyange zvino ndiyo umambo hwaKristu, uye umambo hwedenga.”

Munguva ino, munenge muna 313 C.E., mukati mokutonga kwaMambo weRoma Constantine, chiKristu chakazivikanwa pamutemo, rutivi rukuru rwacho pakasvika nguva ino rwakanga rwava rwakaramba kutenda mukufunga kwacho. Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vakanga vachidisa kupinzwa mubasa reHurumende, uye pakutanga Hurumende yaidzora zvinhu zvorudzidziso. (Mukusanonoka, rudzidziso rwaizodzora zvinhu zveHurumende.) Nokudaro chiKristudhomu chakavamba,h rutivi rwacho (rudzidziso rweKaturike) pashure penguva yakati rwakava rudzidziso rweHurumende rwapamutemo rweRoma. Zvino, “umambo” hwakanga husati huchingova bedzi munyika asi hwakanga huri rutivi rwenyika. Musiyano wakadini noUmambo uhwo Kristu akaparidza!—Joh. 18:36.

Kuchinja—Kudzokera Kukunamata Kwechokwadi Here?

Samasora anokura zvakanaka pakati pegorosi rakavhungwa, Chechi yeRoma, mukudzorwa nomutongi wayo woupapa, yakadzora zvinhu zvenyika kwamazana amakore. (Mat. 13:24-30, 37-43) Zvayakava zvikuru rutivi rwenyika, chechi yakabva zvikuru pachiKristu chomuzana rokutanga ramakore. Mumazana amakore “masekete okutenda kusiko” akarayira kuchinja mukati mechechi, asi chechi yakapfuurira kushandisa zvisina kufanira simba uye kuunganidza pfuma. Ipapo, muzana ramakore rechi16, Kuchinja kwechiPurotesitendi, kumukira kworudzidziso, kwakabuda pachena mukukwana kwako.

Vachinji vakadai saMartin Luther (1483-1546), Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531), uye John Calvin (1509-64) vakabatanidza chechi panhau dzakasiyana-siyana: Luther pamusoro pokutengeswa kwekanganwirwo, Zwingli pamusoro pokusaroora kwavafundisi uye kunamatwa kwaMaria, uye Calvin pamusoro pokudikanwa kwokuti chechi idzokere kunheyo dzapakuvamba dzechiKristu. Nhamburiko dzakadaro dzakaitei?

Kutaura chokwadi, Kuchinja kwakaita zvinhu zvakanaka, nomutoo unocherekedzwa zvikurusa kushandurirwa kweBhaibheri mumitauro yavanhu venhando. Mudzimu wakasununguka woKuchinja wakatungamirira kukunzverwa kukuru kune chinangwa kweBhaibheri uye kunzwisiswa kwakawedzerwa kwemitauro yeBhaibheri. Kuchinja hakuna, zvisinei, kuratidzira kudzokera kukunamata kwechokwadi nedzidziso.i Kwakakona nei?

Migumisiro yokuramba kutenda yakanga yapinda zvikuru, kusvikira kunheyo dzimene dzechiKristudhomu. Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo mapoka akasiyana-siyana echiPurotesitendi akabva muchiremera chapapa weRoma, akapfuuridzira dzimwe dzemhosho huru dzeChechi yeRoma Katurike, mativi akabva mukusiyiwa kwechiKristu chechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo kudzorwa kwechechi dzechiPurotesitendi kwaiti siyanei hako, kukamukana kukuru kwechechi kuva boka ravafundisi rinodzorwa nevanhu venhando vanodzorwa kwakachengetwa. Dzakachengetwawo dzaiva dzidziso dzisiri dzapamagwaro dzakadai soUtatu, kusafa kwomweya, uye chitambudzo chisingagumi pashure porufu. Uye kufanana neChechi yeRoma, chechi dzechiPurotesitendi dzakapfuurira kuva rutivi rwenyika, dzichiva dzinosanobatanidzwa namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika namapoka apamusoro anotonga.

Munguva ino, zvakadiniko nekariro yechiKristu—kuchenjerera kuvapo kwaJesu uye kuuya kwoUmambo hwake? Kwamazana amakore pashure poKuchinja, chechi—dzose dziri mbiri yeKaturike neyePurotesitendi—dzakanga dzakabatikana zvikuru kuwana simba renyika uye dzakasundira mberi kariro dzokuuya kwoUmambo hwaKristu.

Kunyandura Kuchenjerera

Muzana ramakore rechi19, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, mamirire ezvinhu orudzidziso akatungamirira kukuchenjerera kwechiKristu. Somugumisiro wokunzvera Bhaibheri kwavamwe vafundisi navazivi veBhaibheri, dzidziso dzakadai somweya usingafi, chitambudzo chisingagumi pashure porufu, kufanosarudzirwa mugumo, uye Utatu zvakafundwazve. Mukuwedzera, vamwe vadzidzi veBhaibheri vakanga vachisanonzvera uporofita hweBhaibheri pamusoro pamazuva okupedzisira. Naizvozvo, mapoka akasiyana-siyana avanhu akavamba kufunga zvakakomba pamusoro pokudzoka kwakapikirwa kwaShe.—Mat. 24:3.

MuUnited States, William Miller akafanotaura kudzoka kwaKristu muchimiro chinooneka muna 1843 kana kuti 1844. Mufundisi weGermany J. A. Bengel akagadza gore nokuda kwa1836; Vateveri vaIrving muEngland vakatanga kutarira kuna 1835, tevere 1838, 1864, uye 1866. Kwakanga kune boka ravaMennonite muRussia rakatanga kutarira kuna 1889, tevere kuna 1891.

Nhamburiko dzakadaro dzokupfuurira kuchenjerera dzakabatira kumutsira vazhinji kukariro yokudzoka kwaShe wedu. Zvisinei, idzi nhamburiko pakuchenjerera kwechiKristu dzakaguma nokuodzwa mwoyo. Neiko? Zvikurusa, nemhaka yokuti iwo akanyanyotsamira pavanhu uye kwete zvakakwana paMagwaro. Pashure pamakumi amakore mashomanene, mazhinjisa amapoka iwawo akatsakatika.

Munguva ino, mukati meiyi nhambo zvimwe zviitiko zvakava nesimba patariro nekariro dzavanhu.

Nguva Ye“nzwisiso” Nokuita Mabasa Okugadzira Zvinhu

Muna 1848, Karl Marx naFriedrich Engels vakabudisa The Communist Manifesto. Panzvimbo pokutsigira rudzidziso, urwo Marx akaidza kuti “mushonga unokotsirisa wavanhu,” vakatsigira kudavira kusavako kwaMwari. Nepo sezvinooneka vakarwisana norudzidziso rwose ivo vakatsigira chaizvoizvo rudzidziso, kana kuti kunamatwa, kweHurumende navatungamiriri vayo.

Anenge makore gumi gare gare, muna 1859, Origin of Species yaCharles Darwin yakabudiswa; yakapesvedzera zvikuru kufunga kwesayenzi nekworudzidziso kwenguva yacho. Rondedzero dzemhindumupindu dzakatungamirira kukudenhwa kwouzvokwadi hwenhoroondo yeBhaibheri yechisiko neyokutangwa kwechivi kupfurikidza nokusateerera kwavanhu vaviri vokutanga. (Gen., ganhuro 1-3) Somugumisiro, kutenda kwavazhinji Bhaibheri kwakaneteswa.

Munguva ino, kuchinja mumabasa okugadzira zvinhu kwakanga kuchiitika uye kuchiwana simba. Simbiso yakachinjirwa mumabasa okugadzira zvinhu uye kuitwa kwemichina ichibva kukurima. Kutangwa kwezvitima zvamarasha (mukuvamba mezana ramakore rechi19) kwakanga kuchitungamirira kukura kwenjanji munyika yose. Hafu yapashure yezana ramakore rechi19 yakaona kuitwa kworunhare (1876), giramufomu (1877), mwenje wamagetsi (1878-9), pamwe chete nokushandiswa kweLinotype mukubudisa mitsetse yokudhinda (1884).

Rudzi rwomunhu rwakanga ruchipinda munguva yokutangwa kukurusa kwezvokufambisa nezvekurukurirano kunokurumidza munhau. Kunyange zvazvo idzi betsero dzaizoshandiswa kufambisira mberi nharidzano dzezvokutengeserana nedzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzaizowanikawo kune zvorudzidziso. Nokudaro mavambo akagadzirwa nokuda kwokutanga kuduku kwakaitwa neboka duku ravadzidzi veBhaibheri iro raizova nepesvedzero munyika yose.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

a MuMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu, zita rokuti “kuramba kutenda” (chiGir., a·po·sta·siʹa) rine pfungwa yo“kutiza, kusiya kana kuti kupanduka.” (Mabasa 21:21, NW, mashoko omuzasi) Ipapo zvikurukuru rine nongedzero yokusiya rudzidziso; kubuda kana kuti kusiyiwa kwokunamata kwechokwadi.

b MuMagwaro mashoko okuti “mutariri” uye “murume mukuru,” kana kuti “mukuru,” anonongedzera kunzvimbo imwe cheteyo (Mabasa 20:17, 28; Tito 1:5, 7, NW) “Murume mukuru” anoratidzira mavara okukura mumudzimu ouyo anogadzwa kudaro, uye “mutariri” mutoro unovapo pamwe chete mukugadzwa—kutarisira fariro dzavanhu vaye vanoronzeswa kukutarisira kwomunhu.

c Shoko rechiNgezi rokuti “bhishopi” rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki rokuti e·piʹsko·pos (“mutariri”) sezvinotevera: muchiNgezi Chapakati bisshop, muchiNgezi Chekare bisceop, muVulgar Latin biscopus, musiyano wechiLatin Chekare episcopus, rinobva muchiGiriki e·piʹsko·pos.

d Shoko rechiNgezi rokuti “muprista” rinobva muna pre·sbyʹte·ros (“murume mukuru,” kana kuti “mukuru”) sezvinotevera: muchiNgezi Chapakati pre(e)st, muchiNgezi Chekare prēost, muVulgar Latin prester, rakatorwa muchiLatin Chekare presbyter, muchiGiriki pre·sbyʹte·ros.

e Pashure penguva yakati bishopi weRoma, achitaura kuva mutsivi waPetro, akafungwa nezvake sabhishopi mukuru napapa.—Ona Kutsvaka Mwari Kworudzi Rwomunhu, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1990, mapeji 270-2.

f Nomutoo unofadza, Dr. Neander anoti: “Mhedziso yenhema yakasvikwa, kuti muTestamente Yekare zvamakanga mune uprista hunooneka hwakabatanidzwa neboka rakati ravarume, mu[Testamente] Itsva munofanirawo kuva nerimwe chetero . . . Enzaniso yenhema youprista hwechiKristu nehwechiJudha yakapfuuridzirazve kukwira kweepiscopacy pamusoro penzvimbo yavapresbyter.”—The History of the Christian Religion and Church, rakashandurwa naHenry John Rose, Second Edition, New York, 1848, p. 111.

g Uyu murangariro nomutoo wokukanganisa unofungidzira kuti parufu vaKristu vose vanoenda kudenga. Zvisinei, Bhaibheri rinodzidzisa kuti vanhu vane 144 000 bedzi vanodanwa kundotonga pamwe naKristu mudenga. (Zvak. 7:4-8; 20:4-6) Vamwe vasingaverengeki vanogona kuva netariro youpenyu husingaperi muparadhiso yapasi mukudzora kwoUmambo hwaKristu.—Mat. 6:10; Zvak. 7:9, 15.

h Sezvarinoshandiswa muchinyorwa chino, shoko rokuti “chiKristudhomu” rinonongedzera kuchiKristu chokunyepedzera, mukusiyana nechiKristu chechokwadi cheBhaibheri.

i Nokuda kwekurukurirano yakazara zvikuru yoKuchinja nechakwakaita, ona ganhuro 13, “Kuchinja—Kutsvaka Kwakatora Chimiro Chitsva,” mubhuku rinonzi Kutsvaka Mwari Kworudzi Rwomunhu.

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 33]

Ichingunoveri muuduku hwayo, ungano yechiKristu yakatyisidzirwa nokuramba kutenda

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 34]

Chishoro chomukati chakava namavambo maduku

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 37]

Vakaramba kutenda havana kutamisa bedzi zvikomborero zvamakore ane chiuru kubva pasi zvichienda kudenga asi vakachinja Umambo kubva kudenga kuenda kupasi

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 36]

Plato ne“chiKristu”

Muzivi wechiGiriki Plato (akaberekwa munenge muna 428 B.C.E.) akanga asina nzira yokuziva nayo kuti dzidziso dzake pakupedzisira dzaizopinda muchiKristu chakaramba kutenda. Zvikuru izvo Plato akagovera ku“chiKristu” zvakanga zviri pamusoro pedzidziso dzoUtatu nokusafa kwemweya.

Pfungwa dzaPlato pamusoro paMwari nechisiko dzakapesvedzera dzidziso yoUtatu yechiKristudhomu. “Nouveau Dictionnaire Universel” inotsanangura, kuti: “Utatu hwaPlato, ihwo humene kurongwawo zvako patsva kwoutatu hwekare hunovambira shure kuvanhu vapakuvamba, hunoratidzika kuva utatu hwouzivi hune mufungo hwamavara akabereka vatatu kana kuti vanhu vatatu voumwari vanodzidziswa nechechi dzechiKristu. . . . Mufungo wouyu muzivi wechiGiriki woutatu hwoumwari . . . unogona kuwanwa mumarudzidziso ose ekare [echihedheni].”—Vhoriyamu 2, peji 1467.

Pamusoro pedzidziso yomweya usingafi, “New Catholic Encyclopedia” inoti: “Mufungo wechiKristu womweya womudzimu wakasikwa naMwari ndokupinzwa mumuviri pakunambwa kuita kuti munhu ave mupenyu wose chibereko chokukura kurefu muuzivi hwechiKristu. Mweya wakasimbiswa sechinhu chomudzimu uye mufungo wouzivi wakaumbwa nomusikirwo wacho naOrigen [akafa munenge muna 254 C.E.] muMabvazuva uye St. Augustine bedzi [akafa muna 430 C.E.] muMadokero . . . dzidziso [yaAugustine] . . . yakanga ine zvakawanda (kubatanidza zvikanganiso) zvedzidziso itsva dzaPlato.”—Vhoriyamu XIII, mapeji 452, 454.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 35]

Cyprian, “bhishopi” weCarthage, akaona mabhishopi seari boka rakasiyana nava“presbyter,” vadhikoni, uye vanhuwo zvavo

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 38]

“Chechi kunyange zvino ndiyo umambo hwaKristu, uye umambo hwedenga” (Augustine weHippo)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 39]

Vachinji avo vakadenha chechi panhau dzakasiyana-siyana

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Ulrich Zwingli

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 40]

“Communist Manifesto” yaKarl Marx yakatsigira chaizvoizvo kunamatwa kweHurumende. “Origin of Species” yaCharles Darwin yakapesvedzera zvikuru kufunga kwesayenzi nokworudzidziso kwenguva yacho