Ruzivo rwechiGiriki—Rwakanatsa chiKristu Here?
“ChiKristu, kunyange zvazvo chaipesana netsika dzechihedheni dzechiGiriki nechiRoma, chaizvoizvo chakagamuchira ruzivo ruzhinji rwekare.”—The Encyclopedia Americana.
PANE avo vakapesvedzera zvikuru kufunga kwe“chiKristu,” “Saint” Augustine ane nzvimbo isingapokanidzwi. Maererano neThe New Encyclopædia Britannica, “mupfungwa” dzaAugustine ndimo maiva mugangiro umo chitendero cheTestamente Itsva chakabatanidzwa zvachose nemaonero aPlato eruzivo rwechiGiriki; uye ndidzozve dzakashandiswa kuchipfuudzira kuchiKristudhomu chemuMiddle Ages muchiRoma Katurike nemuchiPurotesitendi.”
Nhaka yakasiyiwa naAugustine zvechokwadi ichiripo. Achitaura nezveukuru hwekupesvedzera kweruzivo rwechiGiriki pachiKristudhomu, Douglas T. Holden akati: “Ruzivo rwechiKristu rwazova rwakabatana neruzivo rwechiGiriki zvekuti rwakarera vanhu vane mativi mapfumbamwe ekufunga kwechiGiriki nerutivi rumwe rwekufunga kwechiKristu.”
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira zvakasimba kuti kupesvedzera kweruzivo kwakadaro kwakavandudza chiKristu chichangotanga, kwakanatsiridza dzidziso dzacho, ndokuchiita kuti chigutse kwazvo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika here? Kupesvedzera kweruzivo rwechiGiriki kwakavapo sei uye rini? Chaizvoizvo, kwakanatsa kana kuti kwakasvibisa chiKristu here?
Zvinonzwisisika kana tikanzvera zvakaitika kubva muzana remakore rechitatu B.C.E. kusvika kune rechishanu C.E. tikanzvera mashoko mana asina kujairika: (1) “ChiJudha Chakachinjwa nechiGiriki,” (2) “ChiGiriki Chakachinjwa nechiKristu,” (3) “ChiKristu Chakachinjwa nechiGiriki,” (4) “Ruzivo rwechiKristu.”
“ChiJudha Chakachinjwa nechiGiriki”
Chekutanga, “ChiJudha Chakachinjwa nechiGiriki,” chinozvipokanidza zvechokwadi. Chitendero chepakuvamba chevaHebheru, chakatangwa naMwari wechokwadi, Jehovha, chakanga chisingafaniri kushatiswa nepfungwa dzenhema dzezvitendero. (Dheuteronomio 12:32; Zvirevo 30:5, 6) Zvisinei, kubva pakutanga chaipo, kuchena kwekunamata kwakatyisidzirwa neushati hwemiitiro yezvitendero zvenhema nokufunga kwainge kwakakupoteredza—kwakadai sekupesvedzera kwaibva kuEgipita, kuKanani, nokuBhabhironi. Zvinosuruvarisa kutaura kuti, Israeri yakatendera kuti kunamata kwayo kwechokwadi kushatiswe zvikuru.—Vatongi 2:11-13.
Mazana amakore gare gare, apo Parestina yekare yakava chikamu cheUmambo hwevaGiriki mukutonga kwaAlexander Mukuru muzana remakore rechina B.C.E., ushati uhwu hwakadzama zvikuru kupfuura kare ndokusiya nhaka yechigarire inokuvadza. Alexander akapinza vaJudha muuto rake. Kugarisana kwavaJudha nemukundi wavo mutsva kwakapesvedzera zvikuru pfungwa dzechitendero dzavaJudha. Dzidzo yechiJudha yakatapurwa nepfungwa dzechiGiriki. Mupristi mukuru Jason anonzi akavamba chikoro chepamusoro chechiGiriki muJerusarema muna 175 B.C.E. kupfuudzira kudzidza nezvaHomer.
Nenzira inofadza, mumwe murume wekuSamaria, achinyora murutivi rwechipiri rwezana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E., akaedza kupa nhoroondo yeBhaibheri senhoroondo yechiGiriki. Mabhuku echiJudha eApokirifa, akadai saJudhisi naTobhiti, chaizvoizvo anotaura nezvengano dzerudo dzechiGiriki. Vazivi vechiJudha vakati wandei vakaedza kuyananisa pfungwa dzechiGiriki nechitendero chechiJudha neBhaibheri vakaoneka.
Munhu akanyanya kuita izvi ndiPhilo, muJudha wezana remakore rekutanga C.E. Akashandisa zvisina mvumo dzidziso dzaPlato (zana remakore rechina B.C.E.), dzevateveri vaPythagoras, uye vateveri vaStoiko. VaJudha vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nemaonero aPhilo. Mupfupiso yake yekutapura kweruzivo rwechiGiriki patsika dzechiJudha, munyori wechiJudha Max Dimont anoti: “Vashongedzerwa nekufunga kwaPlato, nemafungiro aAristotle, uye sayenzi yaEuclid, nyanzvi dzechiJudha dzakashanyira Torah nezvishandiso zvitsva. . . . Vakapfuurira kuwedzera nzwisiso yechiGiriki kunzwisiso yavaJudha.”
Pashure penguva yakati, vaRoma vakakurira Umambo hwevaGiriki, vachitora Jerusarema. Izvi zvakazarura mukana wekumwezve kutochinja. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechitatu C.E., dzidziso dzevazivi nevanhu vanofunga vechitendero vaiedza kuumba pfungwa dzaPlato dzakavamba kujeka, dzinozivikanwa nhasi seNeoplatonism. Iri boka revanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana rakazopesvedzera zvikuru chiKristu chakaramba kutenda.
“ChiGiriki Chakachinjwa nechiKristu”
Mukati memazana mashanu emakore okutanga enguva ino, vamwe vazivi vakaedza kuratidza ukama pakati peruzivo rwechiGiriki nechokwadi chinoratidzwa neBhaibheri. Bhuku rinonzi A History of Christianity rinoti: “Vazivi vechiKristu vakaratidza vaGiriki mumakumi emakore Kristu asati auya sevaitamburira sevarume asi semapofu kuti vazive Mwari, vachiedza, sekunge zvakadaro, kufungidzira Jesu kubva mumhepo yeAtene, kugadzira chiKristu kubva mumisoro yavo yechihedheni yakazara mvura.”
Plotinus (205-270 C.E.), muvhuri wenzira wevanhu vakadaro vanofunga, akavamba tsika yakanga yakavakirwa kunyanya papfungwa dzaPlato. Plotinus akadzidzisa pfungwa yekuti mweya wakaparadzana nomuviri. Purofesa E. W. Hopkins akati nezvaPlotinus: “Ruzivo rwake rwechitendero . . . rwakapesvedzera zvikuru kufunga kwevatungamiriri vechiKristu.”
“ChiKristu Chakachinjwa nechiGiriki” uye “Ruzivo rwechiKristu”
Kutanga muzana remakore rechipiri C.E., vanhu vanofunga ve“chiKristu” vakaedza chaizvo kutendisa vazivi vechihedheni. Pasinei zvapo nenyevero yakajeka yomuapostora Pauro pamusoro pe“kutaura kusina hanya naMwari” uye “kuramba kunobva pazivo inonzi zivo, dziri nhema hadzo,” vadzidzisi vakadaro vakabatanidza mudzidziso yavo zvinhu zveruzivo zvakabva mutsika dzechiGiriki dzakapoteredza. (1 Timotio 6:20) Muenzaniso waPhilo waiita sekuti zvaigoneka kuwiriranisa Bhaibheri nepfungwa dzaPlato.—Enzanisa na2 Petro 1:16.
Chaizvoizvo chakanga chiri kudenhwa chaicho chaiva chokwadi cheBhaibheri. Vadzidzisi ve“chiKristu” vakaedza kuratidza kuti chiKristu chaiwirirana netsika dzevaGiriki nevaRoma. Clement wekuAlexandria naOrigen (zana remakore rechipiri nechitatu C.E.) vakaumba Neoplatonism kuti ive fandesheni yechakazozivikanwa se“ruzivo rwechiKristu.” Ambrose (339-397 C.E.), bhishopi weMilan, akanga “agamuchira” dzidzo yechiGiriki yakakwirira yepanguva yacho, yechiKristu neyechihedheni zvakafanana—zvichida zvinyorwa . . . zvaPlotinus wechihedheni aitevera Plato.” Akaedza kupa vaRoma vakadzidza mashoko echiKristu munzira yevakadzidza. Augustine akatevera muenzaniso wake.
Zana remakore gare gare, Dionysius weAreopago (ainziwo Dionysius wokunyepera), zvimwe mumongi wokuSiria, akaedza kubatanidza ruzivo rwaPlato nechitendero che“chiKristu.” Maererano neimwe enisaikoropidhiya, “zvinyorwa” zvake “zvakavamba mafungire chaiwo edzidziso dzaPlato murutivi rukuru rweMiddle Ages kudzidziso dzechiKristu noumudzimu . . . zvakaunza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvechitendero netsika dzekuzvipira dziripo panguva ino.” Kukanganiswa kwakadini kwenyevero yemuapostora Pauro pamusoro pe‘uchenjeri nokunyengera kusina maturo [noku]tevera tsika dzevanhu’!—VaKorose 2:8.
Zvinhu Zvinoshatisa
Zvakaonekwa kuti “vaKristu vaitevera Plato vakakoshesa, chekutanga, kuziviswa ndokurangarira ruzivo rwaPlato sechishandiso chakanakisisa chokunzwisisa nokudzivirira dzidziso dzeMagwaro netsika dzechechi.”
Plato pachake aitenda kuti kune mweya usingafi. Zvinotokosha, imwe yedzidziso huru dzenhema yakapinda muruzivo rwe“chiKristu” ndeyekusafa kwemweya. Kugamuchira iyi dzidziso hakugoni kururamiswa pahwaro hwekuti kuita kudaro kwakaita kuti chiKristu chifadze vanhuwo zvavo. Paaiparidzira muAtene, musimboti wetsika dzechiGiriki, muapostora Pauro haana kudzidzisa pfungwa dzaPlato pamusoro pomweya. Asi akaparidza dzidziso yechiKristu yerumuko, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vevateereri vake vechiGiriki vakazviwana zvakaoma kugamuchira zvaakataura.—Mabasa 17:22-32.
Mukusiyana neruzivo rwechiGiriki, Magwaro anoratidza zvakajeka kuti mweya hachisi chinhu icho munhu anacho asi kuti ndizvo zvaari. (Genesi 2:7) Parufu, mweya unorega kuvapo. (Ezekieri 18:4) Muparidzi 9:5 inotiudza kuti: “Vapenyu vanoziva kuti vachazofa, asi vakafa havana chavanoziva, kunyange nomubayiro havachina; nokuti havacharangarirwi.” Dzidziso yokusafa kwemweya haidzidziswi muBhaibheri.
Imwe dzidziso inonyengera yakanga ine chekuita nenzvimbo yaJesu asati ava munhu, pfungwa yokuti akanga akaenzana naBaba vake. Bhuku rinonzi The Church of the First Three Centuries rinotsanangura kuti: “Dzidziso yoUtatu . . . yakava nemavambo kunzvimbo iri kure neyeMagwaro echiJudha neechiKristu.” Nzvimbo iyoyo yakanga iri chii? Dzidziso iyi “yakakura, ndokupinzwa muchiKristu, nomumaoko eMadzibaba aitevera Plato.”
Zvechokwadi, mukufamba kwenguva uye Madzibaba zvaakaramba achipesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzaPlato, vezveUtatu vakabva vawanda. Ruzivo rwemaonero aPlato rwezana remakore rechitatu rwakaita serunovagonesa kuyananisa zvisingawirirani—kuita kuti vanaMwari vanonzi vatatu vaite saMwari mumwe. Vachishandisa nzwisiso yoruzivo vakataura kuti vanhu vatatu vaigona kuva Mwari mumwe asi vachiramba vaine unhu hwavo!
Zvisinei, chokwadi cheBhaibheri chinoratidza zvakajeka kuti Jehovha bedzi ndiye Mwari Wamasimba Ose, Jesu Kristu ndiye Mwanakomana Wake akaderera akasikwa, uye mudzimu mutsvene isimba Rake rinobata basa. (Dheuteronomio 6:4; Isaya 45:5; Mabasa 2:4; VaKorose 1:15; Zvakazarurwa 3:14) Dzidziso yeUtatu inoshora Mwari bedzi wechokwadi uye inokangaidza vanhu, ichivabvisa kuna Mwari sezvavanokundikana kumunzwisisa.
Tariro yakavakirwa paMagwaro yemakore ane chiuru yakadenhwawo nekupesvedzera kwaPlato pakufunga kwechiKristu. (Zvakazarurwa 20:4-6) Origen akazivikanwa nokushora kwake vaidavira nezvemakore ane chiuru. Neiko akanga akapesana zvikuru nedzidziso inonyatsowanikwa muBhaibheri yekutonga kwemakore ane chiuru kwaKristu? The Catholic Encyclopedia inopindura kuti: “Nemhaka yepfungwa dzaPlato apo aive akavakira dzidziso dzake . . . , [Origen] aisagona kutsigira vezvemakore ane chiuru.”
Chokwadi Chacho
Hapana chimwe chete chezviitiko zvataurwa pamusoro apa chinowirirana nechokwadi. Chokwadi ichi muunganidzwa wese wedzidziso dzechiKristu dzinowanwa muBhaibheri. (2 VaKorinte 4:2; Tito 1:1, 14; 2 Johane 1-4) Bhaibheri ndiro bedzi rine chokwadi.—Johane 17:17; 2 Timotio 3:16.
Zvisinei, muvengi waJehovha, wechokwadi, wevanhu, uye weupenyu husingaperi—Satani Dhiyabhorosi, “muurayi” na‘baba venhema’—ave achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzounyengeri kushatisa chokwadi ichocho. (Johane 8:44; enzanisa na2 VaKorinte 11:3.) Pakati pezvishandiso zvakasimba zvikuru zvaakashandisa idzidziso dzechihedheni dzevazivi vechiGiriki—chaizvoizvo dzinoratidza mafungire aanoita iye—mukuedza kuchinja zviri mudzidziso yechiKrisu nezvairi.
Uku kuvhenganiswa kusina kufanira kwedzidziso dzechiKristu neruzivo rwechiGiriki kuedza kutonhodza chokwadi cheBhaibheri, kuderedza simba racho uye kukwezva kwacho vanyoro, vanotsvaka chokwadi nomwoyo wose, uye vanodzidzisika. (1 VaKorinte 3:1, 2, 19, 20) Kunosvibisawo rucheno rwedzidziso dziri pachena dzeBhaibheri, kuchiita kuti musiyano pakati pechokwadi nenhema usanyatsooneka.
Nhasi, munhungamiro yeMusoro weungano, Jesu Kristu, dzidziso yechiKristu yechokwadi yakadzorerwa. Uyewo, vanotsvaka chokwadi nomwoyo wose vanogona zviri nyore kuziva ungano yechiKristu yechokwadi kuburikidza nezvibereko zvayo. (Mateo 7:16, 20) Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinoda uye zvinofara kubetsera vakadaro kuwana mvura isina kushatiswa yechokwadi ndokuvabetsera kubatisisa nhaka yeupenyu husingaperi hunopiwa naBaba vedu, Jehovha.—Johane 4:14; 1 Timotio 6:19.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]
Augustine
[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 10]
Mashoko echiGiriki: Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Ancient Greek Writers: Plato’s Phaedo, 1957, Ioannis N. Zacharopoulos, Athens; Plato: Musei Capitolini, Roma