Mipumburu Yamanyoro yeGungwa Rakafa—Pfuma Isina Muenzaniso

PASI peWadi Qumran, parutivi rwokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweGungwa Rakafa, pane matongo akare. Akarangarirwa kwenguva refu kuva zvisaririra zvenhare yeRoma, akanga agamuchira ngwariro duku yakabva kuvacheri vamatongo. Kuwanwa kwoMupumburu waManyoro weGungwa Rakafa waIsaya muna 1947, zvisinei, kwakasunda kurangarirwazve kwenzvimbo yacho.

Nokukurumidza nyanzvi dzakaziva zvivako zvacho sezvenzanga yorudzidziso rwavaJudha. Fungidziro yokukurumidza yakanga iri yokuti ava vanhu vakanga vavanza mipumburu yacho mumapako pakati pamawere ari pedyo. Asi kuwana kwapashure kwakaratidzika kuva kwakapanikira izvozvo.

Chiwanwa Chisina Muenzaniso

VaBedouin vakanga vakasvinurira ukoshi hwamanyoro ayo vakanga vatowana. Naizvozvo, muna 1952, apo murume akwegura akarondedzera kuti sepwere iye akanga atandanisa shiri yakakuvadzwa kutozosvikira yanyangarika mumwena uri pamusoro pebwe, umo iye akawana zviumbwa nerambi rekare ramafuta, kutsvaka kutsva kwakatanga.

Murume akwegura akanga achiri kukwanisa kuziva muromo webako pakati pemikana yamawere makuru. Rakanga riri bako rakaitwa nomunhu, zvino rinoziviswa seCave 4. Imomo vaBedouin vakawana zvidimbu zvamanyoro inenge mita imwe pasi pomwero waivapo panguva iyoyo wouriri. Hapana nechimwe chezvidimbu chakanga chachengetwa muzvirongo, naizvozvo zvizhinjisa zvakanga zvaora zvakashata, zvasvibiswa, uye zvaoma zvikuru. Pashure penguva yakati zvisaririra 40 000 zvakawanwa, zvinomirira anodokuva manyoro 400. Mabhuku ose aMagwaro echiHebheru, kunze kwaEstere, akamirirwa pakati pamanyoro eBhaibheri ane zana rimwe. Akawanda amashoko akawanwa muCave 4 achigere kubudiswa.

Rimwe ramanyoro anokosha zvikurusa rakanga riri ramabhuku aSamueri, rakanyorwa mumupumburu mumwe. Rugwaro rwaro rwechiHebheru, rwakachengetwa muzvikamu 47 kubva muzvinenge 57, rwakafanana zvikuru nourwo rwakashandiswa navashanduri veSeptuagint yechiGiriki. Kunewo zvisaririra zvechiGiriki zveSeptuagint kubva muna Revhitiko naNumeri izvo zvinosvika shure kusvikira kuzana rokutanga ramakore P.N.V. Manyoro aRevhitiko anoshandisa IAO, nokuda kwa יהוה wechiHebheru, zita roumwari raMwari, panzvimbo paKyʹri·os, wechiGiriki “Ishe.”a

Muchisaririra chomuna Dheuteronomio, rugwaro rwechiHebheru runobatanidza chikamu chomuganhuro 32, ndima 43, zvinowanwa muSeptuagint ndokunokorwa mashoko pana VaHebheru 1:6 (NW), kuti: “Uye ngirozi dzose dzaMwari ngadzimukudze.” Iyi ndiyo nguva yokutanga uyu mutsetse wakawanwa mumanyoro api naapi echiHebheru, uchizivisa rugwaro urwo sezviri pachena runosimbisa shanduro yechiGiriki. Nyanzvi nokudaro dzakawana nzwisiso itsva murugwaro rweSeptuagint, runowanzonokorwa mashoko kwazvo muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki.

Mupumburu wamanyoro waEksodho wakarongwa musi kusvikira kuchikamu chechitatu chezvina chezana ramakore rechitatu P.N.V., waSamueri kusvikira kumugumo wezana ramakore rimwe chetero, uye mupumburu wamanyoro waJeremia kusvikira pakati pe 225 na 175 P.N.V. Mashoko akakwana anobva muzana ramakore rechitatu kusvikira kune rokutanga P.N.V. akawanwa kuva anoronda chinjo mumitoo yokunyora namabhii mamwe namamwe ama A B C echiHebheru nechiAramaiki, chimwe chinhu choukoshi hukuru mukuronga misi manyoro.

Chishamiso cheCave 11

Pakupedzisira, nharaunda yose yakapota Qumran yakanga yaongororwa zvakakwana, navose vari vaviri vaBedouin vomunzvimbomo uye navacheri vamatongo. Bva, rimwe zuva muna 1956, vaBedouin vakacherechedza miremwaremwa ichibuda mumitswe yomumawere kuchamhembe kweCave 1. Ivo vakakwira ndokuwana rimwe bako, rine suo rakanga rakavharwa. Matani maviri amabwe akadonha aifanira kubviswa kurifukunura. Zviwanwa zvaiva mukati zvakanga zvichikatyamadza—manyoro maviri akakwana nezvikamu zvikuru zvishanu zvamamwe.

Chiwanwa chinokosha zvikurusa wakanga uri mupumburu wamanyoro akaisvonaka waMapisarema. Ukobvu hweganda hunokarakadza kuti iwo zvimwe iganda remhuru panzvimbo peganda rembudzi. Hwerengedzo yezvidimbu zvishanu, zvidimbu zvina zvinoparadzanika, uye zvisaririra zvina zvinoupa urefu hwamamita anopfuura 4. Kunyange zvazvo pamusoro pouyu mupumburu wamanyoro pakasanochengetwa, mucheto wapasi wakati orei. Unovambira muhafu yokutanga yezana rokutanga ramakore N.V. uye une mativi amapisarema 41. Tetragrammaton yakanyorwa kane 105 mumabhii echiHebheru chakare, kuchiita kuti atanhamare pakati pamanyoro echiHebheru amativi mana akaenzana amashoko akapoteredza.

Mamwe manyoro, aRevhitiko, akanyorwa chose chose mumanyoro akare echiHebheru, asi chikonzero nei ikoku kwakadaro kuchigere kutsanangurwa zvakakwana. Icho chinyorwa chirefu zvikurusa chiripo chinoshandisa ichi chimiro chokunyora, chakanga chichishandiswa apo vaJudha vakapinda muutapwa hweBhabhironi pamugumo wezana ramakore rechinomwe P.N.V.

Kopi yeTargum, kunyorwa namamwe mashoko kwechiAramaiki kwebhuku raJobho, yakaonekawo. Iri pakati pamaTargum akaresa akanyorwa. Chiverengero chakati chetsinhiro pamamwe mabhuku eBhaibheri chakawanwawo mumapako akasiana. Iyi mipumburu yamanyoro yose yakasvika sei pakuvanzwa zvakanaka kudaro mumapako iwaya?

Sezvadudzwa pakuvamba, mamwe angava akavanzwa nenzanga yeQumran. Asi kubva muufakazi, kunoratidzika kuva kungabvira zvikuru kuti mazhinji akaiswamo navaJudha vaitiza kusvika kwavaRoma paJudhea mugore ra 68 N.V., pamberi poruparadziko rwokupedzisira rweJerusarema makore maviri gare gare. Renje reJudhea rakanga riri nzvimbo yomusikirwo yakakotsekana yamanyoro anokosha kwete bedzi mumapako ari pedyo neQumran asi mumamaira akawanda iwayo kuchamhembe, muJeriko, uye kumaodzanyemba, pedyo neMasada. Tinoonga sei nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwawo! Anopa chimwe chibvumikiso chokusachinjika kweShoko rakafuridzirwa raJehovha. Zvirokwazvo, “kana riri shoko raMwari wedu, richagara kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi.”—Isaya 40:8, NW.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 13]

ZVIMWE ZVICHAKURUMIDZA KUUYA HERE?

Kunyange zvazvo zvakawanwa makumi amakore apfuura, uwandu hukuru hwezvisaririra zvoMupumburu waManyoro weGungwa Rakafa hahuna kubudiswa. The New York Times yaDecember 23, 1990, yakatsoropodza, kuti: “Kunyange mifananidzo yazvo yamapikicha yakatapwa neboka rorudzi renyanzvi idzo dzinodzivisa shamwari dzadzo ndokuramba kubudisa akawanda amashoko ayo vanawo.” Pepa racho rakashuma, zvisinei, kuti chinjo yavashandi muiri boka ravapepeti yakaitwa misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, uko kungava nhano kukuputsa uboka hwakakomba mipumburu yamanyoro . . . , uye nyika ichaziva zvakawanda pamusoro penhambo yechienzi munhau.”

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.