Chechi Yapakuvamba Yakadzidzisa Kuti Mwari Utatu Here?
Rutivi 2—Vanyori vechiKristu VomunguvadzaVaapostora Vakadzidzisa Dzidziso Youtatu Here?
MuNharireyomurindi yaNovember 1, 1991, Rutivi 1 rweiyi nhevedzano rwakakurukura kana Jesu navadzidzi vake vakadzidzisa dzidziso yoUtatu—pfungwa yokuti Baba, Mwanakomana, uye mudzimu mutsvene vakanga vari vanhu vatatu vakaenzana asi Mwari mumwe. Ufakazi hwakajeka hunobva muBhaibheri, kuna vezvenhau, uye kunyange kuna vafundisi ndohwokuti vakanga vasiri. Zvakadiniko navatungamiriri vemachechi avo vakatevera nokukurumidza pashure—vakadzidzisa Utatu here?
“VANYORI VECHIKRISTU VOMUNGUVA DZAVAAPOSTORA” izita rinoshandiswa nokuda kwavanhu vechechi avo vakanyora pamusoro pechiKristu mukupera kwezana rokutanga ramakore uye kuvamba kwerechipiri reNguva yedu yaVose. Vamwe vavo vakanga vari Clement weRoma, Ignatius, Polycarp, Hermas, uye Papias.
Vakataurwa kuva vararami vapanguva imwe cheteyo navamwe vavaapostora. Nokudaro, vanofanira kuve vakanga vakarovedzana nedzidziso dzavaapostora. Pamusoro pechakanyorwa navarume ivavo, The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti:
“Akabatanidzwa pamwe chete manyoro aVanyori vechiKristu Vomunguva Dzavaapostora anokosha zvikuru munhau kupfuura mamwe mabhuku api naapi echiKristu ari kunze kweTestamente Itsva.”1
Kana vaapostora vakadzidzisa dzidziso yoUtatu, ipapo Vanyori ivavo vechiKristu Vomunguva Dzavaapostora vanofanira kuve vakaidzidzisawo. Inofanira kuve yakanga yakatanhamara mudzidziso yavo, sezvo pakanga pasina chinhu chaikosha zvikuru kupfuura kuudza vanhu ari Mwari. Naizvozvo vakadzidzisa dzidziso yoUtatu here?
Kutaura Kwapakuvamba Kwokutenda
Kumwe kwokutaura kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kusati kuri kweBhaibheri kwokutenda kwechiKristu kunowanwa mubhuku ramaganhuro mapfupi 16 rinozivikanwa seThe Didache, kana kuti Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Vamwe vezvenhau vanoriisa pamusi wapamberi kana kuti munenge mugore ra 100 N.V. Munyori waro haazivikanwi.2
The Didache rinobata nezvinhu izvo vanhu vaizoda kuziva kuti vave maKristu. Muganhuro raro rechi 7, rinoraira rubhapatidzo “muzita raBaba neroMwanakomana neroMudzimu Mutsvene,” mashoko mamwe chetewo Jesu akashandisa pana Mateo 28:19.3 Asi haritauri chinhu pamusoro pavatatu vachiva vakaenzana mukusaguma, simba, nzvimbo, uye uchenjeri. Muganhuro raro rechi 10, The Didache rinobatanidza kutaurwa kwokutenda muchimiro chomunyengetero:
“Tinokuongai, Baba Vatsvene, nokuda kweZita renyu dzvene iro makaita kuti rigare mumwoyo yedu; uye nokuda kwezivo nokutenda nokusafa zvamakazivisa kwatiri kupfurikidza naJesu Mubatiri wenyu. Mbiri kwamuri nokusingaperi! Imi, Tenzi Wamasimba ose, makasika chinhu chiri chose nokuda kweZita renyu . . . Uye kwatiri makapa nenyasha zvokudya zvomudzimu nezvokunwa, uye upenyu husingagumi kupfurikidza naJesu Mubatiri wenyu.”4
Hamuna Utatu muna iyoyi. MuThe Influence of Greek Ideas on Christianity, Edwin Hatch anonokora mashoko ndima ichangobva kududzwa uye ipapo anoti:
“Munzvimbo yapakuvamba yechiKristu hamuoneki kuva maiva mune fambiro mberi huru ipi neipi pamusoro peiyi mifungo yakapfava. Dzidziso pamusoro payo simbiso yakaiswa yakanga iri, yokuti Mwari ndiye, kuti Iye ndiye uyo, kuti Iye ndiye wamasimba ose naasingaperi, kuti Iye akaita nyika, kuti ngoni Dzake dziri pamabasa Ake ose. Pakanga pasina kukombamira kukurukurirano dzouzivi.”5
Clement weRoma
Clement weRoma, aifungwa kuva aiva “bhishopi” muguta iroro, ndamamwe manyuko apakuvamba amanyoro pachiKristu. Kunodavirwa kuti iye akafa munenge muna 100 N.V. Mumashoko anotaurwa kuva akanyorwa naye, haadudzi Utatu, zvakananga kana kuti zvimwe zvisina kunanga. MuFirst Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, iye anoti:
“Nyasha kwamuri, uye rugare, zvinobva kuna Mwari Wamasimba ose kupfurikidza naJesu Kristu, ngazviwedzerwe.”
“Vaapostora vakaparidzira Evhangeri kwatiri yakabva kuna Ishe Jesu Kristu; Jesu Kristu akaita saizvozvo kubva kuna Mwari. Kristu naizvozvo akatumwa naMwari, uye vaapostora naKristu.”
“Mwari, anoona zvinhu zvose, uye uyo ari Mutongi wemidzimu yose naIshe wenyama yose—uyo akasarudza Ishe wedu Jesu Kristu uye isu kupfurikidza Naye kuva vanhu chaivo—ngaape kumweya uri wose unodana paZita Rake rine mbiri uye dzvene, kutenda, rutyo, rugare, shiviriro, mwoyo murefu.”6
Clement haatauri kuti Jesu kana kuti mudzimu mutsvene vakaenzana naMwari. Iye anotaura Mwari Wamasimba ose (kwete chete kuti “Baba”) saakasiana noMwanakomana. Mwari anotaurwa nezvake somukuru, sezvo Kristu “achitumwa” naMwari, uye Mwari “akasarudza” Kristu. Achiratidza kuti Mwari naKristu vanhu vaviri vakaparadzana uye vasina kuenzana, Clement akati:
“Tichakumbira nomunyengetero wapachokwadi nokuteterera kuti Musiki wechisiko chapose pose achachengeta chakakwana chiverengero chaicho chavakasarudzwa vake munyika yose, kupfurikidza noMwana wake anodiwa Jesu Kristu. . . . Tinokuzivai imi [Mwari] moga ‘makakwirira zvikurusa pakati pavakakwirira zvikurusa’ . . . Imi moga ndimi muchengeti wemidzimu naMwari wenyama yose.”
“Marudzi ose ngaazive kuti imi muri Mwari bedzi, kuti Jesu Kristu Mwana wenyu.”7
Clement anodana Mwari (kwete chete kuti “Baba”) “wakakwirira zvikurusa,” uye anonongedzera kuna Jesu so“Mwana” waMwari. Anonyorawo pamusoro paJesu, kuti: “Sezvo iye achiratidzira kuisvonaka kwaMwari, iye mukuru kungirozi sezvo zita rake rakasiana zvikuru neadzo.”8 Jesu anoratidzira kuisvonaka kwaMwari, asi iye haaenzani nako, sezvo mwedzi uchiratidzira chiedza chezuva asi hauenzani namanyuko echiedza ichocho, zuva.
Kudai Mwanakomana waMwari akaenzana naMwari, uyo ari Baba vokudenga, kwaizova kusiri madikanwa kuti Clement ataure kuti Jesu akanga ari mukuru kungirozi, sezvo ikoko kungadai kwakava pachena. Uye kutaura kwake kunoratidza kuziva kwake kuti nepo Mwanakomana ari mukuru kungirozi, iye muduku kuna Mwari Wamasimba ose.
Murangariro waClement wakajeka zvikuru: Mwanakomana muduku kuna Baba uye ndowechipiri kwavari. Clement haana kutongorangarira Jesu saanogoverana muumwari naBaba. Iye anoratidza kuti Mwanakomana anotsamira pana Baba, ndiko kuti, Mwari, uye anotaura chaizvoizvo kuti Baba ndi‘Mwari oga,’ asingagoverani nzvimbo Yake nomunhu upi noupi. Uye hapana apo Clement anopa mudzimu mutsvene uenzani naMwari. Nokudaro, hamutongorina Utatu mumanyoro aClement.
Ignatius
Ignatius, bhishopi weAntiokia akararama kuvamba panenge pakati pezana rokutanga ramakore N.V. kusvikira mukuvamba kwezana rechipiri ramakore. Achirangarira kuti manyoro ose anonzi akanyorwa naye akanga akarurama, hapana mune mamwe awo mune uenzani hwaBaba, Mwanakomana, uye mudzimu mutsvene.
Kunyange kudai Ignatius akanga ataura kuti Mwanakomana akanga akaenzana naBaba mukusaguma, simba, nzvimbo, uye uchenjeri, hwaizodai husirizve Utatu, nokuti hakuna kwaakataura kuti mudzimu mutsvene wakanga wakaenzana naMwari munzira idzodzo. Asi Ignatius haana kutaura kuti Mwanakomana akanga akaenzana naMwari Baba munzira dzakadaro kana kuti muimwe ipi neipi. Panzvimbo pezvo, akaratidza kuti Mwanakomana anozviisa pasi poUyo ari mukuru, Mwari Wamasimba ose.
Ignatius anodana Mwari Wamasimba ose kuti “Mwari bedzi wechokwadi, usina kuberekwa naasingasvikiki, Ishe wavose, Baba noMubereki woMwanakomana akaberekwa ari mumwe bedzi,” achiratidza musiano uri pakati paMwari noMwanakomana Wake.9 Iye anotaura nezva“Mwari Baba, uye Ishe Jesu Kristu.”10 Uye anozivisa, kuti: “Kuna Mwari mumwe, Wamasimba ose, uyo akazviratidzira Amene kupfurikidza naJesu Kristu Mwanakomana Wake.”11
Ignatius anoratidza kuti Mwanakomana akanga asati ari asingagumi somunhu asi akasikwa, nokuti iye ane Mwanakomana anoti: “Ishe [Mwari Wamasimba ose] akaNdisika, kutanga kwenzira Dzake.”12 Nenzira yakafanana, Ignatius akati: “Kuna Mwari mumwe wechisiko chapose pose, Baba vaKristu, ‘uyo kupfurikidza naye zvinhu zvose zvakavapo;’ uye Ishe mumwe Jesu Kristu, Ishe wedu, ‘uyo zvinhu zvose zvakaitwa kupfurikidza naye.’”13 Iye anonyorawo, kuti:
“Mudzimu Mutsvene hautauri zvinhu Zvawo umene, asi izvo zvaKristu, . . . kunyange sezvo Ishe akazivisawo kwatiri zvinhu izvo Iye akagamuchira kuna Baba. Nokuti, anodaro Iye [Mwanakomana], ‘shoko ramunonzwa harisati riri Rangu, asi nderaBaba, vakaNdituma.’”14
“Kuna Mwari mumwe uyo akazviratidzira amene kupfurikidza naJesu Kristu Mwanakomana wake, uyo ari Shoko rake rakabva mukunyarara uye munzira iri yose akamufadza [Mwari] akamutuma. . . . Jesu Kristu akanga ari pasi paBaba.”15
Chokwadi, Ignatius anodana Mwanakomana kuti “Mwari Shoko.” Asi kushandisa shoko rokuti “Mwari” nokuda kwoMwanakomana hakurevi hako uenzani naMwari Wamasimba ose. Bhaibheri rinodanawo Mwanakomana kuti “Mwari” pana Isaya 9:6. Johane 1:18, (NW) inodana Mwanakomana kuti “mwari wakaberekwa ari mumwe bedzi.” Zvaakapiwa simba nechiremera zvinobva kuna Jehovha Mwari, Baba, Mwanakomana aigona nenzira yakakodzera kudanwa kuti “une simba,” uko “mwari” rinoreva chaizvoizvo.—Mateo 28:18; 1 VaKorinte 8:6; VaHebheru 1:2.
Zvisinei, tsamba 15 dzinonzi dzakanyorwa naIgnatius dzakagamuchirwa sedzapachokwadi here? MuThe Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume I, vapepeti Alexander Roberts naJames Donaldson vanoti:
“Zvino yava pfungwa yapose pose yavatsoropodzi, yokuti sere dzokutanga dzeidzi tsamba dzinonzi ndedzaIgnatius hadzisati dziri dzechokwadi. Dzine madziri dzimene zvibvumikiso zvisingapanikirwi zvokuva chibereko chenguva yapashure . . . uye zvino kupfurikidza nechibvumirano chavose dzakatsaurwa senyengedzo.”
“Panomwe dzeTsamba dzinobvumwa naEusebius . . . , tine hwirudzuro mbiri dzechiGiriki, pfupi nerefu. . . . Kunyange zvazvo chimiro chipfupi . . . chakanga chagamuchirwa navose kupfuura chirefu, pakanga pachine mufungo wakati pararirei pakati penyanzvi, uyo waisambogona kurangarirwa sowakasununguka chose chose pawedzero, kana kuti sohwouchokwadi husingapanikirwi.”16
Kana tikagamuchira chinyorwa chipfupi chamanyoro ake sechechokwadi, kunobvisa zvitsama zvamashoko (muchinyorwa chikuru) izvo zvinoratidza Kristu somuduku kuna Mwari, asi chinosara muchinyorwa chipfupi hachingoratidzi Utatu. Uye pasinei zvapo nokuti ndaapi amanyoro ake ari echokwadi, anoratidza nenzira yakanakisisa kuti Ignatius aidavira muhuviri hwaMwari noMwanakomana wake. Ikoku kwakanga kusati kuri zvamazvirokwazvo huviri hwavaenzani, nokuti Mwanakomana nguva dzose anoratidzirwa sowakaderera kuna Mwari nomuduku kwaari. Nokudaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti munhu anorangarira sei manyoro aIgnatius, dzidziso yoUtatu haifaniri kuwanikwa maari.
Polycarp
Polycarp weSmyrna akaberekwa muchikamu chechitatu chokupedzisira chezana rokutanga ramakore uye akafa pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri. Kunotaurwa kuti iye akava neonano nomuapostora Johane, uye anotaurwa kuva akanyora Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians.
Maiva nechinhu chipi nechipi here mumanyoro aPolycarp chaizoratidzira Utatu? Aiwa, hamuna kududzwa kwahwo. Zvamazvirokwazvo, chaanotaura chinowirirana neizvo Jesu navadzidzi vake navaapostora vakadzidzisa. Somuenzaniso, muEpistle yake, Polycarp akati:
“Mwari naBaba vaIshe wedu Jesu Kristu, uye Jesu Kristu Amene, uyo ari Mwanakomana waMwari, . . . ngaakuvakei mukutenda nezvokwadi.”17
Cherekedza kuti, kufanana naClement, Polycarp haatauri nezvoukama hwa“Baba” no“Mwanakomana” voUtatu hwavaenzani muumwari. Panzvimbo pezvo, iye anotaura nezva“Mwari naBaba” vaJesu, kwete chete ‘Baba vaJesu.’ Naizvozvo iye anoparadzanisa Mwari naJesu, seizvo vanyori veBhaibheri vanoita vaitazve. Pauro anoti pana 2 VaKorinte 1:3: “Mwari ngaaongwe, ivo Baba vaShe wedu Jesu Kristu.” Haangoti chete, ‘Ngavaongwe Baba vaJesu’ asi, “Mwari ngavaongwe, ivo Baba” vaJesu.
Uyewo, Polycarp anoti: “Rugare runobva kuna Mwari Wamasimba ose, uye runobva kuna Ishe Jesu Kristu, Muponesi wedu.”18 Pano zvakare, Jesu akasiana naMwari Wamasimba ose, kwete munhu mumwe woutatu hwakaenzana hwouMwari.
Hermas naPapias
Mumwe Munyori wechiKristu Womunguva Dzavaapostora ndiHermas, uyo akanyora murutivi rwokutanga rwezana ramakore rechipiri. Mubhuku rake Shepherd, kana kuti Pastor, anotaura here chinhu chipi nechipi chaizotungamirira mumwe kudavira kuti iye akanzwisisa Mwari kuva Utatu? Cherekedza mienzaniso yezvaakataura:
“Mudzimu Mutsvene hautauri apo munhu anoshuva kuti mudzimu utaure, asi unotaura bedzi apo Mwari anoushuva kuti utaure. . . . Mwari akasima munda wemizambiringa, ndiko kuti, Iye akasika vanhu, uye akavapa kuMwanakomana Wake; uye Mwanakomana akagadza ngirozi Dzake pamusoro pavo kuti dzivatarisire.”19
“Mwanakomana waMwari mukuru zvikuru kupfuura chisiko chake.”20
Pano Hermas anotaura kuti apo Mwari (kwete chete Baba) anoshuva mudzimu kutaura, unotaura, achiratidza ukuru hwaMwari kumudzimu. Uye iye anoti Mwari akapa munda wemizambiringa kuMwanakomana wake, achiratidza ukuru hwaMwari kuMwanakomana. Iye anotaurawo kuti Mwanakomana waMwari mukuru kupfuura zvake, zvoMwanakomana, zvisikwa, ndiko kuti, izvo Mwanakomana waMwari akasika seMhizha yaMwari, “nokuti maari zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa, zviri kudenga napanyika.” (VaKorose 1:15, 16) Idi nderokuti Mwanakomana haasi asingagumi. Iye akasikwa sechisikwa chomudzimu chakakwirira, zvimwe zvisikwa zvomudzimu zvisati zvasikwa, zvakadai sengirozi, idzo dzakasikwa kupfurikidza naye.
J. N. D. Kelly muEarly Christian Doctrines yake, anonyora pamusoro pomurangariro waHermas pamusoro poMwanakomana waMwari, kuti:
“Muchiverengero chakati chezvikamu tinorava nezvengirozi iri huru kungirozi nhanhatu dzinoumba dare romukati raMwari, uye iyo nguva dzose inorondedzerwa se‘inoremekedzwa zvikurusa’, ‘tsvene’, uye ‘ine mbiri’. Iyi ngirozi inopiwa zita rokuti Mikaeri, uye mhedziso yacho yakaoma kunzvenga zvokuti Hermas akairangarira kuva Mwanakomana waMwari ndokuienzanisa nengirozi huru Mikaeri.”
“Pane ufakaziwo . . . hwokuedza kutsanangura Kristu sorudzi rwakati rwengirozi huru . . . Mupfungwa yorumano yedzidziso yoUtatu chokwadika hamuna chiratidzo.”21
Papias anotaurwawo kuva akaziva muapostora Johane. Sezvingabvira iye akanyora pakuvamba muzana ramakore rechipiri, asi zvisaririra bedzi zvamanyoro ake zviripo nhasi. Mazviri iye haatauri chinhu pamusoro pedzidziso yoUtatu.
Dzidziso Inobvumirana
Munhau youkuru hwaMwari noukama hwake naJesu, dzidziso yaVanyori vechiKristu Vomunguva Dzavaapostora inobvumirana zvikuru nedzidziso yaJesu, vadzidzi, uye vaapostora, sezvakanyorwa muBhaibheri. Vose zvavo vanotaura nezvaMwari, kwete soUtatu, asi soMunhu akaparadzana, asingagumi, wamasimba ose, anoziva zvose. Uye vanotaura nezvoMwanakomana waMwari sechisikwa chomudzimu chakaparadzana, chakaderera, chiduku icho Mwari akasika kuzoMubatira mukuita kuda Kwake. Uye mudzimu mutsvene hauna paunobatanidzwa somuenzani waMwari.
Nokudaro, mumanyoro iwayo omukupera kwezana rokutanga ramakore nomukuvamba kwezana rechipiri ramakore aVanyori vechiKristu Vomunguva Dzavaapostora, hamuna tsigiro yoUtatu hwechiKristudhomu. Vakataura nezvaMwari, Jesu, uye mudzimu mutsvene sezvinongoita Bhaibheri. Tarira, somuenzaniso, pana Mabasa 7:55, 56:
“Stefano, azadzwa noMudzimu Mutsvene, akatarira mudenga ndokuona mbiri yaMwari, uye Jesu amire kuruoko rworudyi rwaMwari. ‘Ndinogona kuona denga rakazarurwa,’ iye akadaro, ‘uye Mwanakomana woMunhu amire kuruoko rworudyi rwaMwari.’”—Jerusalem Bible reKaturike.
Stefano akaona chiono chaMwari mudenga naJesu amire pedyo Naye. Mwanakomana akanga amire pedyo noUyo anonzi, kwete chete “Baba,” asi “Mwari,” uyo akaparadzana chose chose muzivikanwo naJesu. Uye pakanga pasina munhu wechitatu akabatanidzwa muicho Stefano akaona. Mudzimu mutsvene hauna kuonekwa mudenga naJesu naBaba vake.
Ikoko kwakafanana naZvakazarurwa 1:1, iyo inoti: “Ichi ndicho chakazarurwa chakapiwa naMwari kuna Jesu Kristu.” (The Jerusalem Bible) Zvakare, Kristu akamutswa mudenga anoratidzwa kuva akaparadzana chose chose naMwari, uye mudzimu mutsvene haududzwi. Kudai Jesu akanga ari munhu wechipiri woUtatu, achiziva zvinhu zvose, aigona sei ku“piwa” chakazarurwa?
Magwaro akadai saiwaya anoratidza zvakajeka kuti hakuna Utatu. Uye hakuna rugwaro muBhaibheri rose runotaura nezvaMwari saari woUtatu. Manyoro aVanyori vechiKristu Vomunguva Dzavaapostora akaratidzira ikoku. Zvamazvirokwazvo haana kudzidzisa Utatu hwechiKristudhomu.
Boka rinotevera rinokosha ramanyoro pamusoro pechiKristu rakauya gare gare muzana rechipiri ramakore. Iwaya akanga ari mabhuku avarume vechechi avo vanonzi vabvumikisi. Vakadzidzisa Utatu here? Muchinyorwa chomunguva yemberi, Rutivi 3 rweiyi nhevedzano ruchatsinhira padzidziso dzavo.
Nongedzero:
1. The New Encyclopœdia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1985, Micropædia, Volume 1, peji 488.
2. A Dictionary of Christian Theology, rakapepetwa naAlan Richardson, 1969, peji 95; The New Encyclopœdia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1985, Micropædia, Volume 4, peji 79.
3. The Apostolic Fathers, Volume 3, rakanyorwa naRobert A. Kraft, 1965, peji 163.
4. Ibid., mapeji 166-7.
5. The Influence of Greek Ideas on Christianity, rakanyorwa naEdwin Hatch, 1957, peji 252.
6. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Alexander Roberts naJames Donaldson, vapepeti, American Reprint of the Edinburgh Edition, 1885, Volume I, mapeji 5, 16, 21.
7. The Library of Christian Classics, Volume 1, Early Christian Fathers, rakashandurwa ndokupepetwa naCyril C. Richardson, 1953, mapeji 70-1.
8. Ibid., peji 60.
9. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume I, peji 52.
10. Ibid., peji 58.
11. Ibid., peji 62.
12. Ibid., peji 108.
13. Ibid., peji 116.
14. Ibid., peji 53.
15. The Apostolic Fathers, Volume 4, rakanyorwa naRobert M. Grant, 1966, peji 63.
16. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume I, mapeji 46-7; Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, rakanyorwa naJohn McClintock naJames Strong, rikatsikirirwazve naBaker Book House Co., 1981, Volume IV, mapeji 490-3; The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910, Volume VII, mapeji 644-7.
17. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume I, peji 35.
18. Ibid., peji 33.
19. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume II, mapeji 27, 35.
20. The Apostolic Fathers (Loeb’s Classical Library) neShanduro yechiNgezi yakaitwa naKirsopp Lake, 1976, peji 249.
21. Early Christian Doctrines, rakanyorwa naJ. N. D. Kelly, Chinyorwa Chechipiri, 1960, mapeji 94-5.