Chechi Yapakuvamba Yakadzidzisa Kuti Mwari Utatu Here?
Rutivi 3—Vadziviriri vedzidziso vakadzidzisa dzidziso yoUtatu here?
Muzvinyorwa zvayo zvaNovember 1, 1991, uye February 1, 1992, Nharireyomurindi yakaratidza kuti dzidziso yoUtatu haina kudzidziswa naJesu navadzidzi vake kana kuti naVanyori vechiKristu Vomunguva Dzavaapostora vokupera kwezana ramakore rokutanga nokuvamba kwerechipiri N.V. Ko vanhu vechechi gare gare muzana rechipiri ramakore vaiidzidzisa here?
KUVAMBIRA pedyo napakati pezana rechipiri ramakore reNguva yedu yaVose kusvikira kumugumo waro, kwakaoneka vanhu vechechi avo nhasi vanonzi Vadziviriri vedzidziso. Ivo vakanyora kuti vadzivirire chiKristu chavaiziva pauzivi hune utsinye hwakanga hwakapararira munyika yeRoma yenguva iyoyo. Basa ravo rakasvika nechokumugumo, uye pashure, pamanyoro avanyori vechiKristu vomuNguva dzaVaapostora.
Pakati paVadziviriri vedzidziso vakanyora muchiGiriki paiva naJustin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, uye Clement weAlexandria. Tertullian akanga ari Mudziviriri wedzidziso uyo akanyora muchiLatin. Ivo vakadzidzisa Utatu hwazvino uno hwechiKristudomu here—vanhu vatatu vakaenzana (Baba, Mwanakomana, uye Mudzimu Mutsvene) muUmwari, mumwe nomumwe achiva Mwari wechokwadi, bva kusati kuchiva navaMwari vatatu asi Mwari mumwe?
“Mwanakomana Muduku”
Dr. H. R. Boer, mubhuku rake A Short History of the Early Church, anotsinhira pamusoro pesimba redzidziso yaVadziviriri vedzidziso, achiti:
“Justin [Martyr] akadzidzisa kuti pamberi pokusikwa kwenyika Mwari akanga ari oga uye kuti kwakanga kusina Mwanakomana. . . . Apo Mwari akashuva kusika nyika, . . . akabereka mumwe woumwari kuti amusikire nyika. Uyu woumwari akanzi . . . Mwanakomana nemhaka yokuti akaberekwa; iye akanzi Logos nemhaka yokuti akatorwa muMurangariro kana kuti Ndangariro yaMwari. . . .
“Justin navamwe Vadziviriri vedzidziso naizvozvo vakadzidzisa kuti Mwanakomana chisikwa. Iye chisikwa chakakwirira, chisikwa chine simba zvakakwana kusika nyika asi, kunyanguvezvo, chisikwa. Mune zvoumwari ukama ihwohwu hwoMwanakomana kuna Baba hunonzi kuva muduku. Mwanakomana muduku, ndiko kuti, wechipiri kuna, anotsamira pana, uye akaparirwa naBaba. Vadziviriri vedzidziso vakanga vari vanodavira kuva muduku.”1
Mubhuku rinonzi The Formation of Christian Dogma, Dr. Martin Werner anotaura nezvenzwisiso yapakuvamba zvikurusa youkama hwoMwanakomana kuna Mwari, achiti:
“Ukama ihwohwo hwainzwisiswa nenzira isingapanikirwi seyo‘kuva muduku’, ndiko kuti mupfungwa yokuva muduku kwaKristu kuna Mwari. Papi kana papi muTestamente Itsva ukama hwaJesu kuna Mwari, Baba, hunorangarirwa, . . . hunonzwisiswa ndokumirirwa chose chose sokuva muduku. Uye anodavira zvikurusa kuva Muduku weTestamente Itsva, mukuwirirana nechinyorwa cheEvhangeri nhatu dzokutanga, akanga ari Jesu amene . . . Ichi chimiro chapakuvamba, chakasimba nechiri pachena sezvachakanga chakaita, chakakwanisa kuzvichengeta chimene kwenguva yakareba. “Vafundisi vakuru vose vapamberi pedare reNicaea vakaratidzira kuva muduku kwaLogos kuna Mwari.’”2
Mubvumirano naikoku, R. P. C. Hanson, muThe Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, anoti:
“Hakuna mufundisi muChechi yokuMabvazuva kana kuti yokuMadokero pamberi pokutanga kweGakava raArius [muzana rechina ramakore], asati achirangarira mupfungwa yakati Mwanakomana somuduku kuna Baba.”3
Dr. Alvan Lamson, muThe Church of the First Three Centuries, anowedzera ichi chipupuriro pamusoro pedzidziso yezviremera zvechechi pamberi peDare reNicaea (325 N.V.), kuti:
“Uduku hwoMwanakomana kazhinji kazhinji, kana kusiri nenzira yakafanana, hwakataurwa naMadzibaba apamberi peNicaea . . . Kuti vairangarira Mwanakomana saakasiana naBaba kuri pachena mumugariro mavanotaura zvakajeka uduku hwake. . . . Ivo vaimurangarira saakasiana nomuduku.”4
Nenzira yakafanana, mubhuku rinonzi Gods and the One God, Robert M. Grant anotaura zvinotevera pamusoro paVadziviriri vedzidziso, achiti:
“Dzidziso yaKristu yaVadziviriri vedzidziso, kufanana neiyo yeTestamente Itsva, zvikurukuru ndeyokudavira kuva muduku. Mwanakomana nguva dzose muduku kuna Baba, uyo ari Mwari mumwe weTestamente Yekare. . . . Chatinowana muava vanyori vapakuvamba, ipapoka, haisati iri dzidziso yoUtatu . . . Pamberi peNicaea, dzidziso yechiKristu munodokuva munzvimbo iri yose yaiva yokudavira kuva muduku.”5
Utatu hwechiKristudhomu hunodzidzisa kuti Mwanakomana akaenzana naMwari Baba mukusaguma, simba, nzvimbo, uye uchenjeri. Asi Vadziviriri vedzidziso vakataura kuti Mwanakomana akanga asina kuenzana naMwari Baba. Ivo vairangarira Mwanakomana somuduku. Ikoko hakusati kuri dzidziso yoUtatu.
Kurangarira DzidzisoYezana Rokutanga Ramakore
Vadziviriri vedzidziso namamwe Madzibaba eChechi apakuvamba vakarangarira kusvikira pamwero mukuru izvo maKristu omuzana rokutanga ramakore akadzidzisa pamusoro poukama hwaBaba noMwanakomana. Cherechedza kuti ikoku kunotaurwa sei mubhuku rinonzi The Formation of Christian Dogma:
“Muzera rechiKristu raPakuvamba makanga musina chiratidzo chorudzi rupi norupi rwechinetso choUtatu kana kuti gakava, chakadai sechakaparira gare gare rwisano dzamasimba masimba muChechi. Chikonzero chaikoku pasina panikiro chiri muidi rokuti, nokuda kwechiKristu chapaKuvamba, Kristu akanga ari . . . munhu wenyika yengirozi yakakwirira yokudenga, uyo akasikwa ndokusarudzwa naMwari nokuda kwebasa rokupinza, pamugumo wamazera, . . . Umambo hwaMwari.”6
Uyezve pamusoro pedzidziso yaMadzibaba eChechi yapakuvamba zvikuru, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia inobvuma, kuti:
“Mukufunga kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kweChechi kombamiro pakutaura nezvaMwari Baba kuMunzwisisa pakutanga, kwete saBaba waJesu Kristu, asi samanyuko avanhu vose. Nokudaro Mwari Baba ndiye, sokunge zvakadaro, Mwari akaisvonakisisa. Kwaari kune rondedzero dzakadai saasina mavambo, asingafi, asingachinji, asingarondedzereki, asingaoneki, uye asina kusikwa. Ndiye akaita zvinhu zvose, kubatanidza chisiko chimene, kubva pasina chinhu. . . .
“Ikoku kungaratidzika kuva kunokarakadza kuti Baba voga ndiMwari nenzira yakafanira uye Mwanakomana noMudzimu ndevechipiri bedzi saizvozvo. Kutaura kwakawanda kwapakuvamba kunoratidzika kuva kunotsigira ikoku.”7
Nepo iyi enisaikoropidhia ichipfuurira kuderedza idzi zvokwadi nokutaura kuti dzidziso yoUtatu yaigamuchirwa munhambo iyoyo yapakuvamba, maidi anobvumikisa kutaura kwacho kuva kwenhema. Rangarira mashoko omufundisi weKaturike ane mukurumbira John Henry Cardinal Newman, anoti:
“Ngatibvumei kuti dzidziso dzose, nezvadzo Ishe wedu ari musoro, dzakabvumwa nguva dzose uye nenzira yakafanana neChechi yapaKuvamba . . . Asi zvirokwazvo kuri neimwe nzira nedzidziso yeKaturike yoUtatu. Handisati ndichiona kuti mupfungwai makunogona kutaurwa kuti kune bvumirano ye[zviremera (zvapakuvamba) zvechechi] zvinoda . . .
“Zvitendero zvezuva iroro rapakuvamba hazvitongodudzi . . . nezve[Utatu]. Izvo zvamazvirokwazvo zvinodudza Vatatu; asi kuti kune chakavanzika chipi nechipi mudzidziso yacho, kuti Vatatu ndiMumwe, kuti Ivo vakaenzana, ndevokusaguma, vose havana kusikwa, vose vane simba guru, vose havanzwisisiki, hakusati kuchitaurwa, uye hakutongogoni kuwanwa kwavari.”8
Icho Justin Martyr Akadzidzisa
Mumwe waVadziviriri vedzidziso vapakuvamba zvikurusa akanga ari Justin Martyr, uyo akararama kuvambira munenge muna 110 kusvikira kuna 165 N.V. Hakuna namamwe amanyoro ake achiripo anodudza vanhu vatatu vakaenzana muna Mwari mumwe.
Somuenzaniso, mukuwirirana neJerusalem Bible reKaturike, Zvirevo 8:22-30 inotaura nezvaJesu asati ava munhu, kuti: “Yahweh akandisika apo donzo rake rakatanga kufutunuka, pamberi peekaresa amabasa ake. . . . Gungwa rakanga risipo, apo ndakaberekwa . . . Makomo asati avapo, ndakaberekwa . . . ndaiva parutivi pake [Mwari], mhizha.” Achikurukura idzi ndima, Justin anotaura muDialogue With Trypho yake, kuti:
“Rugwaro rwacho rwakazivisa kuti uyu Mwana akaberekwa naBaba zvinhu zvose zvisati zvasikwa; uye kuti icho chinoberekwa chakasiana munhevedzano neicho chinobereka, munhu upi noupi achabvuma.”9
Sezvo Mwanakomana akaberekwa achibva kuna Mwari, Justin anoshandisa kutaura kwokuti: “Mwari” pamusoro poMwanakomana. Iye anotaura muyake First Apology, kuti: “Baba vechisiko chapose pose vane Mwanakomana; uyowo, achiva Shoko rakatanga kuberekwa raMwari, anotova Mwari.”10 Bhaibheri rinonongedzerawo kuMwanakomana waMwari nezita rokuremekedza rokuti “Mwari.” Pana Isaya 9:6 iye anonzi “Mwari Une simba.” Asi muBhaibheri, ngirozi, vanhu, vamwari venhema, uye Satani vanonziwo “vanamwari.” (Ngirozi: Pisarema 8:5; enzanisa naVaHebheru 2:6, 7. Vanhu: Pisarema 82:6. Vamwari venhema: Eksodho 12:12; 1 VaKorinte 8:5. Satani: 2 VaKorinte 4:4) MuMagwaro echiHebheru, shoko nokuda kwa“Mwari,” ʼEl, rinongoreva zvaro “Ane simba” kana kuti “Akasimba.” Rakaenzana muMagwaro echiGiriki ndithe·osʹ.
Kupfuurirazve, shoko rechiHebheru rinoshandiswa pana Isaya 9:6 rinoratidza musiano chaiwo pakati poMwanakomana naMwari. Ipapo Mwanakomana anonzi “Mwari Une simba.” ʼEl Gib·bohrʹ, kwete “Mwari Wamasimba ose.” Shoko iroro muchiHebheru ndiʼEl Shad·daiʹ uye rinoshanda chose chose kuna Jehovha Mwari.
Cherechedza, zvisinei, kuti nepo Justin achidana Mwanakomana kuti “Mwari,” iye haatongotauri kuti Mwanakomana ndimumwe wavanhu vatatu vakaenzana, mumwe nomumwe wavo ndiMwari asi vatatu vachiumba Mwari mumwe bedzi. Panzvimbo pezvo, iye anotaura muDialogue With Trypho yake, kuti:
“Kune . . . mumwe Mwari naShe [Jesu asati ava munhu] ari pasi poMuiti wezvinhu zvose [Mwari Wamasimba ose]; uyo [Mwanakomana] anonziwo Ngirozi, nemhaka yokuti Iye [Mwanakomana] anozivisa kuvanhu chipi kana chipi Muiti wezvinhu zvose—pamusoro pake pasina mumwe Mwari—anoshuva kuzivisa kwavari. . . .
“[Mwanakomana] akasiana Naye uyo akaita zvinhu zvose,—munhevedzano, ndinoreva, asina [kusiana] muchido.”11
Chikamu chamashoko chinofadza chinooneka muFirst Apology yaJustin, ganhuro 6, umo iye anodzivirira pomero yechihedheni yokuti maKristu ndivasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari. Iye anonyora, kuti:
“Vose vari vaviri Iye [Mwari], uye Mwanakomana (uyo akabva kwaAri ndokutidzidzisa zvinhu izvozvi, uye dzimwe ngirozi dzakanaka dzakawanda dzinotevera uye dzakaitwa dzakafanana Naye), uye Mudzimu wouporofita, tinonamata nokukudza.”12
Mushanduri weichi chikamu chamashoko, Bernhard Lohse, anotsinhira, kuti: “Sokunge kwakanga kusina kukwana kuti muiyi nhevedzano ngirozi dzinodudzwa savanhu vanokudzwa ndokunamatwa namaKristu, Justin haazenguriri kududza ngirozi asati adudza Mudzimu Mutsvene.”13—onawo An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine.14
Nokudaro, nepo Justin Martyr achioneka kuva akabva mudzidziso yeBhaibheri yakachena munhau yokuti ndiani anofanira kunamatwa nomuKristu, iye nenzira yakajeka haana kurangarira Mwanakomana saakaenzana naBaba, kunyange sezvo ngirozi dzaisarangarirwa kuva dzakaenzana Naye. Pamusoro paJustin, tinonokora mashoko zvakare muChurch of the First Three Centuries yaLamson, anoti:
“Justin akarangarira Mwanakomana saakasiana naMwari, uye muduku kwaari: akasiana, kwete, mupfungwa yazvino uno, saanoumba mumwe wavatatu, kana kuti vanhu, . . . asi akasiana muukoshi nomusikirwo; ane kuvapo chaiko, kunokosha, kwomunhu oga, akaparadzana naMwari, kwaari akawana masimba ake ose namazita okuremekedza; achiva akaitwa pasi pake, uye ari pasi muzvinhu zvose kukuda kwake. Baba mukurusa; Mwanakomana muduku: Baba ndiye manyuko esimba, Mwanakomana mugamuchiri: Baba anovamba; Mwanakomana, somushumiri wake kana kuti chishandiso, anoita. Ivo vaviri muchiverengero, asi vanobvumirana, kana kuti ndivamwe, muchido; kuda kwaBaba nguva dzose kuchitekeshera muMwanakomana.”
Mukuwedzera, hapana nzvimbo apo Justin anotaura kuti mudzimu mutsvene munhu akaenzana naBaba noMwanakomana. Naizvozvo hakutongogoni kutaurwa nenzira yokutendeseka kuti Justin akadzidzisa Utatu hwazvino uno hwechiKristudhomu.
Icho Clement Akadzidzisa
Clement weAlexandria (c. 150 kusvikira kuna 215 N.V.) anodanawo Mwanakomana kuti “Mwari.” Iye anotomudana kuti “Musiki,” shoko risingatongoshandiswi muBhaibheri nenongedzero kuna Jesu. Ko iye akareva here kuti Mwanakomana akanga akaenzana munzira dzose noMusiki wamasimba ose? Aiwa. Clement sezviri pachena akanga achinongedzera kuna Johane 1:3, apo inotaura nezvoMwanakomana, kuti: “Zvinhu zvose zvakavapo kupfurikidza naye.”16 Mwari akashandisa Mwanakomana somushandi mumabasa Ake okusika.—VaKorose 1:15-17.
Clement anodana Mwari Mukurusa “Mwari naBaba waShe wedu Jesu”17 uye anotaura kuti “Ishe ndiye Mwanakomana woMusiki.”18 Iye anotiwo: “Mwari wezvose ndiye Musiki mumwe bedzi akanaka, akarurama, uye Mwanakomana ndiye [ari] muna Baba.”19 Naizvozvo iye akanyora kuti Mwanakomana ana Mwari vari pamusoro pake.
Clement anotaura nezvaMwari “sowokutanga uye mugoveri bedzi woupenyu husingagumi, uhwo Mwanakomana, akahugamuchira kwaAri [Mwari], anopa kwatiri.”20 Mupi wokutanga woupenyu husingagumi nenzira yakajeka mukuru kune uyo, sokunge zvakadaro, anohupfuudza. Nokudaro, Clement anotaura kuti Mwari “ndiye wokutanga, uye mukurusa.”21 Uyezve, iye anotaura kuti Mwanakomana “ndiye ari pedyosa Naye uyo ari oga Wamasimba ose” uye kuti Mwanakomana “anoraira zvinhu zvose mutsinhirano nokuda kwaBaba.”22 Nguva nenguva Clement anoratidza ukuru hwaMwari Wamasimba ose paMwanakomana.
Pamusoro paClement weAlexandria, tinorava muThe Church of the First Three Centuries, kuti:
“Tinganokora mashoko zvikamu zvamashoko zvakawanda kuna Clement umo uduku hwoMwanakomana hunotaurwa zvakajeka. . . .
“Tinoshamiswa kuti munhu upi noupi anogona kurava Clement nengwarirowo zvayo, uye kufungidzira kwechinguvana kuti iye akarangarira Mwanakomana saakafanana munhevedzano—mumwe—naBaba. Musikirwo wake wokutsamira pane mumwe nomuduku, sezvakunoratidzika kwatiri, unozivikanwa munzvimbo iri yose. Clement aidavira Mwari noMwanakomana kuva vakasiana munhevedzano; namamwe mashoko, vanhu vaviri,—mumwe mukuru, mumwe wacho muduku.”23
Uyezve, kungataurwazve kuti: Kunyange kana Clement pane dzimwe nguva achiratidzika kuva anopfuura izvo Bhaibheri rinotaura pamusoro paJesu, hapana nzvimbo paanotaura nezvoUtatu hwakaumbwa navanhu vatatu vakaenzana muna Mwari mumwe. Vadziviriri vedzidziso vakadai saTatian, Theophilus, uye Athenagoras, avo vakararama pakati penguva yaJustin neiyo yaClement, vaiva nemirangariro yakafanana. Lamson anotaura kuti ivo “vakanga vasiri vanodavira Utatu vari nani kupfuura Justin amene; ndiko kuti, ivo vaisadavira muVatatu vakamuraniswa, vakaenzana, asi vaidzidzisa dzidziso isingawiriraniswi chose chose neichi chitendero.”24
Dzidziso yaTertullian
Tertullian (c. 160 kusvikira kuna 230 N.V.) akanga ari wokutanga kushandisa shoko rechiLatin rokuti trinitas. Sezvakanyorwa naHenry Chadwick, Tertullian akakarakadza kuti Mwari ‘chinhu chimwe chakaumbwa navanhu vatatu.’25 Ikoku hakurevi, zvisinei, kuti iye airangarira vanhu vatatu vakaenzana uye vasingagumi. Zvisinei, pfungwa dzake dzakanga dzakavakirwa padziri navanyori vapashure avo vakanga vachishanda vakananga kudzidziso yoUtatu.
Murangariro waTertullian waBaba, Mwanakomana, uye mudzimu mutsvene wakanga wakasiana zvikuru noUtatu hwechiKristudhomu, nokuti iye akanga achidavira kuva muduku. Iye airangarira Mwanakomana somuduku kuna Baba. MuAgainst Hermogenes iye akanyora, kuti:
“Hatifaniri kufungidzira kuti pane mumwe munhu upi noupi kunze kwaMwari oga uyo asina kuberekwa uye asina kusikwa. . . . Kunogona sei kuva kwakadaro kuti chinhu chipi nechipi, kunze kwaBaba, vanofanira kuva mukuru zvikuru, uye pana ikoku zvamazvirokwazvo vakaisvonaka, kupfuura Mwanakomana waMwari, Shoko rakaberekwa riri rimwe bedzi nerakatanga kuberekwa? . . . [Mwari] Uyo asina kuda Muiti kuti ape kuvapo, achakwidziridzwa zvikuru kwazvo munzvimbo kupfuura [Mwanakomana] uyo aiva nomuvambi wokuita kuti avepo.”26
Uyewo, muAgainst Praxeas, iye anoratidza kuti Mwanakomana akasiana uye muduku kuna Mwari Wamasimba ose nokutaura, kuti:
“Baba ndivo chinhu chose, asi Mwanakomana ndichakatorwa nechikamu chechakazara, sezvo Iye amene achibvuma, kuti: ‘Baba vangu vakuru kwandiri.’ . . . Nokudaro Baba vakasiana noMwanakomana, vachiva mukuru zvikuru kupfuura Mwanakomana, sezvo Iye uyo anobereka ari mumwe, uye Iye, anoberekwa ari mumwewo; Iyewo, anotuma ndimumwe, uye Iye anotumwa ndimumwewo; uye Iye zvakare, anoita ndimumwe, uye Iye kupfurikidza naye chinhu chinoitwa ndimumwewo.”27
Tertullian, muAgainst Hermogenes, anotaurazve kuti paiva nenguva apo Mwanakomana akanga asipo somunhu, achiratidza kuti haana kurangarira Mwanakomana somunhu asingagumi mupfungwa imwe cheteyo iyo Mwari akanga ari.28 Cardinal Newman akati: “Tertullian anofanira kurangarirwa kuva muzivi wechokwadi [anodavira dzidziso dzisiri dzavose] padzidziso yokuitwa kusingagumi kwaShe wedu.”29 Pamusoro paTertullian, Lamson anozivisa, kuti:
“Ichi chikonzero, kana kuti Logos, sezvachakadanwa navaGiriki, pashure, sezvaidavira Tertullian, chakachinjwa kuva Shoko, kana kuti Mwanakomana, ndiko kuti, munhu chaiyeiye, achiva akavapo kuvambira kukusingagumi bedzi saakavambwa naBaba. Tertullian akagovera kwaari, zvisinei, nzvimbo iri pasi paBaba . . .
“Kuchirangarirwa mukuwirirana netsananguro ipi neipi yakagamuchirwa yoUtatu pazuva razvino, kuedza kudzivirira Tertullian pashurikidzo [somupanduki] kwaizova kusina maturo. Iye aisagona kutsungirira muedzo wacho kwenguva pfupi.”30
Hapana Utatu
Kudai waizorava mashoko ose aVadziviriri vedzidziso, waizowana kuti kunyange zvazvo vaitsauka mumativi akati mudzidziso dzeBhaibheri, hapana nomumwe wavo akadzidzisa kuti Baba, Mwanakomana, uye mudzimu mutsvene vakanga vakaenzana mukusaguma, simba, nzvimbo, uye uchenjeri.
Ikoku ndokwechokwadiwo nezvavamwe vanyori vomuzana ramakore rechipiri nerechitatu, vakadai saIrenaeus, Hippolytus, Origen, Cyprian, uye Novatian. Nepo vamwe vakasvika pakuenzanisa Baba noMwanakomana mumativi akati, mudzimwe nzira ivo vairangarira Mwanakomana somuduku kuna Mwari Baba. Uye hakuna nomumwe wavo akamborangarira kuti mudzimu mutsvene wakanga wakaenzana naBaba noMwanakomana. Somuenzaniso, Origen (c. 185 kusvikira kuna 254 N.V.) anotaura kuti Mwanakomana waMwari ndiye “Dangwe rechisiko chose” uye kuti Magwaro “anomuziva kuva wakaresa wemabasa ose echisiko.”31
Kuraviwa kupi nokupi kusina kwakwakarerekera kweizvi zviremera zvapakuvamba zvechechi kucharatidza kuti dzidziso yoUtatu yechiKristudhomu yakanga isipo munguva yavo. The Church of the First Three Centuries inoti:
“Dzidziso yakakurumbira yazvino uno yoUtatu . . . haiwani tsigiro mumutauro waJustin: uye uku kutaura kungatambanudzirwa kuMadzibaba ose apamberi peNicaea; ndiko kuti, kuvanyori vose vechiKristu kwamazana matatu amakore pashure pokuberekwa kwaKristu. Ichokwadi, ivo vanotaura nezvaBaba, Mwanakomana, uye wouporofita kana kuti Mudzimu mutsvene, asi kwete savakaenzana, kwete sechinhu chimwe chenhevedzano, kwete saVatatu muMumwe, mupfungwa ipi neipi zvino inobvumwa nevezvoUtatu. Zvakapesana zvimene iidi. Dzidziso yoUtatu, seinotsanangurwa naaya Madzibaba yakanga yakasiana zvikuru nedzidziso yazvino uno. Tinotaura ikoku seidi rinotapurwa nechitendiso seidi ripi neripi munhau yemirangariro yavanhu.”32
Zvomenemene, pamberi paTertullian Utatu hahuna kutongodudzwa. Uye Utatu “huzivi hwechokwadi” hwaTertullian hwakanga hwakasiana zvikuru nouhwo hunodavirwa nhasi. Ipapoka, dzidziso yoUtatu, seinonzwisiswa nhasi, yakakura sei? Pakanga pari paDare reNicaea muna 325 N.V. here? Tichanzvera iyi mibvunzo murutivi 4 rweiyi nhevedzano muchinyorwa chomunguva yemberi cheNharireyomurindi.
Nongedzero:
1. A Short History of the Early Church, rakanyorwa naHarry R. Boer, 1976, peji 110.
2. The Formation of Christian Dogma, rakanyorwa naMartin Werner, 1957, peji 125.
3. The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, rakanyorwa naR. P. C. Hanson, 1988, peji 64.
4. The Church of the First Three Centuries, rakanyorwa naAlvan Lamson, 1869, mapeji 70-1.
5. Gods and the One God, rakanyorwa naRobert M. Grant, 1986, mapeji 109, 156, 160.
6. The Formation of Christian Dogma, mapeji 122, 125.
7. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1982, Volume 2, peji 513.
8. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, rakanyorwa naJohn Henry Cardinal Newman, Sixth Edition, 1989, mapeji 14-18.
9. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, rakapepetwa naAlexander Roberts naJames Donaldson, American Reprint of the Edinburgh Edition, 1885, Volume I, peji 264.
10. Ibid., peji 184.
11. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume 1, peji 223.
12. Ibid., peji 164.
13. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, rakanyorwa naBernhard Lohse, rakashandurwa muchiGerman rakanyorwa naF. Ernest Stoeffler, 1963, second paperback printing, 1980, peji 43.
14. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, peji 20.
15. The Church of the First Three Centuries, mapeji 73-4, 76.
16. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume II, peji 234.
17. Ibid., peji 227.
18. Ibid., peji 228.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., peji 593.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., peji 524.
23. The Church of the First Three Centuries, mapeji 124-5.
24. Ibid., peji 95.
25. The Early Church, rakanyorwa naHenry Chadwick, kutsikirira kwa 1980, peji 89.
26. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume III, peji 487.
27. Ibid., mapeji 603-4.
28. Ibid., peji 478.
29. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, mapeji 19, 20.
30. The Church of the First Three Centuries, mapeji 108-9.
31. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume IV, peji 560.
32. The Church of the First Three Centuries, mapeji 75-6.
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