Chechi Yapakuvamba Yakadzidzisa Kuti Mwari Utatu Here?

Rutivi 4—Dzidziso yoUtatu Yakatanga Rini Uye Sei?

Nyaya nhatu dzokutanga dzeiyi nhevedzano dzakaratidza kuti dzidziso yoUtatu haina kudzidziswa naJesu navadzidzi vake kana kuti naMadzibaba eChechi apakuvamba. (Nharireyomurindi yaNovember 1, 1991; February 1, 1992; uye April 1, 1992) Iyi nyaya yokupedzisira ichakurukura kuti dzidziso yoUtatu yakatanga sei uye rutivii rwakaitwa neDare reNicaea muna 325 N.V.

MUGORE ra 325 N.V., mambo weRoma Constantine akaunganidza dare ramabhishopi muguta reNicaea muAsia Minor. Donzo rake raiva rokupedza kakavadzano dzorudzidziso dzinopfuurira pamusoro poukama hwoMwanakomana waMwari naMwari Wamasimba ose. Pamusoro pemiuyo yedare iroro, Encyclopædia Britannica inoti:

“Constantine amene akatungamirira, achitungamirira nokushingaira kurukurirano dzacho, uye akakarakadza somunhu oga . . . muitiro wakakomba unoratidzira ukama hwaKristu naMwari muchitendero chakabudiswa nedare, ‘chorudzi rumwe [ho·mo·ouʹsi·os] naBaba.’ . . . Atyiswa namambo, mabhishopi, kunze kwamaviri bedzi, akasaina chitendero chacho, akawanda awo achirwisana zvikuru nomufungo wawo.”¹

Ko uyu mutongi wechihedheni akapindira nemhaka yezvibvumikiso zvake zveBhaibheri here? Aiwa. A Short History of Christian Doctrine inoti: “Constantine zvikurukuru akanga asitongori nenzwisiso yemibvunzo yakanga ichibvunzwa muruzivo rwoumwari rwechiGiriki.”² Icho iye akanzwisisa chaiva chokuti kakavadzano dzorudzidziso dzakatyisidzira chinzwano choumambo hwake, uye iye aida kuti dzipedzwe.

Ko Iro Rakasimbisa Dzidziso yoUtatu Here?

Ko Dare reNicaea rakasimbisa, kana kuti kubatisa, Utatu sedzidziso yechiKristudhomu here? Vazhinji vanorangarira kuti ikoku kwakanga kwakadaro. Asi maidi anoratidza zvakapesana.

Chitendero chakaziviswa nedare iroro chakataura zvinhu pamusoro poMwanakomana waMwari izvo zvaizobvumira vafundisi vakasiana-siana kumurangarira saakaenzana naMwari Baba munzira yakati. Bva, kunoraidza kuona icho Chitendero cheNicaea chisina kutaura. Sezvakabudiswa pakutanga, chitendero chacho chose chakati:

“Tinotenda muna Mwari mumwe, Baba wamasimba ose, muiti wezvinhu zvose zvinooneka nezvisingaoneki;

“Uye muna Ishe mumwe Jesu Kristu, Mwanakomana waMwari, akaberekwa achibva kuna Baba, akaberekwa ari mumwe bedzi, ndiko kuti, achibva murudzi rwaBaba, Mwari achibva kuna Mwari, chiedza chichibva kuchiedza, Mwari wechokwadi achibva kuna Mwari wechokwadi, akaberekwa kwete kuitwa, worudzi rumwe naBaba, kupfurikidza Naye zvinhu zvose zvakavapo, zvinhu zviri mudenga nezvinhu zviri pasi pano, Uyo nemhaka yedu vanhu uye nemhaka yoruponeso rwedu akaburuka ndokuva nenyama, achiva munhu, akatambura uye akamuka zvakare pazuva rechitatu, akakwira kumatenga, uye achauya kuzotonga vapenyu navakafa;

“Uye muMudzimu Mutsvene.”³

Ko ichi chitendero chinotaura kuti Baba, Mwanakomana, uye mudzimu mutsvene vanhu vatatu muna Mwari mumwe here? Chinotaura here kuti vatatu vacho vakaenzana mukusaguma, simba, nzvimbo, uye uchenjeri? Aiwa, hachidaro. Pano hapatongorina muitiro wavatatu mune mumwe. Chitendero cheNicaea chapakuvamba hachina kusimbisa kana kuti kubatisa Utatu.

Chitendero ichocho, zvikurukuru, chakaenzanisa Mwanakomana naBaba mukuva “vorudzi rumwe.” Asi hachitauri chinhu chipi nechipi chakafanana naichocho pamusoro pomudzimu mutsvene. Zvose zvachinotaura ndezvokuti “tinodavira . . . muMudzimu Mutsvene.” Ikoko hakusati kuri dzidziso yoUtatu yechiKristudhomu.

Kunyange chitsama chikuru chamashoko “chorudzi rumwe” (ho·mo·ouʹsi·os) hachina kureva hacho kuti dare racho raidavira muhuenzani hwechiverengero chaBaba noMwanakomana. New Catholic Encyclopedia inoti:

“Kana Dare rakaronga kusimbisa fanano yechiverengero chorudzi rwaBaba noMwanakomana kunopanikirika.”⁴

Kudai dare racho rakanga rareva kuti Mwanakomana naBaba vakanga vari mumwe muchiverengero, hwaizongosava Utatu. Hwaizongova bedzi vaviri muna Mwari mumwe, kwete vatatu mune mumwe sezvinodikanwa nedzidziso yoUtatu.

“Murangariro Wavashoma”

PaNicaea, ko mabhishopi ose zvawo akadavira kuti Mwanakomana akanga akaenzana naMwari here? Aiwa, pakanga pane mapfundo omurangariro anokwikwidzana. Somuenzaniso, mumwe wakamirirwa naArius, uyo akadzidzisa kuti Mwanakomana aiva namavambo akaganhurirwa munguva uye naizvozvo akanga asina kuenzana naMwari asi akanga ari muduku mumativi ose. Athanasius, pane rumwe rutivi, akadavira kuti Mwanakomana akanga akaenzana naMwari munzira yakati. Uye pakanga pane mimwe mirangariro.

Pamusoro pechisarudzo chedare chokurangarira Mwanakomana kuva worudzi rumwe cheterwo (worudzi rumwe chete) naMwari, Martin Marty anoti: “Nicaea chaizvoizvo yakamirira murangariro wavashoma; kugadzikisa kwakanga kusina kupfava uye hakuna kugamuchirika kuvazhinji vakanga vasiri Arian mumurangariro.”⁵ Nenzira yakafanana, bhuku rinonzi A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church rinotaura kuti “chimiro chedzidziso chakaumbwa zvakajeka mukupesana nechiArian chakatorwa navashoma bedzi, kunyange zvazvo ava vashoma vakabudirira.”⁶ Uye A Short History of Christian Doctrine inoti:

“Wakaratidzika kuva unorambwa zvikuru namabhishopi akawanda uye vafundisi vokuMabvazuva waiva murangariro wakaiswa muchitendero chakaitwa naConstantine amene, homoousios [“worudzi rumwe”], uyo mugakava rakatevera pakati pevezvitendero zvinogamuchirwa navose navapanduki wakazova chinhu chegakava.”⁷

Pashure pedare, kuita gakava kwakapfuurira kwamakumi amakore. Avo vaida pfungwa yokuenzanisa Mwanakomana naMwari Wamasimba ose vakatova vasina kukurumbira kwenguva yakati. Somuenzaniso, Martin Marty anotaura nezvaAthanasius, kuti: “Mukurumbira wake wakakwira ndokuwa uye iye akatapwa kazhinji kazhinji kwazvo [mumakore apashure pedare] zvokuti iye akadokuva mufambi.”⁸ Athanasius akapedza makore ari muutapwa nemhaka yavakuru vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika nevechechi vakashora mirangariro yake iyo yakaenzanisa Mwanakomana naMwari.

Naizvozvo kutaura kuti Dare Nicaea muna 325 N.V. rakasimbisa kana kuti kubatisa dzidziso yoUtatu hakusi kwechokwadi. Iyo gare gare yakava dzidziso yoUtatu yakanga isipo panguva yacho. Pfungwa yokuti Baba, Mwanakomana, uye mudzimu mutsvene vakanga vari mumwe nomumwe Mwari wechokwadi uye vakaenzana mukusaguma, simba, nzvimbo, uye uchenjeri, bva Mwari mumwe—vatatu muna Mwari mumwe—haina kutangwa nedare iroro kana kuti naMadzibaba eChechi apakuvamba. The Church of the First Three Centuries inoti:

“Dzidziso yakakurumbira yazvino uno yoUtatu . . . haiwani tsigiro mumutauro waJustin [Martyr]: uye uku kutaura kungatambanudzirwa kuMadzibaba ose apamberi peNicaea; ndiko kuti, kuvanyori vose vechiKristu kwamazana matatu amakore pashure pokuberekwa kwaKristu. Ichokwadi, ivo vanotaura nezvaBaba, Mwanakomana, uye Mudzimu wouporofita kana kuti mutsvene, asi kwete sowakaenzana, kwete sechinhu chimwe muchiverengero, kwete saVatatu mune Mumwe, mupfungwa ipi neipi inobvumwa zvino navezveUtatu. Zvakapesana chaizvo ndiro idi racho. Dzidziso yoUtatu, seinotsanangurwa naaya Madzibaba, yakanga yakasiana zvikuru nedzidziso yazvino uno. Tinotaura ikoku seidi rinobvumikiswa nechibvumikiso seidi ripi neripi munhau yemirangariro yavanhu.”

“Tinodenha munhu upi noupi kuti abudise munyori mumwe wefaniro ipi neipi, mukati mamazana matatu okutanga, uyo aidavira iyi dzidziso [Utatu] mupfungwa yazvino uno.”⁹

Nicaea, kunyanguvezvo, haina kumirira nguva yechinjo. Yakazarura suo kukugamuchirwa kwapamutemo kwoMwanakomana saakaenzana naBaba, uye ikoko kwakagadzirira nzira pfungwa yoUtatu yapashure. Bhuku rinonzi Second Century Orthodoxy, rakanyorwa naJ. A. Buckley, rinoti:

“Kusvikira panenge pamugumo wezana ramakore rechipiri, Chechi yapasi pose yakaramba yakabata mupfungwa imwe huru; idzo dzose dzakagamuchira ukuru hwaBaba. Idzo dzose dzakarangarira Mwari Baba Wamasimba ose somukurusa oga, asingachinjiki, asingarondedzereki, uye asina mavambo. . . .

“Nokupfuura kwavanyori ivavo vomuzana rechipiri ramakore navatungamiriri, Chechi yazviwana imene . . . ichitsvedza zvishoma nezvishoma asi nenzira isina tsitsi ichienda kupfundo iroro . . . apo paDare reNicaea mugumo wouku kupedzwa kwose kwapashoma napashoma kwokutenda kwapakuvamba kwakasvikwa. Ipapo, vashoma vaduku vane masimba masimba, vakagamuchira kupanduka kwavashomanene vanobvuma, uye nezviremera zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoitsigira, vakamanikidzira, kunyengetedza uye kutyisidzira avo vakavavarira kuchengeta rucheno rwekare rwokutenda kwavo kusina kusvibiswa.”¹⁰

Dare reConstantinople

Muna 381 N.V., Dare reConstantinople rakasimbisa Chitendero cheNicaea. Uye rakawedzera chimwe chinhuwo. Rakadana mudzimu mutsvene kuti “Ishe” uye “mupi woupenyu.” Chitendero chakakudzwa cha 381 N.V. (icho zvikurukuru chiri chinoshandiswa mumachechi nhasi uye icho chinonzi “Chitendero cheNicaea”) chinoratidza kuti chiKristudhomu chakanga chodokuumba dzidziso yakazara yoUtatu. Bva, kunyange iri dare harina kupedza dzidziso iyoyo. New Catholic Encyclopedia inobvuma, kuti:

“Kunofadza kuti makore 60 pashure peNicaea I Dare reConstantinople I [381 N.V.] rakadzivisa homoousios murondedzero yaro youmwari humwe hwoMudzimu Mutsvene.”¹¹

“Nyanzvi dzakashamiswa nounyoro huri pachena hwokutaura kwedzidziso iyoyi; kundikano yahwo, somuenzaniso, yokushandisa shoko rokuti homoousios roMudzimu Mutsvene sowakaenzana naBaba noMwanakomana.”¹²

Ensaikoropidhia imwe cheteyo inobvuma, kuti: “Homoousios haaoneki muRugwaro.”¹³ Aiwa, Bhaibheri harishandisi shoko iroro nokuda kwomudzimu mutsvene kana kuti zvimwe nokuda kwoMwanakomana saakaenzana naMwari. Kwakanga kuri kutaura kusiri kwapaBhaibheri uko kwakabetsera kutungamirira kudzidziso isiri yeBhaibheri, zvamazvirokwazvo, inorwisana neBhaibheri, yoUtatu.

Kunyange pashure peConstantinople, aiva mazana amakore dzidziso yoUtatu isati yagamuchirwa muchiKristudhomu mose. New Catholic Encyclopedia inoti: “MuMadokero, . . . kunyarara kwavose kunoratidzika kuva kwakatekeshera pamusoro peConstantinople I uye chitendero chayo.”¹⁴ Aya manyuko anoratidza kuti chitendero cheDare racho hachina kuzivikanwa zvakafara muMadokero kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechinomwe kana kuti rechisere.

Nyanzvi dzinobvumawo kuti Chitendero cheAthanasius, kazhinji kazhinji chinonokorwa mashoko serondedzero huru yetsigiro yoUtatu, hachina kunyorwa naAthanasius asi nomunyori asingazivikanwi gare gare zvikuru. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotsinhira, ichiti:

“Chitendero chacho chakanga chisingazivikanwi kuChechi yokuMabvazuva kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 12. Chifo chezana ramakore rechi 17, nyanzvi dzakabvuma dzose kuti Chitendero chaAthanasius hachina kunyorwa naAthanasius (akafa 373) asi zvimwe chakaumbwa mumaodzanyemba meFrance mukati mezana ramakore rechi 5. . . . Pesvedzero yechitendero chacho inoratidzika kuva yaiva zvikurukuru mumaodzanyemba neFrance neSpain muzana ramakore rechi 6 nerechi 7. Chakashandiswa muchimiro chokunamata kwavose cheChechi muGermany muzana ramakore rechi 9 uye gare gare muRoma.”¹⁵

Kutanga Kwayakaita

Dzidziso yoUtatu yakavamba kutanga kwayo kwapashoma napashoma munhambo yamazana amakore. Pfungwa dzavezvoutatu dzavazivi vechiGiriki vakadai saPlato, uyo akararama mazana amakore anoverengeka pamberi paKristu, pashoma napashoma dzakapinda mudzidziso dzechechi. The Church of the First Three Centuries inoti:

“Isu tinotaura kuti dzidziso yoUtatu yaiva yokuumbwa kwapashoma napashoma uye kwapashure zvikuru; kuti yaiva namavambo ayo mumanyuko echienzi chose chose kubva kuayo aMagwaro echiJudha kana kuti echiKristu; kuti iyo yakakura, uye yakapinzwa muchiKristu, kupfurikidza namaoko avanaBaba vanodzidzisa zvaPlato; kuti munguva yaJustin, uye nguva refu pashure, rudzi rwakajeka norwakaderera rwoMwanakomana zvakadzidziswa pose pose; uye kuti chimiro bedzi chokutanga chisina kujeka choUtatu panguva iyeyo chakanga chava chinooneka.”¹⁶

Pamberi paPlato, vanautatu, kana kuti utatu, vaizivikanwa navose muBhabhironi neEgipita. Uye nhamburiko dzavanhu vechechi dzokukwezva vasingatendi munyika yeRoma dzakatungamirira kukubatanidzwa kwapashoma napashoma kwedzakati kuti dzepfungwa idzodzo muchiKristu. Ikoko pakupedzisira kwakatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kwechitendero chokuti Mwanakomana nomudzimu mutsvene vakanga vakaenzana naBaba.a

Kunyange shoko rokuti “Utatu” rakangogamuchirwa bedzi pashoma napashoma. Makanga muri muhafu yapashure yezana ramakore rechipiri apo Theophilus, bhishopi weAntioch muSyria, akanyora muchiGiriki ndokusuma shoko rokuti tri·asʹ, kureva kuti “vatatu,” kana kuti “utatu.” Ipapo munyori weLatin Tertullian muCarthage, North Africa, akapinza mumanyoro ake shoko rokuti trinitas, iro rinoreva kuti “utatu.”b Asi shoko rokuti tri·asʹ hariwanwi muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akafuridzirwa, uye shoko rokuti trinitas hariwanwi mushanduro yechiLatin yeBhaibheri inonzi Vulgate. Kutaura kwacho kwakanga kusiriwo kweBhaibheri. Asi shoko rokuti “Utatu,” rakavakirwa pamirangariro yechihedheni, rakapinda mumabhuku echechi uye pashure pezana ramakore rechina rakava rutivi rwedzidziso yadzo.

Nokudaro, kwakanga kusati kuri kuti nyanzvi dzakanzvera Bhaibheri zvakakwana kuti dzione kana dzidziso yakadaro yaidzidziswa mariri. Panzvimbo pezvo, matongerwe enyika neechechi zvikurukuru akasarudza dzidziso yacho. Mubhuku rinonzi The Christian Tradition, munyori Jaroslav Pelikan anodanira ngwariro ku“zvinhu zvisiri zvorudzidziso mukurukurirano, zvizhinji zvazvo zvakaratidzika kuva zvakagadzirira zvagadzirirazve kusarudza muuyo wazvo kuzongobviswa bedzi namamwe masimba oukoshi hwakaenzana. Dzidziso kazhinji kazhinji yairatidzika kuva nyajambwa—kana kuti chiitwa—chamatongerwe enyika echechi necherwisano dzohunhu.”¹⁷ Purofesa weYale E. Washburn Hopkins akakutaura neiyi nzira: “Rondedzero inogamuchirwa yokupedzisira youtatu yakanga iri zvikurukuru nhau yamatongerwe enyika echechi.”¹⁸

Dzidziso yoUtatu haina mufungo sei kana ikaenzaniswa nedzidziso yakapfava yeBhaibheri yokuti Mwari ndiye mukurusa uye haana muenzani! Sezvinotaura Mwari, “muchandifananidza naaniko, nokundienzanisa naani, nokunditi ndakaita saani, wandingafanana naye?”—Isaya 46:5.

Chayakamirira

Chii icho kutanga kwapashoma napashoma kwepfungwa yoUtatu kwakamirira? Kwakanga kuri rutivi rwokubva muchiKristu chechokwadi uko Jesu akadeya kutaura. (Mateo 13:24-43) Muapostora Pauro akanga adeyawo kutaura kuwa pakutenda kunouya:

“Nguva ine chokwadi chokuuya apo, kure nokugutswa nedzidziso yakanaka, vanhu vachadisa zvitsva zvazvino uno ndokuzviunganidzira vamene; nhevedzano yose yavadzidzisi mukuwirirana nezvishuvo zvavo vamene, uye ipapo, panzvimbo pokuteerera zvokwadi, vachatendeukira kungano.”—2 Timotio 4:3, 4, Jerusalem Bible reKaturike.

Imwe yengano idzodzo yakanga iri dzidziso yoUtatu. Dzimwe ngano dzechienzi kuchiKristu idzo dzakatangawo pashoma napashoma dzakanga dziri: kusafa kwokuberekwa nako kwomweya wohunhu, purigatori, Limbo, uye kutambudzwa kusingagumi muhero yomwoto.

Naizvozvo, chiiko chiri dzidziso yoUtatu? Iyo zvomenemene idzidziso yechihedheni inonyepedzera seyechiKristu. Yakasimudzirwa naSatani kuti anyengere vanhu, kuita kuti Mwari ave anovhiringidza nechakavanzika kwavari. Ikoku kunogumawo nokuva kwavo vanodisa zvikuru kugamuchira dzimwe pfungwa dzorudzidziso rwenhema nemiitiro yakaipa.

“Kupfurikidza Nezvibereko Zvavo”

Pana Mateo 7:15-19, Jesu akataura kuti ungagona kuziva rudzidziso rwenhema norudzidziso rwechokwadi neiyi nzira:

“Chenjerai vaporofita venhema, vanouya kwamuri vane nguvo dzamakwai, asi mukati ari mapere anoparadza. Muchavaziva nezvibereko zvavo. Mazambiringa anombotanhwa paminzwa here, kana maonde parukato? Saizvozvo muti mumwe nomumwe wakanaka unobereka zvakanaka, asi muti wakaipa unobereka zvibereko zvakaipa . . . Muti mumwe nomumwe usingabereki zvibereko zvakanaka, unotemwa, ukakandirwa mumwoto.”

Rangarira muenzaniso mumwe. Jesu akataura pana Johane 13:35 (NW), kuti: “Kupfurikidza naikoku vose vachaziva kuti muri vadzidzi vangu, kana mune rudo pakati penyu mumene.” Uyewo, pana 1 Johane 4:20 na 21, Shoko rakafuridzirwa raMwari rinozivisa, kuti:

“Kana munhu achiti, ‘ndinoda Mwari,’ achivenga hama yake, murevi wenhema; nokuti usingadi hama yake yaakaona, ungada seiko Mwari, waasina kumuona? Iwoyu murairo wakabva kwaari, tinawo, wokuti unoda Mwari, ngaadewo hama yake.”

Shandisa nheyo huru yokuti maKristu echokwadi anofanira kuva norudo pakati pavo vamene kuchakaitika muhondo dzose dziri mbiri dzenyika dzezana rino ramakore pamwe chete nomudzimwe rwisano. Vanhu vamarudzidziso mamwe chete echiKristudhomu vakasangana panhandare dzehondo ndokuurayana nemhaka yemisiano yorudzi. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rwaitaura kuva rwechiKristu, uye rutivi rumwe norumwe rwakatsigirwa navafundisi varwo, avo vaitaura kuti Mwari akanga ari parutivi pavo. Kuurawa ikoko kwo“muKristu” achirwisana no“muKristu” chibereko chakaora. Kupunzwa kworudo rwechiKristu, kurambwa kwemitemo yaMwari.—Onawo 1 Johane 3:10-12.

Zuva Rokuzvidavirira

Nokudaro, kubva muchiKristu kwakatungamirira kwete bedzi kuzvitendero zvisiri zvoumwari, zvakadai sedzidziso yoUtatu, asiwo kumiitiro isiri youmwari. Bva, kune zuva rokuzvidavirira richauya, nokuti Jesu akati: “Muti mumwe nomumwe usingabereki zvibereko zvakanaka, unotemwa, ukakandirwa mumwoto.” Ndokusaka Shoko raMwari richikurudzira, kuti:

“Budai mariri [rudzidziso rwenhema] vanhu vangu, kuti murege kuwadzana naro pazvivi zvaro, mugorega kupiwa madambudziko aro. Nokuti zvivi zvaro zvasvika kudenga, Mwari warangarira zvisakarurama zvaro.”—Zvakazarurwa 18:4, 5.

Nokukurumidza Mwari acha‘isa mumwoyo’ yezviremera zvamatongerwe enyika kuti zvipandukire rudzidziso rwenhema. Ivo vacha“paradza . . . vachadya nyama yayo, nokuipisa nomwoto.” (Zvakazarurwa 17:16, 17) Runoparadzwa nokusingaperi ruchava rudzidziso rwenhema nouzivi hwaro hwechihedheni pamusoro paMwari. Chaizvoizvo, Mwari achati kuvashandisi vorudzidziso rwenhema sezvakataura Jesu muzuva rake: “Masiirwa imba yenyu rava dongo.”—Mateo 23:38.

Rudzidziso rwechokwadi ruchapukunyuka marutongeso aMwari, kuitira kuti, pakupedzisira, rukudzo rwose nembiri zvichapiwa kune Uyo Jesu akati ndiye “Mwari mumwe bedzi wechokwadi.” Iye Ndiye anoziviswa nowezvamapisarema uyo akazivisa, kuti: “Imi moga, imi mune zita rinonzi Jehovha, ndimi Wokumusorosoro kumusoro kwapasi pose.”—Johane 17:3, NW; Pisarema 83:18.

Nongedzero:

1. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1971, Volume 6, peji 386.

2. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, rakanyorwa naBernhard Lohse, 1963, peji 51.

3. Ibid., mapeji 52-3.

4. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Volume VII, peji 115.

5. A Short History of Christianity, rakanyorwa naMartin E. Marty, 1959, peji 91.

6. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, rakanyorwa naPhilip Schaff naHenry Wace, 1892, Volume IV, peji xvii.

7. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, peji 53.

8. A Short History of Christianity, peji 91.

9. The Church of the First Three Centuries, rakanyorwa naAlvan Lamson, 1869, mapeji 75-6, 341.

10. Second Century Orthodoxy, rakanyorwa naJ. A. Buckley, 1978, mapeji 114-15.

11. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Volume VII, peji 115.

12. Ibid., Volume IV, peji 436.

13. Ibid., peji 251.

14. Ibid., peji 436.

15. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 1985, 15th Edition, Micropædia, Volume 1, peji 665.

16. The Church of the First Three Centuries, peji 52.

17. The Christian Tradition, rakanyorwa naJaroslav Pelikan, 1971, peji 173.

18. Origin and Evolution of Religion, rakanyorwa naE. Washburn Hopkins, 1923, peji 339.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 22]

Mwari achasakisa zviremera zvamatongerwe enyika kurwisana norudzidziso rwenhema

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

Rudzidziso rwechokwadi ruchapukunyuka marutongeso aMwari