Chii Chiri Rugwaro rwavaMasorete?

MUMUTAURO upi kana upi waunorava Bhaibheri mauri, rutivi rwebhuku racho sezvingabvira rwakashandurwa nenzira yakananga kana kuti nenzira isina kunanga kubva murugwaro rwavaMasorete, urwo runofukidza Magwaro echiHebheru, kana kuti “Testamente Yekare.” Zvomenemene, kwakanga kune runopfuura rugwaro rumwe rwavaMasorete. Naizvozvo ndorupi rwakasarudzwa, uye neiko? Kutaura idi, chii chiri rugwaro rwavaMasorete, uye tinoziva seiko kuti rwakavimbika?

Shoko raJehovha

Kunyorwa kweBhaibheri kwakavamba paGomo reSinai muna 1513 B.C.E. Eksodho 24:3, 4 inotiudza, kuti: “Mosesi akauya akaudza vanhu mashoko ose aJehovha, nezvaakanga atema zvose, vanhu vakapindura nenzwi rimwe, vakati: Mashoko ose akarehwa naJehovha tichaaita. Mosesi akanyora mashoko ose aJehovha.”

Magwaro echiHebheru akapfuurira kunyorwa kwamakore anopfuura chiuru, kubvira muna 1513 B.C.E. kusvikira munenge muna 443 B.C.E. Sezvo vanyori vakafuridzirwa naMwari, kune mufungo kuti aizotungamirira zvinhu zvokuti shoko rake raizochengetedzwa nenzira yokutendeka. (2 Samueri 23:2; Isaya 40:8) Zvisinei, ikoku kunoreva here kuti Jehovha aizobvisa chikanganiso chose chomunhu zvokuti hapana kana vara rimwe raizochinjwa sezvo makopi aiitwa?

Suo Kukusarurama Rakanga Rakati Zarurwei

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vanoremekedza zvikuru Shoko raMwari vakarikopa muchizvarwa nechizvarwa, mwero wakati wechikanganiso chomunhu zvisinei wakapinda mumanyoro. Vanyori veBhaibheri vakafuridzirwa, asi vakopi havana kuita basa ravo mufuridziro youmwari.

Mushure mokudzokera kubva muutapwa hweBhabhironi muna 537 B.C.E., vaJudha vakagamuchira muitiro mutsva wokunyora uyo waishandisa mavara akaenzana kumativi mana wakadzidzwa muBhabhironi. Iyi chinjo huru yakaunza chinetso chaiva mairi chokuti mavara akati anoratidzika zvakafanana angagona kunzwisiswa zvisina kururama nokuda kwerimwe nerimwe. Sezvo chiHebheru uri mutauro wakavakirwa pamakonzonendi, nokunzwika kwamavhawero kunowedzerwa nomuravi mukuwirirana nokunzwisisa kwake mashoko akapoteredza, chinjo yekonzonendi rimwe ingachinja nenzira iri nyore revo yeshoko. Muzvinoitika zvakawanda zvikurusa, zvisinei, zvikanganiso zvakadaro zvaizodai zvakawanwa ndokururamiswa.

Voruzhinjisa vavaJudha havana kudzokera kuIsraeri mushure mokuwa kweBhabhironi. Nokudaro, masinagogi akava nzvimbo dzomudzimu dzenzanga dzechiJudha muMiddle East yose neEurope.a Sinagogi imwe neimwe yaida makopi emipumburu yaMagwaro. Sezvo makopi akawedzera, ndizvo zvakaitawo bviro yokukanganisa kwomukopi.

Nhamburiko Dzokupfiga Suo Racho

Kuvamba muzana rokutanga ramakore C.E., vanyori muJerusarema vakaedza kutanga rugwaro rukuru urwo mimwe mipumburu yoRugwaro rwose rwechiHebheru yaizoruramiswa kupfurikidza narwo. Bva, kwakanga kusina muitiro wakajeka wokutsauranisa pakati perwokuvamba rworugwaro neshanduro dzaiva nezvikanganiso zvomukopi. Kubvira muzana ramakore rechipiri C.E. zvichienda mberi, rugwaro rwemakonzonendi rwaMagwaro echiHebheru runoratidzika kuva rwakanga rwakasanowiriraniswa zvakanaka nomupimo, kunyange zvazvo rwakanga ruchigere kusimbiswa zviri pamutemo. Kunokorwa kwamashoko kwoRugwaro rwechiHebheru kunooneka muTalmud (kwakarongwa pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri nerechitanhatu C.E.) kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru kunoratidzira manyuko akasiyana nerwakazozivikanwa gare gare sorugwaro rwavaMasorete.

Shoko rokuti “gamuchidzanwa” muchiHebheru ndima·soh·rahʹ kana kuti ma·soʹreth. Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechitanhatu C.E., avo vaichengeta gamuchidzanwa rokukopa nenzira yakarurama Magwaro echiHebheru vakazivikanwa savaMasorete. Makopi avakaita anonongedzerwa kwaari samagwaro evaMasorete. Chii chakanga chichikosha pamusoro pebasa ravo namagwaro avakagadzira?

ChiHebheru chakanga chanyangarika somutauro mupenyu, worudzi, uye vaJudha vakawanda vakanga vachisiri vakarovedzana nacho. Nokudaro, kunzwisiswa kumene kworugwaro rweBhaibheri rwamakonzonendi kwakapinzwa mungozi. Kuti varidzivirire, vaMasorete vakatanga muitiro wamavhawero aimirirwa namadododo namadheshi, kana kuti tuzviratidzo. Izvozvi zvaiiswa pamusoro napasi pamakonzonendi. VaMasorete vakatangawo muitiro wakaoma wezviratidzo zvaibatira zvose zviri zviviri sechimiro chezvimiso uye senhungamiro yokududzwa kwakarurama zvikuru.

Apo vaMasorete vainzwa kuti rugwaro rwakanga rwachinjwa kana kuti kukopwa nenzira isina kururama nezvizvarwa zvakapfuura zvavanyori, panzvimbo pokuchinja rugwaro rwacho, vaiita zvinonyorwa munzvimbo dzisina kunyorwa chinhu dzomumucheto. Vainyora zvimiro zveshoko zvechienzi nemibatanidzwa uye kuwanda uko izvozvi zvaioneka nako mukati mebhuku rimwe kana kuti mukati maMagwaro ose echiHebheru. Tsinhiro dzokuwedzera dzokubetsera vakopi mukunzvera dzainyorwawo. Muitiro we“zviratidzo” zvakapfupikiswa wakatangwa kunyora aya mashoko nokupfupikisa zvikuru. Munzvimbo dzisina kunyorwa chinhu dzokumusoro nedzekuzasi, rudzi rwakati rwekonikodhenzi duku yaironga mativi endima dzinowirirana dzakatsinhirwa pamusoro padzo muzvinonyorwa zviri munzvimbo dzisina kunyorwa chinhu dzokumucheto.

Muitiro wakakurumbira zvikurusa wakakwaniswa navaMasorete muTibherio, paGungwa reGarirea. Mhuri dzaBen Asher naBen Naphtali vezana ramakore rechipfumbamwe nerechigumi C.E., sezvinobvira vaKaraite, dzakava dzakatanhamara zvikuru.b Kunyange zvazvo misiyano yaivako pakati pemitoo yokududza nezvinonyorwa zveizvi zvikoro zviviri, makonzonendi amagwaro avo anosiyana munzvimbo dzisingasviki gumi muMagwaro echiHebheru ose.

Zvikoro zvose zviri zviviri zvavaMasorete, zvaBen Asher nezvaBen Naphtali, zvakabetsera zvikuru kuruzivo rwamagwaro munguva yavo. Mushure mokunge Maimonides (nyanzvi inopesvedzera yeTalmud yezana ramakore rechi 12) arumbidza rugwaro rwaBen Asher, vamwe vakarupa nzvimbo yokutanga yakazara. Ikoku kwakanga kwakadaro kunyange kusvikira kupfundo rokuti hakuna manyoro aBen Naphtali anogona kuwanwa pari zvino. Dzangosara bedzi ndidzo ndaza dzemisiyano pakati pezvikoro zviviri. Nenzira inosetsa, tsinhiro yaMaimonides yakanga ichiwirirana nokurangarirwa kwomuitiro, zvakadai sokusiya nzvimbo pakati pendima, uye kwete kumativi anokosha zvikuru okupiwa kwakarurama.

Tinogona Kuwana Rugwaro rwavaMoserete “Rwakachena” Here?

Kune gakava guru pakati penyanzvi pamusoro pokuti ikodhekisi ipi inowanika nhasi iri rugwaro rwaBen Asher “rwakachena” sokunge kuti irworwu ipapo rwaizotipa rugwaro rwavaMasorete “rwechokwadi.” Zvomenemene, hakuna kutongova norugwaro rwavaMasorete rumwe rwakatanhamara, “rwakachena,” uye rwapamutemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, kune magwaro akawanda avaMasorete, rumwe norumwe rwakati siyanei namamwe. Makodhekisi ose achiripo magwaro akavhenganiswa, ane kurava kwose kuri kuviri kwaBen Asher naBen Naphtali.

Basa rakatarisana nomushanduri upi noupi waMagwaro echiHebheru nhasi ihombe. Iye anofanira kuzvirovedzanisa amene kwete bedzi norugwaro rwechiHebheru asiwo nezvisarudzo zvine mufungo apo rugwaro rungave rwakachinjwa kupfurikidza nechikanganiso chavakopi kana kuti neimwe nzira. Nepo magwaro avaMasorete akasiyana-siyana achibatira sehwaro, iye anofanira kunzvera mamwe manyuko akasimba ayo angagona kumirira nenzira ine mufungo shanduro dzakare zvikuru uye zvichida dzakarurama zvikuru dzorugwaro rwamakonzonendi.

Musumo yebhuku rake rinonzi The Text of the Old Testament, Ernst Würthwein anotsanangura, kuti: “Apo tinenge takatarisana nechikamu chamashoko chakaoma hatigoni kungounganidza pamwe chete kurava kwakasiyana-siyana ndokusarudza uko kunoratidzika kuva kunopa chigadzikiso chiri nyore zvikurusa, padzimwe nguva tichida hedu rugwaro rwechiHebheru, padzimwe nguva Septuagint, asi dzimwezve nguva chiTargum chechiAramaic. Zvipupuriro zvorugwaro zvose hazvina kuvimbika zvakaenzana. Chimwe nechimwe chine vara racho chimene nenhau yacho chimene yakatanhamara. Tinofanira kurovedzana naizvozvi kana tichikarira kudzivisa zvigadzikiso zvisina kukwana kana kuti zvenhema.”

Tine hwaro hwakasimba hwechivimbo chakazara chokuti Jehovha akachengeta Shoko rake. Kupfurikidza nenhamburiko dzakabatanidzwa dzavarume vapachokwadi vakawanda mumazana amakore ose, zvinhu, zviri mukati, uye kunyange udzame hweshoko reBhaibheri zvinowanika nenzira iri nyore. Chinjo duku dzipi nedzipi muvara kana kuti shoko hadzina kutapura kukwanisa kwedu kunzwisisa Magwaro. Zvino, mubvunzo unokosha ndewokuti, Tichararama mukuwirirana neShoko raMwari, Bhaibheri here?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Kodhekisi yeAllepo ine rugwaro rwavaMasorete

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Bibelmuseum, Münster