Mudhindi Uyo Akasiya Mbiri Yake

WATI wamboda kuwana chikamu muBhaibheri asi waisagona kuyeuka kwachaiwanwa here? Bva, kupfurikidza nokuyeuka shoko rimwe chete, wakakwanisa kuchiwana kupfurikidza nokushandisa nongedzero dzeBhaibheri. Kana kuti zvichida wakapinda kuungana kwechiKristu uko mazana, kana kuti kunyange zviuru, zvaiva muvapindi zvaikwanisa kuzarura maBhaibheri azvo kuti zvirave rugwaro masekondi chete pashure pokunge rwadudzwa.

Muchinoitika chipi nechipi, unofanira kuonga mumwe murume waungave usina kurovedzana naye. Iye akaita kuti kufunda Bhaibheri kwako kuve nyore zvikuru, uyewo akaita rutivi mukuva nechokwadi chokuti isu nhasi tive namaBhaibheri akarurama. Akatopesvedzera nzira iyo maBhaibheri akawanda anotarisika nayo.

Murume wacho akanga ari Robert Estienne.a Akanga ari mudhindi, akaberekwa ari mwanakomana womudhindi, muParis, France, pedyo namavambo ezana ramakore rechi 16. Rakanga riri zera reRenaissance neReformation. Muchina wokudhindisa wakava chishandiso chezvose zviri zviviri. Henri Estienne, baba vaRobert, vakanga vari mudhindi ane mbiri, aibudisa zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvakaisvonaka zvamabhuku zvakabudiswa munguva yeRenaissance. Basa rake raibatanidza mabhuku edzidzo neeBhaibheri eUniversity yeParis uye chikoro chayo chedzidzo youmwari—Sorbonne.

Asi ngatinangidzirei ngwariro yedu pamwanakomana wacho, Robert Estienne. Zvishomanene zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pedzidzo yake yenguva dzose. Bva, kuvambira pazera rapakuvamba, akadzidza Latin uye nokukurumidza akadzidza chiGiriki pamwe chete nechiHebheru. Kuna Baba vake, Robert akadzidza basa rokudhinda. Apo akagara nhaka muchina wokudhinda waHenri muna 1526, Robert Estienne akanga otozivikanwa senyanzvi yemipimo yakakwirira yemitauro. Kunyange zvazvo akabudisa zvinyorwa zvakasiyana zvamabhuku echiLatin namamwe mabhuku ounyanzvi, yemuro yake yokutanga neisingapokanidzwi yakanga iri Bhaibheri. Achidisa kuitira Bhaibheri rechiLatin zvakanga zvatoitirwa mabhuku echiLatin chakare, Estienne akaronga kutangazve inodokuva sezvingabvira magwaro apakuvamba ezana ramakore rechishanu eBhaibheri reVulgate yechiLatin yaJerome.

Vulgate Yakanatswa

Jerome akanga ashandura kubva muchiHebheru nechiGiriki cheBhaibheri chapakuvamba, asi pakazosvika zuva raEstienne, Vulgate yakanga yave iripo kwechiuru chamakore. Mhosho dzakawanda noushati zvakanga zvapinda somugumisiro wezvizvarwa zvokukopa Vulgate yacho. Uyezve, mukati meMiddle Ages, mashoko eBhaibheri akafuridzirwa noumwari akanga afukidzwa nezvakawanda zvengano dzomuMiddle Ages, zvikamu zvakanyorwa namamwe mashoko, uye wedzero dzenhema. Izvozvi zvakanga zvavhengana kwazvo namagwaro eBhaibheri zvokuti zvakavamba kugamuchirwa samanyoro akafuridzirwa.

Kuti abvise zvose zvakanga zvisiri zvapakuvamba, Estienne akashandisa mitoo yokutsoropodza magwaro iyo yaishandiswa nokuda kwokufunda mabhuku ekare. Iye akatsvaka manyoro ekaresa naakanakisisa aiwanikwa. Mumaraibhurari aivamo namakapoteredza Paris nomunzvimbo dzakadai seÉvreux neSoissons, akawana manyoro ekare anoverengeka, rimwe sezviri pachena richivambira muzana ramakore rechitanhatu. Estienne nokungwarira akaenzanisa magwaro echiLatin akasiyana chikamu nechikamu, achisarudza bedzi zvikamu zvairatidzika kuva zvine chiremera chikurusa. Mugumisiro wakavapo, Bhaibheri raEstienne, rakatanga kubudiswa muna 1528 uye rakanga riri fambiro mberi inokosha mukunatsa ururami hwamagwaro eBhaibheri. Zvinyorwa zvakanatswa zvakaitwa naEstienne zvakatevera. Vamwe vakamutangira vakanga vaedza kururamisa Vulgate, asi chake chakanga chiri chinyorwa chokutanga kugovera chishandiso chinoshanda chinotsoropodza. Mumicheto, Estienne akaratidzira umo akanga asiya zvikamu zvakati zvinopokanwa kana kuti uko kunopfuura kurava kumwe kwakanga kuchibvira. Iye akanyorawo manyuko amanyoro ayo aipa chiremera nokuda kweidzi ruramiso.

Estienne akatangawo mamwe mativi akawanda aiva matsva zvikuru nokuda kwezana ramakore rechi 16. Akasiyanisa mabhuku eApokrifa neShoko raMwari. Akaisa bhuku raMabasa pashure peEvhangeri uye kutangira tsamba dzaPauro. Pamusoro pepeji imwe neimwe, akagovera mashoko mashomanene anokosha kubetsera varavi kuwana zvikamu zvakananga. Uyu wakanga uri muenzaniso wapakuvamba zvikurusa weunonzi nhasi musoro unodzokororwa pamusoro pepeji. Panzvimbo pokushandisa kunyora kukobvu kwechiGoth, kana kuti mavara matema, munyorero wakavamba muGermany, Estienne akanga ari mumwe wevokutanga kudhinda Bhaibheri rose mumunyorero weRoma wakareruka nouri nyore kurava zvino unozivikanwa mukushandiswa. Iye akagoverawo nongedzero dzakawanda namashoko omutauro kubetsera kujekesa zvikamu zvakati.

Vakuru vakawanda namabhishopi vakaonga Bhaibheri raEstienne, nokuti rakanga riri nani kupfuura zvimwe zvinyorwa zvipi nezvipi zvakadhindwa zveVulgate. Nokuda kworunako, unyanzvi, uye kushandisika, chinyorwa chake chakava mupimo uye nokukurumidza chakanga chave kutevedzerwa muEurope yose.

Mudhindi Woumambo

“Unoona munhu unoshingaira pabasa rake here? Uchamira pamberi pamadzimambo,” inodaro Zvirevo 22:29. Unyanzvi hwokuzvivambira hwoumhizha namano emitauro zvaEstienne hazvina kuva zvisingacherekedzwi naFrancis I, mambo weFrance. Estienne akava mudhindi wamambo wechiLatin, chiHebheru, uye chiGiriki. Saakadaro, Estienne akadhinda mumwe wouchiri murongero wakanakisisa womunyorero weFrance. Muna 1539 akavamba kubudisa Bhaibheri rechiHebheru rokutanga rakakwana uye rakanakisisa rakadhindwa muFrance. Muna 1540 akatanga mifananidzo muBhaibheri rake rechiLatin. Asi panzvimbo peratidziro dzenguva dzose dzefungidziro dzezviitiko zvomuBhaibheri zvaizivikanwa muMiddle Ages, Estienne akagovera mifananidzo yakanyorwa inorayiridza yakavakirwa paufakazi hwezvekuchera matongo kana kuti pakuverengwa nerondedzero zvinowanikwa muBhaibheri rimene. Aya manyoro apamapuranga akaratidzira muudzame nhau dzakadai seareka yesungano, nguvo dzomuprista mukuru, tabhernakeri, uye temberi yaSoromoni.

Achishandisa seti chaiyo yomunyorero wechiGiriki iyo akanga aodha kuti adhindise manyoro omuunganidzwa amambo, Estienne akapfuurira kubudisa chinyorwa chokutanga chokutsoropodza cheMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu. Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zviviri zvokutanga zvamagwaro echiGiriki aEstienne zvakanga zviri nani zvishoma kupfuura bhuku raDesiderius Erasmus, muchinyorwa chechitatu cha 1550, Estienne akawedzera enzaniso nenongedzero zvakabva mumanyoro 15, kubatanidza Codex Bezae yezana ramakore rechishanu C.E. uye Bhaibheri reSeptuagint. Ichi chinyorwa chakaitwa naEstienne chakagamuchirwa zvakafara kwazvo zvokuti gare gare chakava hwaro hweinonzi Textus Receptus, kana kuti Rugwaro Rwakagamuchirwa, parwuri shanduro dzakawanda gare gare dzakavakirwa, kubatanidza King James Version ya 1611.

Sorbonne Inorwisana neReformation

Nepfungwa dzaLuther uye vamwe vaReformer dzichipararira muEurope yose, Chechi yeKaturike yakatsvaka kudzora izvo vanhu vaifunga kupfurikidza nokudzora izvo vairava. Pana June 15, 1520, Pope Leo X akanga apa chirevo achirayira kuti hapana bhuku raiva ne“dzidziso dzenhema” raifanira kudhindwa, kutengeswa, kana kuti kuraviwa munyika ipi neipi yeKaturike uye achirayira kuti zviremera zvenyika zvimanikidzire chirevo mukati munzvimbo dzazvo. MuEngland, Mambo Henry VIII akasiyira mutoro wokunzvera kuna bhishopi weKaturike Cuthbert Tunstall. Zvisinei, muhurusa yeEurope, chiremera chisingapokanwi munhau dzedzidziso, chinotevera kuna papa, chakanga chiri vadzidzisi vedzidziso youmwari paYunivhesiti yeParis—Sorbonne.

Sorbonne yakanga iri mutauriri weorthodox yechiKaturike. Kwamazana amakore yakanga yarangarirwa sorusvingo rwokutenda kwechiKaturike. Vanzveri veSorbonne vakashora zvinyorwa zvose zvinotsoropodza neshanduro dzomumwe mutauro dzeVulgate, vachirangarira dzakadaro kwete se“dzisingabetseri kuchechi [bedzi] asi dzinokuvadza.” Ikoku kwakanga kusingashamisi panguva apo vaReformer vakanga vachipokana nedzidziso dzechechi, mitambo, uye tsika idzo dzakanga dzisina kuvakirwa pachiremera cheRugwaro. Zvisinei, vafundisi vakawanda paSorbonne vakarangarira dzidziso dzechechi dzinonamatwa kuva dzinokosha zvikuru kupfuura shanduro yakarurama yeBhaibheri rimene. Mufundisi mumwe akati: “Dzidziso dzangowanwa, Magwaro anofanana namachanja anobviswa pashure pokunge chidziro chavakwa.” Vakawandisa vavadzidzisi vakanga vasingazivi chiHebheru nechiGiriki, bva vakazvidza nzvero dzaEstienne uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzomuRenaissance idzo dzakanga dzichinzvera revo dzapakuvamba dzamashoko akashandiswa muBhaibheri. Purofesa mumwe weSorbonne akatoshinga kuti “kugamuchira zivo yechiGiriki nechiHebheru kwaizoparira kuparadzwa kwerudzidziso rwose.”

Sorbonne Inorwisa

Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvapakuvamba zveVulgate yaEstienne zvakapasiswa navanzveri vavadzidzisi, kwakanga kuri kusina kakavadzano. Shure muzana ramakore rechi 13, Vulgate yakanga yachengetwa seBhaibheri dzvene rapamutemo reyunivhesiti, uye kuna vanhu vakawanda magwaro aro akanga asingakanganisi. Vadzidzisi vakanga vatoshurikidza nyanzvi inoremekedzwa Erasmus nokuda kwebasa rake pamusoro peVulgate. Kuti mudhindiwo zvake womunzvimbomo aizova noushingi hwokururamisa magwaro apamutemo kwakanga kuchityisa kuna vamwe.

Zvichida kupfuura chinhu chipi nechipi, dzakanga dziri tsinhiro dzomumucheto dzaEstienne dzakanetsa vafundisi. Tsinhiro dzacho dzakaita kuti kuva apamutemo kwamagwaro eVulgate kupokanwe. Chishuvo chaEstienne chokujekesa zvikamu zvakati chakaguma nokuva kwake akapomerwa kupindira munzvimbo yorudzidziso. Iye akaramba pomero yacho, achitaura kuti tsinhiro dzake dzaingova pfupikiso duku kana kuti dzounyanzvi hwemitauro. Somuenzaniso, tsinhiro yake pana Genesi 37:35 yakatsanangura kuti shoko rokuti “hero” [Latin, infernum] haraigona ipapo kunzwisiswa kuva nzvimbo uko vakaipa vanorangwa. Vadzidzisi vakapomera kuti akaramba kusafa kwomweya uye simba rinoreverera rava“sande.”

Estienne, zvisinei, akanga ane nyasha nedziviriro zvamambo. Francis I akaratidza fariro huru munzvero dzeRenaissance, zvikurukuru bhuku romudhindi wake woumambo. Sezvinoshumwa, Francis I akatoshanyira Estienne uye akatombomirira nokushivira apo Estienne akanga achiita ruramiso dzokupedzisira kurugwaro. Netsigiro yamambo, Estienne akadzivisa Sorbonne.

Vafundisi Vanorambidza maBhaibheri Ake

Muna 1545, kunyanguvezvo, zviitiko zvakaparira hasha dzakazara dzavadzidzisi veSorbonne kunangidzirwa pana Estienne. Dzichiona betsero dzokurwisa vaReformer dzakabatana, yunivhesiti dzeKaturike dzeCologne (Germany), Louvain (Belgium), uye Paris dzakanga dzabvuma pakuvamba zvikuru kushanda pamwe chete mukunzvera dzidziso dzisingagamuchiriki. Apo vafundisi veLouvain University vakanyorera Sorbonne vachitaura kushamisika kwavo kuti maBhaibheri aEstienne akanga asina kuoneka pandaza yomuParis yamabhuku akashurikidzwa, Sorbonne nenzira yokureva nhema yakapindura kuti zvirokwazvo yaizodai yakaashurikidza kudai yakanga yaaona. Vavengi vaEstienne mukati mavadzidzisi zvino vakanzwa vane chivimbo chokuti chiremera chakabatana chavadzidzisi veLouvain uye Paris chaizova chakaringana kupwisa Francis I nezvemhosho dzomudhindi wake.

Munguvayo, anyeverwa nezvevavariro dzavavengi vake, Estienne akatanga kusvika kuna mambo. Estienne akakarakadza kuti kana vafundisi vaizobudisa ndaza yemhosho dzipi nedzipi dzavakanga vawana, akanga achidisa zvikuru kudhinda idzodzi pamwe chete neruramiso dzavafundisi uye kudzibatanidza neBhaibheri rimwe nerimwe raitengeswa. Chigadzikiso ichi chakadiwa namambo. Akakumbira Pierre du Chastel, muravi wake woumambo wezvidzidzo zvechechi, kutarisira nhau yacho. Muna October 1546 vadzidzisi vacho vakanyorera Du Chastel vachinyunyuta kuti maBhaibheri aEstienne akanga ari “zvokudya zvaavo vanoramba kuTenda kwedu ndokutsigira dzidziso dzenhema . . . dzazvino uno” uye akanga akazara kwazvo nemhosho zvokufanirwa “dzose zvadzo kugumiswa nokuparadzwa.” Asina kupwiswa, mambo zvino pachake akarayira vadzidzisi kuratidza nzvero kuitira kuti dzidhindwe namaBhaibheri aEstienne. Vakavimbisa kuita ikoku, asi zvomenemene vakaita zvose zvavaigona kudzivisa kufanira kuratidza ndaza ine udzame yedzaifungidzirwa kuva mhosho.

Francis I akafa muna March 1547, uye Estienne akarasikirwa nomutsigiri wake anokosha mukurwisana nesimba reSorbonne. Apo Henry II akava mambo, akamutsidzira kurayira kwababa vake kwokuti vadzidzisi varatidze nzvero dzavo. Bva, achicherekedza kuti machinda echiGerman akanga achishandisa sei Reformation nokuda kwezvinangwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika, Henry II akaitira hanya zvishoma dzaifungidzirwa kuva betsero kana kuti dzisiri betsero dzamaBhaibheri omudhindi wamambo kupfuura kuchengeta France iri yechiKaturike uye yakabatana muudzori hwamambo wayo mutsva. Pana December 10, 1547, Dare Ravapi Zano Vamambo rakasarudza kuti kutengeswa kwamaBhaibheri aEstienne kunofanira kurambidzwa kusvikira vafundisi vogona kuratidza ndaza yavo yenzvero.

Kupomerwa Kuva Mudzidzisi Wenhema

Vadzidzisi zvino vakatsvaka mutoo wokuita kuti nhau yaEstienne iendeswe kudare chairo iro rakanga richangogadzwa kutonga nhau dzokudzidzisa nhema. Estienne aisadikanirwa kuyeuchidzwa nezvengozi yaakanga ari mairi. Mukati mamakore maviri okuumbwa kwaro, dare racho rakazivikanwa sechambre ardente, kana kuti “imba yokupisira.” Vananyajambwa 60 vakatumirwa kudanda, kubatanidza vamwe vadhindi navatengesi vamabhuku avo vakapiswa vari vapenyu paPlace Maubert, mufambo wamaminitsi mashomanene chete kubva pasuo rapamberi raEstienne. Imba yeEstienne yakavhundunyurwa yavhundunyurwazve kuti vawane ufakazi huduku hwokurwisana naye. Zvinopfuura zvapupu 80 zvakabvunzurudzwa. Vapi vamashoko vakavimbiswa chikamu chimwe muzvina chezvinhu zvake kudai aigona kuwanirwa mhaka yokudzidzisa nhema. Zvisinei, ufakazi hwavo bedzi hwakanga huri izvo Estienne akanga adhinda pachena mumaBhaibheri ake.

Zvakare mambo akarayira kuti ndaza yokunzvera kwavadzidzisi ipiwe kuDare rake Ravapi Zano Vamambo. Nechisimbwa, vadzidzisi vakapindura kuti ‘vafundisi havasati vari mumuitiro wokunyora zvikonzero zvavanoshurikidzira chimwe chinhu sechenhema asi vanopindura neshoko rinotaurwa bedzi, iro unofanira kudavira, kana kuti zvimwe hapangave nokupera kwokunyora.’ Henry akabvuma. Rambidzo yokupedzisira yakaiswa. Rinodokuva bhuku riri rose reBhaibheri Estienne akanga ati amboburitsa rakashurikidzwa. Kunyange zvazvo akanga apukunyuka marimi ePlace Maubert, iye akasarudza kubva muFrance mukutarisana nokurambidzwa chose chose kwamaBhaibheri ake uye bviro yokunetswazve.

Mudhindi Wokunyika Isiri Yokwake

Muna November 1550, Estienne akatamira kuGeneva, Switzerland. Vadzidzisi vakanga vakuita kuve kusiri kwapamutemo muFrance kubudisa Bhaibheri ripi neripi kunze kweVulgate. Zvino norusununguko rwokuburitsa chaaida, Estienne akadhindazve “Testamente Itsva” yake yechiGiriki muna 1551, neshanduro mbiri dzechiLatin (Vulgate neyaErasmus) muzvikamu zvinodzika zvakavambirana. Ikoku akakutevera, muna 1552, neshanduro yechiFrench yaMagwaro echiGiriki akavambirana namagwaro aErasmus echiLatin. Mune izvi zvinyorwa zviviri, Estienne akatanga mutoo wake wokukamuranisa magwaro eBhaibheri kuva ndima dzine nhamba—mutoo mumwe chetewo unoshandiswa kwose nhasi. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vakanga vaedza kare mazano akasiyana nokuda kwokukamuranisa ndima, waEstienne wakava muitiro unogamuchirwa. Bhaibheri rake rechiFrench ra 1553 rakanga riri Bhaibheri rokutanga rakakwana kugovera kukamuranisa kwake ndima.

Bhaibheri raEstienne rechiLatin rine shanduro mbiri ra 1557 rinokoshawo zvikuru nokuda kwokushandisa kwake zita raMwari romunhu oga, Jehova, muMagwaro ose echiHebheru. Mumucheto wepisarema rechipiri, iye akanyora kuti kutsiviwa kwaʼAdho·naiʹ nokuda kweTetragrammaton yechiHebheru (יהוה) kwakanga kwakavakirwa chose chose pagamuchidzanwa rechiJudha uye kunofanira kurambwa. Mune ichi chinyorwa, Estienne akashandisa kutsveyamisa mashoko kuratidzira mashoko echiLatin ayo akawedzerwa kuzadzisa mufungo wechiHebheru. Uyu muitiro gare gare wakagamuchirwa muna mamwe maBhaibheri, gamuchidzanwa rakawanzoshamisa varavi vanhasi vakarovedzana nokushandiswa kwazvino uno kwokutsveyamisa mashoko kuratidza simbiso.

Atsunga kuita kuti dzidzo yake iwanikwe navamwe, Estienne akapira upenyu hwake kukuburitswa kwaMagwaro Matsvene. Avo nhasi vanokoshesa Shoko raMwari vanogona kuva vanoonga nhamburiko dzake uye basa ravamwe avo nenzira yokungwarira vakavavarira kuwadzanyura mashoko eBhaibheri sezvakanyorwa pakuvamba. Muitiro wavakatanga unopfuurira sezvatinowana zivo yakarurama zvikuru yemitauro yakare nokuwana manyoro ekare zvikuru naakarurama zvikuru eShoko raMwari. Chinguvana asati afa (1559), Estienne akanga achishanda pashanduro itsva yaMagwaro echiGiriki. Iye akabvunzwa, kuti: “Ndiani achaitenga? Ndiani achairava?” Iye akapindura nechivimbo, kuti: ‘Vanhu vose vakadzidza vokuzvipira kwoumwari.’

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Nhamburiko dzaRobert Estienne dzakayamura zvizvarwa zvavadzidzi veBhaibheri

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Mifananidzo yaEstienne inorayiridza yakatevedzerwa kwezvizvarwa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris