Ndiani Anofanirwa Nokunzi Rabhi?

MUSHANYI asinganyumwiri akanga ane tariro duku yokusvika kunhandare yendege panguva. Mazana amapurisa akaedza kutungamirira zvaifamba apo aidzivirira vachemi vanopfuura 300 000 avo vakazadza migwagwa yeJerusarema. The Jerusalem Post yakakudana kuti “mudungwe wemariro woukuru hunowanzochengeterwa bedzi vanapurezidhendi vehurumende ine bato rimwe.” Ndiani aigona kuva akaparira kubuda kwakadaro kwokuzvipira, kwaishamisa dzimbahwe reIsrael kwamaawa? Rabhi anoremekedzwa. Nei nzvimbo yarabhi ichirayira ruremekedzo rwakadaro uye kuzvipira pakati pavaJudha? Ndirini apo shoko rokuti “rabhi” rakatanga kushandiswa? Ndikunaani kwarinoshanda zvakarurama?

Mosesi Akanga Ari Rabhi Here?

Zita rinoremekedzwa zvikurusa muchiJudha ndiMosesi, murevereri wesungano yoMutemo yaIsraeri. VaJudha vorudzidziso vanomuti “Mosesi ‘Rabhi wedu.’” Zvisinei, muBhaibheri hapana apo Mosesi anonongedzerwa kwaari nezita rokuremekedza rokuti “Rabhi.” Kutaura idi, shoko rokuti “rabhi” haritongowaniki muMagwaro echiHebheru. VaJudha, ipapoka, vakavamba sei kunongedzera kuna Mosesi nenzira iyi?

Maererano naMagwaro echiHebheru, basa uye chiremera chokudzidzisa nokutsanangura Mutemo chakapiwa kuvana vaAroni, vaprista vorudzi rwaRevhi. (Revhitiko 10:8-11; Dheuteronomio 24:8; Maraki 2:7) Zvisinei, muzana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E., chinjo hurusa dzechinyararire dzakavamba mukati mechiJudha, dzichitapura zvisingakanganwiki mufungo wechiJudha kubva panhambo iyoyo yenguva zvichienda mberi.

Pamusoro peidzi chinjo dzomudzimu, Daniel Jeremy Silver anonyora muA History of Judaism, kuti: “Panguva [iyoyo] boka ravanyori vasiri vouprista uye vadzidzi vakavamba kudenha kuva pamutemo kwokududzira Tora [Mutemo waMosesi] kwavaprista voga. Munhu ari wose akabvuma kuti vaprista vakanga vari madikanwa sevabatiri vomuTembere, asi nei vachifanira kutaura shoko rokupedzisira pazvinhu zveTora?” Ndivanaani vakanga vari vakurudziri veiyi denho kuchiremera cheboka ravaprista? Boka idzva mukati mechiJudha rainzi vaFarise. Silver anopfuurira, kuti: “VaFarise vakavakira kupinza muzvikoro zvavo pazvikwaniriso, kwete pakuzvarwa [dzinza rouprista], uye vakapinza boka idzva ravaJudha muutungamiriri hworudzidziso.”

Pakasvika zana rokutanga ramakore C.E., vakapedza kudzidza veizvi zvikoro zvavaFarise vakasvika pakuzivikanwa savadzidzisi, kana kuti vanatenzi, vomutemo wechiJudha. Sechiratidzo choruremekedzo, vamwe vaJudha vakavamba kunongedzera kwavari so“mudzidzisi wangu,” kana kuti “tenzi wangu,” muchiHebheru, rabhi.

Hapana chinhu chaigona kupa chiremera chikuru zvikuru kuiri zita idzva rokuremekedza kupfuura kurishandisa kune uyo airangarirwa somudzidzisi mukurusa munhau yechiJudha, Mosesi. Tapuro yacho yaizoderedzazve simbiso pauprista apo yakanga ichitsigira murangariro wepesvedzero inowedzera youtungamiriri hwavaFarise. Nokudaro, anopfuura makore 1 500 pashure porufu rwake, Mosesi akanzi “Rabhi” zvichidzokera shure.

Kutevedzera Tenzi

Nepo kutaura kwokuti “rabhi” (“tenzi wangu”) pane dzimwe nguva kwakanga kuchishandiswa navanhu kunongedzera kuvamwe vadzidzisi avo vavaipa ruremekedzo, shoko racho raiwanzoshandisirwa kuvadzidzisi vakatanhamara pakati pavaFarise, “varume vakachenjera.” Nokuparadzwa kwetembere muna 70 C.E. kuchidokugumisa chiremera chouprista, vanarabhi vechiFarise vakava vatungamiriri vasingakwikwidzwi vechiJudha. Nzvimbo yavo isingapikiswi yakakurudzira kutanga kworudzi rwokuzvipira rwakanangidzirwa pavarume vakachenjera vechirabhi.

Achikurukura iyi nhambo yechinjo yomuzana rokutanga ramakore C.E., Purofesa Dov Zlotnick anotsinhira, kuti: “‘Kubatira kwaVarume Vakachenjera,’ kwakava kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura kufunda Tora.” Nyanzvi yechiJudha Jacob Neusner anorondedzerazve, kuti: “‘Mudzidzi wevarume vakachenjera’ mudzidzi uyo akazvibatanidza amene narabhi. Iye anodaro nemhaka yokuti anoda kudzidza ‘Tora.’  . . Tora haidzidzwi kupfurikidza nomutemo, asi kupfurikidza nokuona mutemo uchishandiswa mumajangariko uye zviito zvavanhu vakachenjera vari kurarama. Ivo vanodzidzisa mutemo wacho kupfurikidza nezvavanoita, kwete bedzi kupfurikidza nezvavanotaura.”

Nyanzvi yeTalmud Adin Steinsaltz inotsigira ikoku, ichinyora, kuti: “Varume vakachenjera ivo vamene vakati, ‘Kurukuriranowo zvadzo, majee, kana kuti kutaurawo zvako kwavarume vakachenjera kunofanira kufundwa.’” Ikoku kungagona kushandiswa kusvikira kutambanukoi? Steinsaltz anoti: “Muenzaniso mukurusa waikoku akanga ari mudzidzi uyo akashumwa kuva akazvivanza amene pasi pomubhedha womudzidzisi wake mukuru kuti awane nzira iyo aizvibata nayo nomudzimai wake. Apo akabvunzwa pamusoro pokuda kuziva kwake, mudzidzi muduku akapindura, kuti: ‘ITora uye yakafanirwa nokufundwa,’ kutaura kwakagamuchirwa navose vari vaviri vanarabhi uye vadzidzi sowakanaka.”

Nemhaka yesimbisiso panarabhi panzvimbo peTora—kudzidza Tora kupfurikidza narabhi—chiJudha kubva muzana ramakore rokutanga C.E. zvichienda mberi chakava rudzidziso runotungamiriwa nanarabhi. Munhu aiswedera pedyo naMwari, kwete kupfurikidza neShoko rakafuridzirwa rakanyorwa, asi kupfurikidza nomuenzaniso womunhu oga, tenzi, rabhi. Nokudaro, simbiso nenzira yomuzvarirwo yakachinja kubva muRugwaro rwakafuridzirwa kuenda kumutemo unotaurwa uye magamuchidzanwa aidzidziswa naava vanarabhi. Kubva panguva iyi zvichienda mberi, mabhuku echiJudha, akadai seTalmud, anopa ngwariro zvikuru pakurukurirano, ngano, uye mufambiro wavanarabhi kupfuura paziviso dzaMwari.

VanaRabhi Munguva Dzose

Kunyange zvazvo vaishandisa chiremera chikuru uye pesvedzero, vanarabhi vapakuvamba havana kuwana chokurarama nacho kubva mumubato wavo worudzidziso. Encyclopaedia Judaica inoti: “Rabhi weTalmud akanga . . . akasiyana chose chose nomwene womuzuva razvino uno wezita racho rokuremekedza. Rabhi wetalmud akanga ari muturikiri uye mutsananguri weBhaibheri noMutemo Unotaurwa, uye inodokuva nguva yose aiva nebasa raaiwana naro chokurarama nacho chake. Makanga muri bedzi muMiddle Ages umo rabhi akava . . . mudzidzisi, muparidzi, uye mutungamiriri womudzimu weungano yechiJudha kana kuti nzanga.”

Apo vanarabhi vakavamba kuchinjira nzvimbo yavo mubasa rinobhadharwa mari, vamwe vakataura mukupesana nako. Maimonides, rabhi womuzana ramakore rechi12 akakumbira uyo akawana chokurarama nacho chake sachiremba, akatsoropodza vanarabhi vakadaro. “[Ivo] vakazvirongera vamene zvido zvemari kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe uye nzanga uye vakaparira vanhu kufunga, muupenzi chaihwo, kuti mutoro uye kwakafanira kubetsera [mune zvemari] varume vakachenjera uye nyanzvi navanhu vari kufunda Tora, nokudaro Tora yavo ndiro basa ravo. Asi kwose ikoku hakuna kururama. Hapana shoko rimwe, muTora kana kuti zvimwe mukutaura kwavarume vakachenjera, kutsigira iyi dzidziso.” (Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot 4:5) Asi kushurikidza kwaMaimonides hakuna kuteererwa nezvizvarwa zveramangwana zvavanarabhi.

Sezvo chiJudha chakapinda muzera razvino uno, chakakamuka kuva mumapoka echinjo, okungwarira, uye chitendero chinogamuchirwa. Nokuda kwavaJudha vakawanda chitendero chorudzidziso uye muitiro zvakava zvechipiri kune dzimwe itiro hanya. Somugumisiro, nzvimbo yarabhi yakasekeswa. Rabhi, zvikurukuru, akava mutungamiriri akagadzwa weungano, achishanda somudzidzisi anobhadhara, ane unyanzvi uye mupi wezano wemitezo yeboka rake. Zvisinei, pakati pemapoka anonyanyisa ezvitendero zvinogamuchirwa eHasidim, murangariro warabhi satenzi uye muenzaniso wakatopfuurira.

Cherekedza tsinhiro dzaEdward Hoffman mubhuku rake pamusoro pesangano reHasidim Chabad-Lubavitch: “ChiHasidim chapakuvamba chakasimbisawo kuti muchizvarwa chiri chose pane mutungamiriri mumwe wechiJudha, zaddik [akarurama], uyo ari ‘Mosesi’ wenguva yake, ane ruzivo, uye kuzvipira kuvamwe kusingaenzaniswi. Kupfurikidza noutsvene hwaro kunotyisa, boka rimwe nerimwe reHasid rakarangarira, Rebbe wavo [Yiddish nokuda kwa“rabhi”] ringagona kunyange kupesvedzera mirayiro yoWamasimba Ose. Haana kungokudzwa bedzi somuenzaniso kupfurikidza nehurukuro dzake dzokuzivisa, asi vara rake rimene rokuva (‘nzira yaanosunga nayo tambo dzeshangu dzake,’ sezvazvakataurwa) yakaoneka ichikudza rudzi rwomunhu ndokupa ratidziro dzamanomano dzenzira inoenda kuna Mwari.”

“Musaidzwa Rabhi”

Jesu, muJudha womuzana rokutanga ramakore uyo akatanga chiKristu, akararama panguva apo murangariro wechiFarise warabhi wakanga wava kuvamba kupfuura chiJudha. Iye akanga asiri muFarise, uyewo akanga asina kurovedzwa muzvikoro zvavo, bva iyewo aidanwa kuti Rabhi.—Marko 9:5; Johane 1:38; 3:2.

Achishurikidza murangariro wavanarabhi muchiJudha, Jesu akati: “Vanyori navaFarise vagere pachigaro chaMosesi. Vanofarira zvigaro zvapamberi pamitambo, nezvigaro zvapamberi mumasinagoge, nokukwaziswa padare, nokuidzwa Rabhi navanhu. Asi imi musaidzwa Rabhi; nokuti mudzidzisi wenyu ndomumwe, imi mose muri hama.”—Mateo 23:2, 6-8.

Jesu akanyevera mukurwisana nomusiyano wavafundisi navanhuwo zvavo uyo wakanga uri kutanga mukati mechiJudha. Iye akashurikidza kupa kutanhamara kusina kufanira kwakadaro kuvanhu. “Mudzidzisi wenyu ndomumwe,” iye akazivisa kudaro noushingi. Ndiani akanga ari Iyeyu?

Mosesi, “wakanga achizivikanwa naJehovha, zviso zvakatarisana” uye akadanwa kuti “Rabhi wedu” navarume vakachenjera ivo vamene, akanga ari munhu asina kukwana. Kunyange iye aiita mhosho. (Dheuteronomio 32:48-51; 34:10; Muparidzi 7:20) Panzvimbo pokusimbisa Mosesi somuenzaniso mukurusa, Jehovha akamuudza, kuti: “Ndichavamutsira muporofita, unobva pakati pehama dzavo, wakafanana newe; ndichaisa mashoko angu mumuromo make, iye uchavaudza zvose zvandinomurayira. Zvino munhu upi noupi usingateereri mashoko angu, aachataura muzita rangu, ndichamubvunza pamusoro paizvozvo.”—Dheuteronomio 18:18, 19.

Uporofita hweBhaibheri hunobvumikisa kuti aya mashoko ane zadziko yawo muna Jesu, Mesiya.a Jesu akanga asina kungofanana bedzi “na”Mosesi; iye akanga ari mukuru kuna Mosesi. (VaHebheru 3:1-3) Rugwaro rwunozivisa kuti Jesu akazvarwa ari munhu wakakwana, uye kusafanana naMosesi iye akabatira Mwari “asina zvivi.”—VaHebheru 4:15.

Tevera Muenzaniso

Fundo yakakomba yechiito chiri chose neshoko zvarabhi haina kuunza vaJudha pedyo naMwari. Nepo munhu asina kukwana angava muenzaniso wokutendeka, kana tikafunda ndokutevedzera chiito chake chiri chose, tichatevedzera mhosho dzake nokusakwana pamwe chete nemavara ake akanaka. Tingava tiri kupa rumbidzo isiri madikanwa kune uyo wakasikwa panzvimbo poMusiki.—VaRoma 1:25.

Asi Jehovha akagovera Muenzaniso worudzi rwomunhu. Maererano noRugwaro, Jesu akanga aripo asati ava munhu. Kutaura idi, iye anonzi “mufananidzo waMwari usingaonekwi, dangwe rezvisikwa zvose.” (VaKorose 1:15) Achiva akabatira mudenga kwezviuru zvamakore zvisingataurwi se“mhizha” yaMwari, Jesu anokwanisa zvakanakisisa kutibetsera kusvika pakuziva Jehovha.—Zvirevo 8:22-30; Johane 14:9, 10.

Naizvozvo, Petro aigona kunyora, kuti: “Nokuti makadanirwa izvozvo, Kristu zvaakakutambudzikiraiwo, akakusiyirai mufananidzo, kuti mutevere makwara ake.” (1 Petro 2:21) Muapostora Pauro akakurudzira vaKristu ku“tarira kuna Jesu, muvambi nomukwanisi wokutenda kwedu.” Iye akatsanangurawo kuti “maari fuma yose youchenjeri nokuziva yakachengetwa.” (VaHebheru 12:2; VaKorose 2:3) Hapana mumwe munhu—kwete Mosesi kana kuti zvimwe murume akachenjera upi noupi wechirabhi—akafanirwa nengwariro yakadaro. Kana munhu upi noupi achifanira kusanotevedzerwa, iye ndiJesu. Vabatiri vaMwari havadi zita rokuremekedza rakadai sarabhi, zvikurukuru mukurangarira revo yaro yomuzuva razvino uno, asi kana munhu upi noupi aifanirwa kunzi Rabhi, iye akanga ari Jesu.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Brian Hendler 1995. All Rights Reserved