Jerome—Nhangaruvanze Mukushandurwa kweBhaibheri Inoita Kuti Vanhu Vaitisane Nharo

MUSI wa8 April 1546, Kanzuru yeTrent yakazivisa kuti Vulgate yechiLatin “yatenderwa neChechi ye[Katurike] . . . uye kuti hapana munhu amboshinga kana kuti kufungidzira kuti airambe nyange zvodini.” Kunyange zvazvo Vulgate yakanga yapedzwa makore ane chiuru akanga apfuura, iyo nomushanduri wayo, Jerome, zvakanga zvanguri zvakakavadzanwa pamusoro pazvo. Jerome aiva ani? Nei iye neshanduro yake yeBhaibheri zvakaparira kukakavadzana? Basa rake rinopesvedzera sei kushandurwa kweBhaibheri nhasi?

Kubudirira Kwenyanzvi

Zita raJerome rechiLatin rakanga riri Eusebius Hieronymus. Akaberekwa munenge muna 346 C.E. muStridon, muruwa rweRoma rweDalmatia, pedyo nemuganhu wezuva ranhasi uri pakati peItaly neSlovenia.a Vabereki vake vakanga vakapfuma zvakaenzanirana, uye akaravidza zvakanakira mari achiri muduku, achidzidza kuRoma achidzidziswa nenyanzvi yegirama Donatus akanga akakurumbira. Jerome akaratidza kuva mudzidzi ane chipo wegirama, mutauro, uye uzivi. Munguva iyi akatangawo kudzidza chiGiriki.

Abva muRoma muna 366 C.E., Jerome akafamba-famba, achiguma ava muAquileia, Italy, kwaakatanga kunzwa nezvepfungwa yokuzvinyima. Akwezvwa neaya mafungiro okuzviramba kwakanyanyisa, iye neboka reshamwari vakapedza makore anoverengeka akatevera vachiedza kuita mararamiro okuzvinyima.

Muna 373 C.E., chimwe chinhu chakavhiringidza chisingazivikanwi chakaita kuti boka racho rikamukane. Avhiringidzwa, Jerome akafamba-famba akananga kumabvazuva mhiri kweBhitinia, Garatia, neKirikia uye akazopedzisira asvika muAntiokia, Siria.

Rwendo rwacho rwurefu rwakanga rwamuparadza. Aneta uye asina ugwinyi hwakanaka, Jerome akanga oda kukurirwa nefivha. “Ah, dai Ishe Jesu Kristu angokurumidza kundiunza kwauri,” akadaro, achinyorera shamwari yake. “Muviri wangu usina ugwinyi hwakanaka, usina simba kunyange wakagwinya, waparadzwa.”

Sokuti kurwara, kusurikirwa, uye hondo yomukati zvakanga zvisina kukwana, Jerome akakurumidza kuwana chimwezve chinetso—chomudzimu. Achirota akazviona “azvuzvurudzirwa pamberi pechigaro chokutonga” chaMwari. Paakanzi ataure kuti aiva ani, Jerome akapindura kuti: “Ndiri muKristu.” Asi munhu wakanga achitungamirira wacho akapindura nehasha achiti: “Iwe murevi wenhema, uri muteveri waCicero kwete waKristu.”

Kusvikira panguva iyoyo kuda kudzidza kwaJerome kwakanga kwanyanyova pakufunda magamuchidzanwa echihedheni panzvimbo peShoko raMwari. “Ndakatambudzwa,” akadaro, “nemoto wehana.” Achifunga kuti aizogadzirisa zvinhu, Jerome akapika mukurota kwake kuti: “Ishe, kana ndikazombovazve namabhuku enyika, kana kuti kana ndikazomboaravazve, ndaramba Imi.”

Gare gare, Jerome akataura kuti akanga asingagoni kunzi ane mhaka yemhiko yaakaita achirota. Zvisinei akanga asarudza kuti aite mhiko yake—zvokungoitawo. Saka Jerome akabva kuAntiokia ndokuzvigarira oga muChalcis mugwenga reSiria. Achigara semugarandega, akazvinyudza mukufunda Bhaibheri nemabhuku oufundisi. Jerome akati: “Ndakarava mabhuku aMwari nokushingaira kwaipfuura kwandakanga ndaita pamabhuku avanhu.” Akadzidzawo rurimi rwomunzvimbomo rweSiria ndokutanga kufunda chiHebheru achibetserwa nomuJudha akanga atendeukira kuchiKristu.

Basa Rapapa

Kwapera makore anenge mashanu achirarama somumongi, Jerome akadzokera kuAntiokia kunopfuudzira zvaaifunda. Zvisinei, paakasvika, akawana kuti chechi yakanga yakakamukana zvikuru. Zvechokwadi, paakanga achiri mugwenga, Jerome akanga akumbira Papa Damasus zano, achiti: “Chechi yakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu, uye rimwe nerimwe raiwawa rinodisisa kuti ndiritsigire.”

Kwapera chinguva, Jerome akafunga kuwirirana naPaulinus, mumwe wavarume vatatu vaizviti vanabhishopi veAntiokia. Jerome akabvuma kugadzwa naPaulinus kana aizobvuma zvinhu zviviri. Chokutanga, aida kusununguka kuti aronde zvaaishuva zvoumongi. Uye chechipiri, akaomerera kuti arambe asina basa ripi neripi roupristi rokushumira chechi yakati.

Muna 381 C.E., Jerome akaenda naPaulinus kuKanzuru yaConstantinople uye pashure paizvozvo akaenda naye kuRoma. Papa Damasus akakurumidza kuziva kuti Jerome akanga akadzidza uye kuti akanga ane unyanzvi hwemitauro. Mugore rimwe Jerome akakwidziridzwa kuva panzvimbo yakakwirira yokuva mabharani waDamasus chete.

Samabharani, Jerome haana kurega kukakavadzana. Zvinoita sokutoti aizvida. Somuenzaniso, akaramba achirarama somunhu anozvinyima pakati pedare rakagarika rapapa. Uyezve, nokutsigira mararamiro ake ouzindonga uye nokutaura zvakasimba achishora kunyanyisa kwevafundisi mune zvenyika, Jerome akava nevavengi vakawanda.

Zvisinei, pasinei zvapo navatsoropodzi vake, Jerome akatsigirwa zvakazara naPapa Damasus. Papa akanga ane chikonzero chakanaka chokukurudzira Jerome kuti arambe achinzvera Bhaibheri rake. Panguva yacho, pakanga pane shanduro dzakawanda dzechiLatin dzeBhaibheri dzaishandiswa. Dzakawanda dzacho dzakangoshandurwa zvachero, dzine mhosho dzaiva pachena. Chimwe chainetsa Damasus chakanga chiri chokuti mutauro wakanga uchiparadzanisa umambo hwechechi yacho hweKumabvazuva noKumadokero. Vaigona chiLatin Kumabvazuva vaiva vashoma; vashomanene zvikuru kuMadokero vaigona chiGiriki.

Saka Papa Damasus akanga achinetseka nokuda kweshanduro yechiLatin yeEvhangeri yakadzokororwa. Damasus aida shanduro yaizonyatsoratidzira chiGiriki chapakuvamba, asi yakanaka uye yakajeka muchiLatin chayo. Jerome akanga ari mumwe wenyanzvi shomanene dzaigona kugovera shanduro yakadaro. Zvaaigona chiGiriki, chiLatin, uye chiSiria uye achiziva chiHebheru zvakafanira, akanga achikwanisa basa racho chaizvo. Saka nebasa raDamasus, Jerome akatanga basa raizotora makore anopfuura 20 aizotevera oupenyu hwake.

Gakava Racho Rinokura

Kunyange zvazvo aimhanya zvikuru pakushandura Evhangeri, Jerome akaratidza mano akajeka, enyanzvi. Achienzanisa manyoro ose echiGiriki aiwanika panguva iyoyo, akagadziridza magwaro echiLatin, manyorerwe acho zvose nemashoko acho, kuitira kuti aaite kuti awirirane zvikuru nemagwaro echiGiriki.

Shanduro yaJerome yeEvhangeri ina yakagamuchirwa zvakanaka navakawanda, sezvakaita shanduro yake yechiLatin yeMapisarema, yakanga yakavakirwa pamagwaro eSeptuagint yechiGiriki. Zvisinei, akanga achine vaimutsoropodza. “Zvimwe zvisikwa zvinonyangadza,” akanyora kudaro Jerome, “zvakanga zvichindidenha nemaune zvichindipomera kuti ndakanga ndaedza kugadzirisa zvikamu muevhangeri, ndisina kubvumirwa navanhu vakabudirira uye nezvaifungwa nenyika yose.” Kushorwa kwakadaro kwakanyanya pashure pokufa kwaPapa Damasus muna 384 C.E. Jerome akanga asinganyatsowirirana napapa mutsva, saka akafunga kubva muRoma. Zvakare, Jerome akananga kumabvazuva.

Kubudirira Kwenyanzvi yechiHebheru

Muna 386 C.E., Jerome akagara muBheterehema, kwaaizoramba ari kwoupenyu hwake hwose. Akanga ane boka duku ravateveri vakavimbika, kubatanidza Paula, mumwe mukadzi akapfuma weboka ravapfumi aibva kuRoma. Paula akanga atangawo kuita mararamire okuzvinyima somugumisiro wokuparidza kwaJerome. Pachishandiswa mari yake, musha wemamongi wakatangwa zvichitungamirirwa naJerome. Ikoko akaramba achiita basa rake rounyanzvi uye akapedzisa basa gurusa roupenyu hwake.

Kugara muParestina kwakaita kuti Jerome ave nomukana wokunatsa kunzwisisa kwake chiHebheru. Akabhadhara vadzidzisi vanoverengeka vechiJudha kuti vamubetsere kunzwisisa zvimwe zvinhu zvaiva zvakanyanya kuoma zvomutauro wacho. Zvisinei, kunyange ane mudzidzisi, zvakanga zvisiri nyore. Achitaura nezvomumwe mudzidzisi, Baraninas weTibherio, Jerome akati: “Zvainetsa uye zvaidhura kuti Baraninas andidzidzise usiku.” Nei vaidzidza usiku? Nemhaka yokuti Baraninas aitya zvaizofungwa nenzanga yechiJudha nezvokushamwaridzana kwake no“muKristu”!

Muzuva raJerome, vaJudha vaiwanzoseka Vamamwe Marudzi vaitaura chiHebheru nemhaka yokusagona kwavo kutaura zvinonzwika zvakanaka. Kunyange atamburira zvikuru, Jerome akakwanisa kubata matauriro aya. Jerome akashandurawo mashoko echiHebheru akawanda achiisa muchiLatin. Iyi nhano haina kungomubetsera kuti ayeuke mashoko acho chete asiwo yakachengetedza kutaurwa kwaiitwa chiHebheru panguva iyoyo.

Gakava Gurusa raJerome

Hazvina kujeka kuti Papa Damasus aida kuti Jerome ashandure chikamu cheBhaibheri chakakura zvakadini. Asi hapana mubvunzo pamusoro pemaonere aiita Jerome nhau yacho. Jerome akanga akaisa pfungwa dzake dzose pachinhu chimwe zvikuru uye akatsunga. Chishuvo chake chakasimba chakanga chiri chokuda kubudisa chimwe chinhu “chaizoshandiswa neChechi, chaizokosheswa nezvizvarwa zvose zveramangwana.” Saka akafunga kugovera shanduro yakadzokororwa yechiLatin yeBhaibheri rose zvaro.

Nokuda kweMagwaro echiHebheru, Jerome aida kuvakira basa rake paSeptuagint. Iyi shanduro yechiGiriki yeMagwaro echiHebheru, yakatanga kushandurwa muzana ramakore rechitatu B.C.E., yaionwa navakawanda seyakafuridzirwa naMwari zvakananga. Saka, Septuagint yakapararira zvikuru pakati pevaKristu vaitaura chiGiriki venguva iyoyo.

Zvisinei, Jerome zvaakapfuurira nebasa rake, akawana kusawirirana pakati pamanyoro echiGiriki, kwakafanana nokwaakanga awana muchiLatin. Jerome akashatiriswa. Pakupedzisira, akazofunga kuti, kuti abudise shanduro yeBhaibheri yakavimbika, aizofanira kufuratira manyoro echiGiriki, kubatanidza Septuagint yaikosheswa zvikuru, ndokuenda zvakananga kumagwaro echiHebheru.

Mafungiro aya akaparira gakava. Jerome akanzi navamwe anoreva nhema nezvemagwaro, mushori waMwari, anoramba magamuchidzanwa echechi achida vaJudha. Kunyange Augustine—mufundisi aitungamirira chechi wepanguva yacho—akakumbira Jerome kuti adzokere kumagwaro eSeptuagint, achiti: “Kana shanduro yako ikavamba kuraviwa navakawanda mumachechi akawanda, chichava chinhu chinosiririsa kuti, mukurava Rugwaro, panofanira kumuka misiyano pakati peChechi dzechiLatin neChechi dzechiGiriki.”

Hungu, Augustine aityira kuti chechi ingaparadzana kana chechi dzokuMadokero dzikashandisa rugwaro rwaJerome rwechiLatin—rwakavakirwa pamagwaro echiHebheru—nepo chechi dzechiGiriki dzokuMabvazuva dzichiri kushandisa shanduro yeSeptuagint.b Uyezve, Augustine akataura achipokana nezvokusiya Septuagint achida shanduro yaigona kungotsigirwa naJerome bedzi.

Jerome akaita sei nevashori vose ava? Nemhaka yeunhu hwake, Jerome akafuratira vaimutsoropodza. Akaramba achishandura zvakananga kubva muchiHebheru, uye pakasvika gore ra405 C.E., akanga apedza Bhaibheri rake rechiLatin. Kwapera makore shanduro yake yakazonzi Vulgate, inotaura nezveshanduro inowanzogamuchirwa navose (vulgatus muchiLatin ichireva kuti “inozivikanwa navose, yakakurumbira”).

Kubudirira Kwenguva Refu

Shanduro yaJerome yeMagwaro echiHebheru yakanga ichipfuura kungovawo zvayo kuongororwazve kwemashoko aripo. Kuzvizvarwa zvaizouya, yakachinja mafundirwe eBhaibheri neshanduro. Wezvenhau Will Durant anoti: “Vulgate, inoramba iri bhuku gurusa nerinochinja vanhu zvikurusa rezana ramakore rechina.”

Kunyange zvazvo Jerome akanga achituka uye ane unhu hwokukakavadzana, akatungamirirazve kunzverwa kweBhaibheri kumagwaro akafuridzirwa echiHebheru ari oga. Neziso regondo, akadzidza ndokuenzanisa manyoro eBhaibheri akare echiHebheru nechiGiriki asingachawaniki nesu nhasi. Basa rake rakatangirawo ravaMasorete vechiJudha. Saka, Vulgate inongedzero inokosha yokuenzanisa shanduro dzemagwaro eBhaibheri dzakasiyana.

Vasingashori muitiro wake wokunyanyisa kana kuti maonero ake chitendero, vadi veShoko raMwari vanogona kuonga nhamburiko dzokushingaira dzeiyi nhangaruvanze mukushandurwa kweBhaibheri. Hungu, Jerome akaita chinangwa chake—akabudisa chimwe chinhu “chakafanirwa nezvizvarwa zveramangwana.”

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Chifananidzo chaJerome muBheterehema

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Garo Nalbandian

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]

Pamusoro kuruboshwe, manyoro echiHebheru: Courtesy of the Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum; Jerusalem; Pasi kuruboshwe, manyoro echiSiria: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin; Pamusoro pakati, manyoro echiGiriki: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority