Apocalypse—Inofanira Kutyiwa Here Kana Kuti Kutarisirwa?

“Nhasi Apocalypse haisi zvayo nhoroondo yemuBhaibheri asi yazova chinhu chaichoicho chinogona kuitika.”—Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, aichimbova munyori mukuru weSangano Romubatanidzwa weNyika Dzapasi Pose.

KUSHANDISWA ikoko kweshoko rokuti “apocalypse” nemutungamiriri mukuru wenyika kunoratidza manzwisisirwe arinoitwa nevanhu vazhinji uye maonero avanoriita richishandiswa mumabhaisikopo nemisoro yemabhuku, nyaya dzemagazini, uye mishumo yemapepanhau. Rinofungisa zviratidzo zvenjodzi yenyika. Asi shoko rokuti “apocalypse” rinorevei chaizvoizvo? Uyewo chinotokosha zvikuru ndechokuti, ishokoi riri mubhuku reBhaibheri rinonzi Apocalypse, kana kuti Zvakazarurwa?

Shoko rokuti “apocalypse” rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki rinoreva kuti “kufudugura,” kana kuti “kuzarura.” Chii chakazarurwa, kana kuti chakaziviswa, muZvakazarurwa zveBhaibheri? Raingova zvaro shoko rokutonga, chiratidzo chokuparadza pasina vapukunyuki here? Abvunzwa zvaaifunga nezveApocalypse, wezvenhau Jean Delumeau, nhengo yeInstitut de France, akazivisa kuti: “Ibhuku rokunyaradza uye retariro. Vanhu vakaratidza zviri mukati maro nokuongorora njodzi dziri mariri.”

Chechi Yapakutanga neApocalypse

“VaKristu” vapakutanga vaiona sei Apocalypse uye tariro yayairatidza yeKutonga Kwemakore Ane Chiuru (Mireniyumu) kwaKristu pasi pano? Wezvenhau iyeye akati: “VaKristu vemazana mashomanana emakore vanenge vose zvavo, kwandiri, vairatidzika sevakabvuma makore ane chiuru. . . . Pakati pevaKristu vomuzana rokutanga remakore vaidavira Makore Ane Chiuru paiva naPapias akakurumbira, bhishopu weHierapolis muAsia Minor, . . . Saint Justin, akazvarirwa muPalestine, uyo akaurayirwa kutenda muRoma munenge muna 165, Saint Irenæus, bhishopu weLyons, akafa muna 202, Tertullian, akafa muna 222, uye . . . munyori mukuru Lactantius.”

Ichitaura nezvaPapias, uyo anonzi akaurayirwa kutenda muPergamum muna 161 kana kuti 165 C.E., The Catholic Encyclopedia inoti: “Bishopu Papias weHierapolis, mudzidzi waSt. John, akazviratidza seaitsigira makore ane chiuru. Akati akanga agamuchira dzidziso yake kune vakararama panguva imwe nevaApostora, uye Irenæus anorondedzera kuti mumwe ‘Mukuru,’ akanga aona nekunzwa mudzidzi Johani, akadzidza kwaari kudavira makore ane chiuru seimwe yedzidziso yaShe. Maererano naEusebius . . . Papias mubhuku rake akati kumutswa kwevakafa kwaizoteverwa nemakore ane chiuru kweumambo hwaKristu hwapasi pano hunooneka, hune mbiri.”

Izvi zvinotiudzei nezvemugumisiro uyo bhuku raApocalypse, kana kuti Zvakazarurwa, rakava nawo pavatendi vokutanga? Rinokonzera kutya kana kuti tariro here? Zvinofadza kuti vezvenhau vanodana vaKristu vekare kuti vadaviri vemakore ane chiuru, kubva mumashoko echiGiriki anonzi khiʹli·a eʹte (makore ane chiuru). Hungu, vakawanda vavo vaizivikanwa nokudavira muKutonga Kwemakore Ane Chiuru kwaKristu, kwaizounza paradhiso pasi pano. MuBhaibheri pakanyatsotaurwa chete tariro yemakore ane chiuru muApocalypse, kana kuti Zvakazarurwa. (Zva 20:1-7) Saka, panzvimbo pekuti ityise vadaviri, Apocalypse yakavapa tariro inoshamisa. Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Early Church and the World, purofesa weOxford wenhau dzechechi Cecil Cadoux anonyora kuti: “Pfungwa dzemakore ane chiuru, kunyange zvazvo pakupedzisira dzakarambwa, dzaitendwa kwazvo muChechi kwenguva yakati, dzichidzidziswa nevamwe vevanyori vairemekedzwa zvikuru.”

Nei Tariro yeApocalypse Yakarambwa

Sezvo zvisingarambiki kuti vakawanda, kana vasiri vose, vevaKristu vapakutanga vaiva netariro yeMakore Ane Chiuru oKutonga kwaKristu paparadhiso yapasi, zvakaita sei kuti “pfungwa dzemakore ane chiuru” dzakadaro “pakupedzisira dzirambwe”? Kumwe kuongororwa kwainzi kwakarurama kwakaitika nokuti, sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi inonzi Robert Mounce, “zvinosuruvarisa kuti vakawanda vaidavira makore ane chiuru vakarega kufungidzira kwavo kuchikura ndokududzira nguva yemakore ane chiuru seyokuwana chero zvinhu zvose zvokunyama nekugutsikana kusingatauriki.” Asi pfungwa idzi dzekunyanyisa dzingadai dzakagadziriswa pasina kuramba tariro yechokwadi yeMakore Ane Chiuru.

Mitoo yaishandiswa nevavengi kudzivisa kudavira makore ane chiuru inoshamisa zvechokwadi. Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique rinoti nezvemumwe munhu wechechi yeRoma Caius (wemukupera kwezana remakore rechipiri, nemukutanga kwerechitatu) “kuti akurire kudavira makore ane chiuru, akabva atoramba zvachose kuti bhuku reApocalypse [Zvakazarurwa] neEvhangeri yaSt. John ndezvechokwadi.” Dictionnaire iri rakataurazve kuti Dionysius, bhishopu wekuAlexandria wemuzana remakore rechitatu, akanyora nyaya yaipesana nemakore ane chiuru achiti “kuti tidzivirire vaya vanotsigira pfungwa iyi kuti vasavakire zvavanodavira paApocalypse yaSaint John, hatina kuzengurira kuramba kuva yechokwadi kwayo.” Kushora kweutsinye kwakadaro kwetariro yezvikomborero zvemakore ane chiuru pasi pano kunoratidza kupesvedzera kwemanomano kwaishandiswa pakati penyanzvi dzezvezvitendero panguva iyoyo.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Pursuit of the Millennium, Purofesa Norman Cohn anonyora kuti: “Muzana remakore rechitatu ndimo makatanga kuedza kwokudzivisa kudavira makore ane chiuru, zvichida Origen, nyanzvi yaipesvedzera kupfuura vose yezvitendero zveChechi yekare, paakatanga kududza Umambo sechiitiko chaisazoitika chaizvoizvo asi mumweya yevatendi bedzi.” Achivimba neruzivo rwechiGiriki panzvimbo peBhaibheri, Origen akashatisa tariro inoshamisa yezvikomborero zvepasi pano mukutonga kweUmambo hwaMesiya kuva “chiitiko . . . mumweya yevatendi” chisinganzwisisiki. Munyori weKaturike Léon Gry akanyora kuti: “Kupesvedzera kukuru kweruzivo rwechiGiriki . . . zvishoma nezvishoma kwakaita kuti pfungwa dzeMakore Ane Chiuru dzipere.”

“Chechi Yarasikirwa Neshoko Rayo Retariro”

Pasina mubvunzo Augustine aiva Fata weChechi akaita zvizhinji kupinza ruzivo rwechiGiriki mune zvaingoratidzika sechiKristu munguva yake. Pakutanga semutsigiri anoshingaira wekudavira makore ane chiuru, pakupedzisira akaramba pfungwa ipi neipi yeKutonga Kwemakore Ane Chiuru kwaKristu kwemunguva yemberi pasi pano. Akapa pfungwa yakamonyaniswa yechitsauko 20 chaZvakazarurwa.

The Catholic Encyclopedia inoti: “Augustine akasvika pakutendiswa kuti hakuchazovi nemakore ane chiuru. . . . Rumuko rwokutanga, rwunotaurwa nechitsauko chino, anotiudza kuti, rwunoreva kuberekwazve murubhabhatidzo rwomudzimu; sabata yemakore ane chiuru pashure pezviuru zvitanhatu zvemakore zvenhau, ndihwo upenyu hwose husingaperi.” The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Kudavira kwaAugustine kwakamonyana kwemakore ane chiuru kwakava dzidziso huru yechechi . . . Vachinji vechiPurotesitendi vetsika dzechiLutheran, chiCalvinist, uye chiAnglican . . . vakaramba vakabatanidzwa zvakasimba nepfungwa dzaAugustine.” Saka, nhengo dzechechi dzechiKristudhomu hadzina kupiwa tariro yemakore ane chiuru.

Uyezve, maererano nenyanzvi yezvechitendero yekuSwitzerland Frédéric de Rougemont, “nokuramba kutenda kwaaimbova nako mukutonga kwemakore ane chiuru, [Augustine] akakanganisa Chechi kwazvo. Nezita rake raiva nesimba kwazvo, akatendera chikanganiso chakatorera [Chechi] kunaka kwayo kwapasi.” Nyanzvi yezvechitendero yekuGermany Adolf Harnack yakabvuma kuti kurambwa kwokudavira Makore Ane Chiuru kwakatorera vanhuwo zvavo “chitendero chavainzwisisa,” ndokutsiva “kutenda kwekare netariro yekare” ne“kutenda kwavaisagona kunzwisisa.” Nhasi machechi asina vanhu munyika dzakawanda uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti vanhu vanoda kutenda netariro zvavanogona kunzwisisa.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi Highlights of the Book of Revelation, nyanzvi yeBhaibheri George Beasley-Murray yakanyora kuti: “Nemhaka yokupesvedzera kukuru kwaAugustine uyewo kudavira makore ane chiuru kwamamwe mapoka echitendero, vaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi vakabatana mukuiramba. Pavanobvunzwa kuti ndeipi imwe tariro yavanayo nokuda kwevanhu munyika ino mhinduro yavo ndeyokuti: Hatina zvachose. Nyika ichaparadzwa panouya Kristu kechipiri kuzopa nzvimbo denga nehero zvisingagumi umo nhau ichakanganwiwa. . . . Chechi yarasikirwa neshoko rayo retariro.”

Tariro Inoshamisa yeApocalypse Ichiripo!

Kana zviri Zvapupu zvaJehovha, zvinotendiswa kuti zvakapikirwa zvinoshamisa zvine chokuita neMakore Ane Chiuru zvichazadzika. Achibvunzurudzwa papurogiramu yeterevhizheni yekuFrance pamusoro unoti “Gore ra2000: Kutyiwa kweApocalypse,” wezvenhau wekuFrance Jean Delumeau akati: “Zvapupu zvaJehovha zviri kutevedzera chaizvoizvo pfungwa yekudavira makore ane chiuru, nokuti zvinoti nokukurumidza . . . tichapinda—sezvinobvumwa, nomunjodzi—kwozotevera nguva yemakore 1 000 emufaro.”

Izvi ndizvo zvakangoonekwa nemuapostora Johani mune zvaakaratidzwa ndokuzvitsanangura mubhuku rake rinonzi Apocalypse, kana kuti Zvakazarurwa. Akanyora kuti: “Ndakaona denga idzva nepasi idzva . . . Naizvozvo ndakanzwa inzwi guru richibva kuchigaro choumambo richiti: ‘Tarira! Tende raMwari rine vanhu, uye iye achagara navo, uye ivo vachava vanhu vake. Uye Mwari pachake achava navo. Uye achapukuta misodzi yose pamaziso avo, uye rufu haruchazovipo, kana kuchema kana kuridza mhere kana kurwadziwa hazvingazovipo. Zvinhu zvokutanga zvapfuura.’”—Zvakazarurwa 21:1, 3, 4.

Zvapupu zvaJehovha zviri kuita basa rekudzidzisa Bhaibheri munyika yose kuita kuti vanhu vakawanda sevanobvira vagamuchire tariro iyi. Zvichafara kukubetsera kudzidza zvizhinji nezvayo.

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Papias aiti akanga agamuchira dzidziso yeMireniyumu zvakananga kune vamwe vakararama panguva imwe nevaapostora

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Tertullian aidavira Kutonga kwaKristu kweMakore Ane Chiuru

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

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“Nokuramba kutenda kwaaimbova nako mukutonga kwemakore ane chiuru, [Augustine] akakanganisa Chechi kwazvo”

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Paradhiso yepasi yakapikirwa mu“Apocalypse” ndechimwe chinhu chinofanira kutarisirwa zvikuru