Abrahama—Muporofita waMwari Neshamwari

HONDO dzakabatanidzwa dzamadzimambo mana okuMabvazuva dzinoyambuka Rwizi rwaYufratesi. Nzira yadzo yokufamba iNzira Huru yaMambo kumabvazuva kwomupata woRwizi rwaJoridhani. Dzichienda dzinokurira vaRefaimi, vaZuzimi, vaEmimi, uye vaHori. Ipapo, vavhozhokeri vanotendeuka ndokukunda vagari vose vokumaodzanyemba kweNegebhi.

Chiiko chiri donzo reiyi hondo? Pakati penharaunda dzinovhozhokerwa dzeTransjordan neNegebhi pane mubairo. Iro ibani rinochiviwa rinonzi Ruwa rwaJoridhani. (Genesi 13:10) Muno, vagari venyika shanu dzamaguta, Sodhoma, Gomora, Adhama, Zebhoimi, uye Bhera, vanorarama upenyu hunofadza hwebudiriro yezvokunyama. (Ezekieri 16:49, 50) Pane imwe nguva ivo vakanga vari pasi pomutungamiriri aiva pachena wehondo dzakabatanidzwa, Kedhori-raomeri, mambo weErami. Asi ivo vamupandukira. Zvino, pasina tsigiro iri pedyo, ivo vanotarisana nokuzvidavirira. Kedhori-raomeri nemibatanidzwa yake vanokunda hondo inovapo somuuyo uye vanovamba kufamba kwavo kurefu vachienda kumusha vane zvakapambwa zvakawanda.

Pakati penhapwa pane murume akarurama, Roti. Iye mwanakomana womunun’una waAbrahama, uyo ari kugara mutende mumakomo ari pedyo eHebroni. Apo Abrahama anonzwa mashoko anokangaidza, anokurumidza kuraira 318 vavarume vake. Noushingi, netsigiro yavavakidzani, ivo vanotandanisa madzimambo mana ndokushamisa hondo dzavo usiku. Vavhozhekeri vanotiza. Roti nemhuri yake vanowanwa, pamwe chete nedzimwe nhapwa nezvinhu.

Chikonzeroi chatinacho chokudavira ichi chinyorwa chiri muganhuro yechi 14 yaGenesi? Ko nhau yacho yakaitwa kuita gamba rorudzi sekuru wechiverengero chakati chamarudzi, kubatanidza vaJudha here? Zvakadiniko nezvezvimwe zvinoitika muupenyu hwaAbrahama?

Izvo Vakuru Vorudzidziso Vakataura

Mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, mufundisi weLutheran Peter von Bohlen akataura kuti Abrahama akanga ari rungano uye kuti nhauro yevhozhokero yaKedhori-raomeri yakanga isina hwaro hwenhau. Mumwe, Purofesa Julius Wellhausen, akati: “Hatisviki pazivo yenhau yamadzitateguru.” Iye akakarakadza, kuti: “[Abrahama] sezvingabvira zvikuru angarangarirwa sechisiko chefungidziro yomumwe munhu chounyanzvi husina mufungo.”

Vafundisi veEngland vakatevera nhungamiro yeshamwari dzavo dzechiGermany. “Ngano huru dzamadzitateguru dziri mubhuku raGenesi ndedzapamberi penhau, hadzisi dzechokwadi mune zvenhau kupfuura ngano . . . dzaMambo Arthur,” akanyora kudaro mukuru worudzidziso Stopford Brooke mubhuku rake The Old Testament and Modern Life. “Kuvambira . . . muna Genesi . . . tinongowana bedzi murangariro usina kukwana uye wakaipa woupenyu nohunhu zvoupi noupi wamadzitateguru,” akanyora kudaro John Colenso, bhishopi weAnglican weyaimbova nyika yeBritain yeNatal. “Hakubviri,” iye akawedzera kudaro, “kuisa chivimbo chakakwana muzvipi nezvipi zveizvi zvinyorwa.”

Tsoropodzo yakadaro yakapararira seronda. (2 Timotio 2:17) Nhasi, mamirioni avaendi kuchechi haasati acharangarira upenyu hwamadzitateguru zvakakomba. Bva, kumanyadzi avafundisi vechiKristudhomu, vasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari zvino vanotaura kuti kutsoropodzwa kweBhaibheri kwazonyanyisa. Somuenzaniso, Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia (Enisaikoropidhia Huru yeSoviet) inoti: “Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nhevedzano dzamagakava okutsoropodzwa kweBhaibheri dzakanzverwazve nemhaka yenzvero itsva, zvikurukuru pahwaro hwamashoko einonzi fundo yamatongo yeBhaibheri. Magamuchidzanwa eBhaibheri ayo akanga arangarirwa sorungano . . . anoratidzika kuva nerevo yenhau.” Rangarira kuti fundo yokuchera matongo yakajekesa sei chinyorwa pamusoro paAbrahama.

Uri yavaKardhia

Mukuwirirana neBhaibheri, Abrahama akarererwa mu“Uri yavaKardhia.” (Genesi 11:27-31; 15:7) Kwamazana amakore, nzvimbo yeUri yakanga iri chakavanzika. Vatsoropodzi vaidavira kuti kana iyo yakatombovapo, yakanga iri nzvimbo, isingakoshi yechinyakare. Ipapo, kukunyadziswa kwavo, matongo ayo ari pakati peBhabhironi nePersian Gulf akaziviswa zvakajeka kuva ayo eUri. Zviuru zvamahwendefa omunyakwe zvakafukunurwa panzvimbo yacho zvakazivisa kuti Uri yakanga iri nzvimbo yokutengeserana kwenyika, ine vanhu vazhinji vamarudzi akawanda. Munguva yaAbrahama, guta racho raitova nezvikoro umo vakomana vaidzidziswa kunyora nokuita nhamba.

Kupfuurirazve, kuchera paUri kwakazivisa kuti vanyori varo vezvivako zvitsva vaishandisa koramu, arch, vault, uye dome. Nyanzvi dzeUri dzaiita mabwe anokosha akaisvonaka, mbira dzakasanoshongedzerwa, uye mipeni ine hurodze hwendarama chaiyo. Mumisha inoverengeka, vacheri vamatongo vakafukunura mapombi etsvina, akaitwa nomunyakwe wakapiswa, ayo aipinda mumakomba makuru akadzama kusvikira kumamita 12.

Uku kuwana kwakapa nyanzvi dzakawanda murangariro mutsva waAbrahama. “Takanga tarovedzana nokufunga nezvaAbrahama somugari wenhando mumatende, uye tinomuwana kuva mugari anobvira weimba yezvitina yakaisvonaka muguta,” akanyora kudaro Sir Leonard Woolley mubhuku rake Digging Up the Past. “Abrahama,” akatanga kudaro mucheri wamatongo Alan Millard mubhuku rake Treasures From Bible Times, “akabva muguta rakaisvonaka, nechengeteko yaro yose nenyaradzo, kuti ave mumwe wavadzungairi vanoshorwa!”

Vhozhekero yaKedhori-raomeri

Zvakadiniko nezvorukundo rwaAbrahama pana Kedhori-raomeri, mambo weErami? Mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, zvishomanene zvaizivikanwa pamusoro pavaErami. Vatsoropodzi veBhaibheri vakaramba pfungwa yokuti Erami yakambova nepesvedzero paBhabhironia, tisingarevi nezveParestina. Zvino, vaErami vanorangarirwa zvakasiana. Fundo yekuchera matongo inovazivisa kuva vaiva rudzi rune simba runorwa hondo. Funk & Wagnalls Standard Reference Encyclopedia inoti: “VaErami vakaparadza guta reUri munenge muna 1950 P.K. . . . Gare gare ivo vakashandisa pesvedzero yakati pavatongi veBhabhironia.”

Kupfuurirazve, mazita amadzimambo aErami akawanwa pamanyoro amatongo. Mamwe awo akanovamba nokutaura kwokuti “Kudur,” kufanana ne“Kedhori.” Mwarikadzi anokosha weErami akanga ari Lagamar, kufanana na“raomeri.” Nokudaro, Kedhori-raomeri zvino anogamuchirwa namanyuko enyika somutongi wenhau, zita rake sezvinobvira rinoreva “Mubatiri waLagamar.” Mamwe manyoro eBhabhironia ane mazita akafanana navatatu vamadzimambo anovhozhekera—Tudhula (Tidhari), Eri-aku (Arioki), uye Kudur-lahmil (Kedhori-raomeri). (Genesi 14:1) Mubhuku rinonzi Hidden Things of God’s Revelation, Dr. A. Custance anowedzera, kuti: “Kunze kwaaya mazita kwakanga kune udzame hwakaratidzika kuva hunonongedzera kuzvinoitika zvakaitika muBhabhironia apo vaErami vakatanga uchangamire hwavo panyika yacho. . . . Aya mahwendefa akasimbisa kwazvo Rugwaro zvokuti Vatsoropodzi Vakuru vakasvetukira paari ndokuita chinhu chiri chose chiri musimba ravo kudzvinyirira namaune revo yawo.”

Zvakadiniko nevhozhekero yakaitwa namadzimambo mana? Pane here ufakazi hupi nohupi hwamatongo muTransjordan neNegebhi hwokutsigira iyoyi? Hungu. Mubhuku rake The Archaeology of the Land of Israel, Purofesa Yohanan Aharoni anonongedzera kukusaoneka kweshambidziko yapamberi paIsraeri iyo yaiva nenzvimbo “dzinoorora” muTransjordan neNegebhi, “munenge muna 2000 P.N.V.” Vamwe vacheri vamatongo vanoti ikoku kwakaitika munenge muna 1900 P.N.V. “Zviumbwa zvezvose zviri zviviri Negebhi neTransjordan zveiyi nhambo zvakafanana uye zvose zviri zviviri zvinoratidza kuguma kwakamwe kamwe, kune ngwavaira kweshambidziko,” anodaro Dr. Harold Stigers muyake Commentary on Genesis. Kunyange vatsoropodzi veBhaibheri, vakadai saJohn Van Seters, vanogamuchira hufakazi hwaikoku. “Chinetso chimwe chisati chapedzwa ndechouko ava vanhu vakaenda, kana vakaenda kunzvimbo ipi neipi, pamugumo penhambo yacho,” iye anodaro mubhuku rake Abraham in History and Tradition.

Genesi ganhuro 14 inogovera mhinduro inobvira kuchinetso chacho. Mukuwirirana nokuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri, Abrahama akasvika muKanani muna 1943 P.N.V. Vhozhokero inoparadza yaKedhori-raomeri inofanira kuva yakaitika nokukurumidza pashure paikoko. Gare gare, muzana rimwe chetero ramakore, Mwari akaunza ruparadziko rwomwoto pamaguta ane utere eSodhoma neGomora. Ikoku kwakachinja nokusingaperi mugariro weBani raJoridhani rezasi raichimbova rakaorera. (Genesi 13:10-13; 19:24, 25) Rakanga risati richasiri mubairo wavavhozhokeri vokumwe.

Kune mimwe mienzaniso yakawanda yokuti ruzivo rwokuchera matongo runokodzerana sei naMagwaro mukujekesa zvinoitika muupenyu hwaAbrahama. Asi ruzivo rwokuchera matongo rune ganhuriro dzarwo. Ufakazi uhwo runopa kazhinji kazhinji hahuna kunanga uye hunogona kududzirwa mukuwirirana navanhu vasina kukwana.

Umboo Hwakavimbika Zvikurusa

Chibvumikiso chakasimbisa zvikurusa chokuti Abrahama aivapo chaizvoizvo umboo hwoMusiki womunhu, Jehovha Mwari. PaPisarema 105:9-15, Mwari akataura nokutendera nezvaAbrahama, Isaka, uye Jakobho sa“vaporofita” vake. Anopfuura makore ane zana rimwe pashure porufu rwaAbrahama, Jehovha Mwari akanongedzera kuna Abrahama nomuromo wavanenge vaporofita vatatu, kunyange kumudana kuti “shamwari” yake. (Isaya 41:8; 51:2; Jeremia 33:26; Ezekieri 33:24) Nenzira yakafanana, Jesu Kristu akaratidza Abrahama somuenzaniso. Mukati mokuvapo kwake asati ava munhu mudenga, Mwanakomana waMwari akanga apupurira iye pachake kubata kwaBaba vake natateguru wacho. Nokudaro, iye aigona kuti kuvaJudha:

“‘Dai maiva vana vaAbrahama, maiita mabasa aAbrahama. Asi zvino munotsvaka kundiuraya, ini munhu akakuudzai zvokwadi, yandakanzwa kuna Mwari. Abrahama haana kuita izvozvo. Abrahama, baba venyu, vakafara, vachiti vachaona zuva rangu; vakariona, vakafara.’ Ipapo vaJudha vakati kwaari: ‘Iwe ugere kusvika makore ana makumi mashanu, wakaona Abrahama sei?’ Jesu akati kwavari: ‘Zvirokwazvo, zvirokwazvo, ndinoti kwamuri: Abrahama asati avapo, ini ndaivapo.’”—Johane 8:39, 40, 56-58.

Noumboo nekurudziro zvaVanhu vaviri vakurusa muchisiko chapose pose, tine zvikonzero zvakanakisisa zvikuru zvokugamuchira chinhu chiri chose chinotaura Bhaibheri pamusoro paAbrahama. (Johane 17:5, 17) Kunyange zvazvo Bhaibheri richiratidzira Abrahama somuenzaniso, harisati richimusimudzira zvisakafanira segamba rorudzi. Ikoku kunogona kuonwa nokunzvera nhauro yorukundo rwake pamadzimambo mana akabatana. Apo Abrahama akahwirira achibva kuhondo, akakwaziswa naMerkizedheki, mambo weSaremi, uyo akati: “Mwari woKudenga denga ngaakudzwe, wakapa vavengi venyu mumaoko enyu.” Akanga ari Jehovha uyo iye akarumbidza nokuda kwenunuro iyoyo.—Genesi 14:18-20.

Zvisinei, rukundo rukuru zvikuru rwava pedyo! Nokukurumidza, Mwari mumwe cheteyu ane mbiri achakurira “madzimambo apasi rose rinogarwa” pahondo yenyika yose inonzi Armagedhoni. (Zvakazarurwa 16:14, 16) Ipapo, chipikirwa chaMwari kuna Abrahama, muporofita wake neshamwari, chichava nezadziko yakazara: “Kupfurikidza nembeu yako marudzi ose apasi achazvikomborera amene zvamazvirokwazvo.” Mamirioni ari kufarikanya kudeya kuravirwa kwezvikomborero zvakadaro. Iwe unogona kubatanidzwa pakati pavo, seizvo nyaya dzinooneka papeji 18-28 mumagazini ino dzicharatidza.—Genesi 22:18, NW.

[Mepu/Mifananidzo iri papeji 7]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Gungwa Guru

NEGEBHI

Dhamasko

Harani

Rwizi rwaYufratesi

Rwizi rwaTigirisi

Uri

ERAMI

Persian Gulf

[Mepu]

Dhamasko

Dhani

REFAIM

ZUZIMI

Shekemo

Bheteri

Bani raJoridhani

gungwa roMunyu

Hebroni

NEGEBHI

Nzira yaMambo

EMIMi

Gomora

Sodhoma

VAHORI

[Mifananidzo]

Abrahama akateerera, achibuda muUri, guta rinobudirira zvikuru

Zvigadzirwa zvomufananidzo zvakabva mumatongo eUri:

1. Mapeni nehara zvendarama

2. ‘Mureza’ weUri

3. Musoro womukono wendarama wakabva mubhokisi rinorira rembira

4. Zvinhu zvakaitwa nemabwe anokosha

5. Zvokufukidza musoro zvine mabwe anokosha

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Photos: Courtesy of the British Museum