ʻOliseni—Naʻe Anga-Fēfē ʻa e Hanga ʻe Heʻene Akonakí ʻo Uesia ʻa e Siasí?
“Ko e pule lahi taha ia ʻo e Siasí ʻi he hili ʻa e kau ʻApositoló.” Ko hono fakahīkihikiʻi ia ʻe Selome, ko e tokotaha liliu ʻo e Tohitapu Vulgate Latiná, ʻa e teolosia ʻi he senituli hono tolú ko ʻOlisení. Ka naʻe ʻikai ke fakamāʻolungaʻi ʻi ha tuʻunga māʻolunga pehē ʻe he tokotaha kotoa ʻa ʻOliseni. Naʻe vakai kiate ia ʻa e niʻihi ko ha aka kovi ʻa ia naʻe tupu mei ai ʻa e ngaahi lotu heé. ʻI he ngaahi lea ʻa ha faʻu-tohi ʻi he senituli hono 17, naʻe pehē ai ʻe he kau fakaanga ʻo ʻOlisení: “Ko ʻene tokāteliné fakalūkufua ʻoku taʻeʻuhinga mo fakatupu maumau, hangē ha kona fakamate ʻa ha Ngata, ʻa ia naʻá ne luaʻi mai ki he māmaní.” ʻI he senituli nai ʻe tolu hili ʻene maté, ko hono moʻoní, naʻe toki talaki pau ai ʻa ʻOliseni ko ha tokotaha lotu hē.
KO E HĀ naʻe fakatupunga ai ʻe ʻOliseni fakatouʻosi ʻa e ongoʻi hohoi mo e ongoʻi fakafilí? Ko e hā ʻa e tākiekina naʻá ne maʻu ki he fakalakalaka ʻa e tokāteline ʻa e siasí?
Faivelenga Maʻá e Siasí
Naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻa ʻOliseni ʻi he 185 T.S. nai ʻi he kolo ʻIsipite ko ʻAlekisanitulia. Naʻá ne maʻu ha tuʻunga fakaako kakato ʻi he ngaahi tohi faka-Kalisí, ka ko ʻene tamaí, ʻa Leonaitasi, naʻá ne fakamālohiʻi ia ke ne fai ʻa e feinga tatau ki hono ako ʻa e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú. ʻI he taʻu 17 ʻa ʻOlisení, naʻe ʻoatu ai ʻe he ʻemipola Lomá ha tuʻutuʻuni ʻo ʻai ko ha faihia ʻa e liliu ʻa ʻete lotú. Naʻe lī ai ki he pilīsoné ʻa e tamai ʻa ʻOlisení koeʻuhi he naʻá ne hoko ko ha Kalisitiane. ʻI he fonu ʻi he faivelenga ʻi he tuʻunga talavoú, naʻe fakapapauʻi ʻe ʻOliseni ke ne kau fakataha mo ia ʻi he pilīsoné pea ʻi he mate fakamaʻatá. ʻI hono ʻiloʻi ʻa e meʻá ni, naʻe fūfuuʻi ʻe he faʻē ʻa ʻOlisení ʻa hono valá ke taʻofi ia mei heʻene mavahe mei ʻapí. ʻI ha tohi, naʻe kōlenga ai ʻa ʻOliseni ki heʻene tamaí: “Tokanga ke ʻoua naʻa liliu hoʻo fakakaukaú koeʻuhi ko kimautolu.” Naʻe hanganaki tuʻumaʻu ai ʻa Leonaitasi pea naʻe fakapoongi, ʻo iku ai ki he masiva ʻa hono fāmilí. Ka naʻe ʻosi laka ki muʻa feʻunga ʻānoa ʻa ʻOliseni ʻi heʻene ngaahi akó ke ne malava ʻo tokoniʻi ʻa ʻene faʻeé mo hono fanga tehina ʻe toko onó ʻaki ʻene faiako ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi tohi faka-Kalisí.
Ko e taumuʻa ʻa e ʻemipolá ke taʻofi ʻa e fakamafola ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiané. Koeʻuhi ko ʻene tuʻutuʻuní naʻe tāketi ia ʻo ʻikai ki he kau akó pē kae toe pehē ki he kau faiakó, naʻe hola ai ʻa e kau faiako fakalotu faka-Kalisitiane kotoa pē ki ʻAlekisanitulia. ʻI he taimi naʻe kōlenga ai ʻa e faʻahinga kumi fakahinohino Fakatohitapu ʻikai ko e kau Kalisitiané ki he tokoni ʻa e talavou ko ʻOlisení, naʻá ne tali fiefia ʻa e ngāué ni ko ha ngāue ia mei he ʻOtuá. Ko e tokolahi ʻo ʻene kau akó naʻa nau tofanga ʻi he mate fakamaʻatá, ko e niʻihi naʻa mo e ki muʻa ke kakato ʻenau ngaahi akó. ʻI ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki lahi fakafoʻituitui, naʻe fakalototoʻaʻi fakahāhā ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa ʻene kau akó, tatau ai pē pe naʻa nau ʻi ha ʻao ʻo ha fakamaau, ʻi he pilīsoné, pe teu ke fakapoongi. ʻOku līpooti ʻe he faihisitōlia ko ʻIusepiasi ʻi he senituli hono faá ʻo pehē, ko e taimi ko ia naʻe tataki atu ai kinautolu ki heʻenau maté, ko ʻOliseni, “ʻi he loto-toʻa lahi, naʻá ne fakaʻilonga fakaʻapaʻapa kiate kinautolu ʻaki ha ʻuma.”
Naʻe fakatupunga ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa e ʻita lahi ʻa e tokolahi ʻikai ko e kau Kalisitiane, ʻa ia naʻa nau tukuakiʻi ia ki he tafoki pea mo e mate ʻa honau ngaahi kaumeʻá. Naʻe faʻa mālō pē ʻene hao mei he ʻohofi fakatokolahí pea mo ha mate fakamālohi. Neongo ʻa hono fakamālohiʻi ke hiki mei he feituʻu ki he feituʻu ke hao mei he faʻahinga naʻa nau tuli iá, naʻe ʻikai ke holomui ʻa ʻOliseni ʻi heʻene akonakí. Ko e taʻemanavahē pea mo e līʻoa peheé naʻe maongo ia kia Temetelio, ko e pīsope ʻo ʻAlekisanituliá. Ko ia ai, ʻi he taʻu 18 pē ʻa ʻOlisení, naʻe fakanofo ia ʻe Temetelio ko e ʻulu ʻo e ako ki he fakahinohino fakalotu ʻi ʻAlekisanituliá.
Faifai atu pē, naʻe hoko ʻa ʻOliseni ko ha mataotao ʻiloa pea mo ha tokotaha faʻu-tohi ola lelei. ʻOku pehē ʻe he niʻihi naʻá ne tohi ʻa e tohi ʻe 6,000, neongo ʻoku ngalingali ko ha fakamatala fakalahi eni. ʻOku ʻiloa taha iá ʻi heʻene Hexapla, ko ha pulusinga lahi fakaʻulia, voliume ʻe 50 ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepeluú. Naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa e Hexapla ʻi he ngaahi kōlomu huʻufataha ʻe ono ʻoku ʻi ai: (1) ʻa e konga tohi faka-Hepelū mo e faka-Alameá, (2) ko ha ʻalafapeti faka-Kalisi ʻo e konga tohi ko iá, (3) liliu faka-Kalisi ʻa ʻAkuilá, (4) liliu faka-Kalisi ʻa Simakasí, (5) ko e Septuagint faka-Kalisí, ʻa ia naʻe fakaleleiʻi ʻe ʻOliseni ke fehoanakimālie lahi ange mo e konga tohi faka-Hepeluú, pea mo e (6) liliu faka-Kalisi ʻa Fiotosiní. “ʻI he fakatahaʻi ko eni ʻo e ngaahi konga tohí,” ko e tohi ia ʻa e mataotao Tohitapu ko John Hort, “naʻe ʻamanaki ʻa ʻOliseni ke ne ʻomai ai ha fakamaama ki he ʻuhinga ʻo e ngaahi kupu lahi ʻa ia ʻe puputuʻu ai pe takihalaʻi ha tokotaha lautohi faka-Kalisi kapau naʻá ne maʻu pē ʻiate ia ʻa e Septuagint.”
‘Lahi i he Mea Kuo Tohí’
Neongo ia, ko e tuʻunga puputuʻu fakalotu ʻo e senituli hono tolú naʻá ne uesia lahi ʻa e feinga ʻa ʻOliseni ke faiako ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú. Neongo naʻe kei valevale ʻa e Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané, naʻe ʻosi hoko ʻo ʻuliʻi ia ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi tui taʻefakatohitapú, pea ko hono ngaahi siasi moveteveté naʻa nau akoʻi ha ngaahi tokāteline kehekehe.
Naʻe tali ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi tokāteline taʻefakatohitapu ko ení, ʻo ui kinautolu ko e akonaki ʻa e kau ʻapositoló. Ka naʻá ne ongoʻi tauʻatāina ke fakamahalo ʻi he ngaahi fehuʻi kehé. Ko e tokolahi ʻo ʻene kau akó naʻa nau fāinga ai mo e ngaahi ʻīsiu fakafilōsofia ʻi he taimi ko iá. ʻI ha feinga ke tokoniʻi kinautolu, naʻe fai ʻe ʻOliseni ha ako fakamākukanga ʻi he ngaahi ʻapiako kehekehe ʻo e filōsofiá ʻa ia naʻe fakafuo ai ʻa e fakakaukau ʻa ʻene kau talavou akó. Naʻá ne kamata ke tokonaki ki heʻene kau akó ʻa e ngaahi tali fakafiemālie ki heʻenau ngaahi fehuʻi fakafilōsofiá.
ʻI ha feinga ke fakafehoanaki ʻa e Tohitapú mo e filōsofiá, naʻe falala lahi ʻa ʻOliseni ki he founga talanoa fakatātā ʻo hono fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú. Naʻá ne pehē tokua ko e Konga Tohitapú ʻoku ʻi ai maʻu pē hono ʻuhinga fakalaumālie ka ʻoku ʻikai moʻoni ko ha ʻuhinga totonu. Hangē ko ia naʻe fakamatala ʻe ha mataotao ʻe taha, naʻe ʻoange ʻe he meʻá ni kia ʻOliseni “ʻa e ngaahi founga ʻo hono tānaki atu ki he Tohitapú ha ngaahi fakakaukau taʻefakatohitapu pē naʻe natula tatau mo ʻene founga fakateolosia ʻaʻaná, lolotonga ia naʻá ne taku (pea ʻikai ha veiveiua naʻá ne fakakaukau loto-moʻoni kiate ia tonu) ko ha tokotaha fakaʻuhinga faivelenga mo loto-tōnunga tefito ʻo e fakakaukau ʻa e Tohitapú.”
Ko ha tohi naʻe fai ʻe ʻOliseni ki he taha ʻo ʻene kau akó ʻoku tokonaki mai ai ʻa e fakamaama ki heʻene fakakaukaú. Naʻe fakahaaʻi ange ʻe ʻOliseni naʻe ngaohi ʻe he kau ʻIsilelí ʻa e ngaahi naunau kai ki he temipale ʻo Sihová mei he koula ʻo ʻIsipité. ʻI he meʻá ni naʻá ne maʻu ai ha poupou fakaefakatātā ki heʻene ngāueʻaki ʻa e filōsofia faka-Kalisí ke akoʻiʻaki ʻa e lotu faka-Kalisitiané. Naʻá ne tohi: “He ʻaonga moʻoni ki he fānau ʻa ʻIsilelí ʻa e ngaahi meʻa naʻe ʻomai mei ʻIsipité, ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ke ngāuetotonuʻaki ʻe he kau ʻIsipité, ka ko e kau Hepeluú, ʻi hono tataki ʻe he poto ʻo e ʻOtuá, naʻa nau ngāueʻaki ia ki he ngāue ʻa e ʻOtuá.” Naʻe fakalototoʻaʻi ai ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa ʻene kau akó ke “toʻo mei he filōsofia ʻa e kau Kalisí ha meʻa pē ʻe hoko ko ha kaveinga ki he akó pe ko ha teuteu ki he lotu faka-Kalisitiané.”
Ko e founga taʻefakangatangata ko eni ki he fakaʻuhinga faka-Tohitapú naʻá ne ʻai ke faingataʻa ʻa hono fakafaikehekeheʻi ʻa e vahaʻa ʻo e tokāteline faka-Kalisitiané pea mo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi heʻene tohi kuo fakakaveinga ko e On First Principles, naʻe fakamatalaʻi ai ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa Sīsū ko e ‘ʻAlo tofu-pē-taha-ne-fakatupu, ʻa ia naʻe ʻaloʻi, kae ʻikai hano kamataʻanga.’ Pea naʻá ne tānaki mai ki ai: ‘Ko hono fakatupú ʻoku tuputupuʻa pea taʻengata. Naʻe ʻikai ko hono maʻu ʻa e mānava ʻo e moʻuí naʻe ngaohi ai ia ko ha ʻAló, pe ko ha ngāue pē ʻi tuʻa, ka ʻi he natula tonu ʻo e ʻOtuá.’
Naʻe ʻikai ke maʻu ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa e fakakaukau ko ení ʻi he Tohitapú, he ʻoku akoʻi ʻe he ngaahi Konga Tohitapú ko e ʻAlo tofu-pē-taha-ne-fakatupu ʻo Sihová ʻa e “Kimuʻa ʻi he meʻa kotoa pe kuo ngaohi” pea “ko e Kamataʻanga ʻo e Fakatupu ʻe he ʻOtua.” (Kolose 1:15; Fakahā 3:14) Fakatatau ki he faihisitōlia fakalotu ko ʻAokositusi Nienitā, naʻe aʻu ʻa ʻOliseni ki he tui fekauʻaki mo e “toʻutangata taʻengatá” fakafou ʻi heʻene “ako fakafilōsofia ʻi he akoʻanga faka-Palató.” Ko ia ai, naʻe maumauʻi ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa e tefitoʻi moʻoni Fakatohitapu tefito ko ení: “Ke oua naa lahi hoo mou lau i he mea kuo tohi.”—1 Kolinito 4:6, PM.
Fakahalaiaʻi ko ha Tokotaha Lotu Hē
Lolotonga ʻa hono muʻaki ngaahi taʻu ko ha faiakó, naʻe toʻo ai ʻe he Sinoti ʻi ʻAlekisanituliá meia ʻOliseni ʻa hono tuʻunga taulaʻeikí. ʻOku ngalingali naʻe hoko ení koeʻuhi naʻe meheka ʻa Pīsope Temetelio ʻi he tupulaki ʻa e ongoongo ʻo ʻOlisení. Naʻe hiki ʻa ʻOliseni ki Pālesitaine, ʻa ia ko e hohoi ai kiate ia ʻi hono tuʻunga ko e tokotaha taukapoʻi ʻiloa ʻo e tokāteline faka-Kalisitiané naʻe taʻefakangatangata ai pē, pea naʻá ne hokohoko atu ai ko ha taulaʻeiki. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻi he taimi naʻe mapuna hake ai ʻa e “ngaahi lotu hē” ʻi he Hahaké, naʻe fai ʻa e kumi ki heʻene ngaahi ngāué ke fakatuipauʻi ʻaki ki he kau pīsope faihalá ke nau toe foki ki he ʻofotokisií. Hili ʻene mate ʻi he 254 T.S., naʻe hoko tautefito ai ʻa e hingoa ʻo ʻOlisení ki ha tuʻunga fakamā mafatukituki. Ko e hā hono ʻuhingá?
Hili ʻa e hoko ʻa e lotu faka-Kalisitiane lau peé ko ha lotu tuʻu-ki-muʻá, ko e meʻa naʻe tali ʻe he siasí ko e akonaki ʻofotokisií naʻe hoko ia ʻo fakapapauʻi ʻi ha tuʻunga pau ange. Ko ia ai, ko e kau teolosia ʻi he ngaahi toʻutangata ki muí naʻe ʻikai te nau tali ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakamahalo lahi ʻa ʻOlisení pea ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ko ʻene ngaahi vakai taʻetotonu fakafilōsofiá. Ko ia ai, ko e ngaahi akonakí naʻe kamataʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fakakikihi kovi ʻi he lotoʻi siasí. ʻI ha feinga ke fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngaahi vākovi ko ení pea fakatolonga ʻa ʻene fāʻūtahá, naʻe tukuakiʻi pau ai ʻe he siasí ʻa ʻOliseni ki he lotu heé.
Naʻe ʻikai ke tokotaha pē ʻa ʻOliseni ʻi heʻene ngaahi fehālaakí. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe tomuʻa tala ʻe he Tohitapú ha mavahe fakalūkufua mei he ngaahi akonaki maʻa ʻa Kalaisí. Ko e tafoki ko eni mei he moʻoní naʻe kamata ke tupu ʻāfaʻafa ia ʻi he fakaʻosinga ʻo e ʻuluaki senitulí, hili e mate ʻa e kau ʻapositolo ʻa Sīsuú. (2 Tesalonaika 2:6, 7) Faifai atu pē, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe he kau Kalisitiane lau pē ʻe niʻihi kinautolu ko e “ʻofotokisī,” ʻo taukaveʻi ʻa e niʻihi kehe kotoa pē ʻoku nau “lotu hē.” Ka ko hono moʻoní, naʻe mavahe lahi ʻa e Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané mei he lotu faka-Kalisitiane moʻoní.
“Ui Halaʻi ko e ‘ʻIló’”
Neongo ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakamahalo lahi ʻa ʻOlisení, ʻoku ʻi heʻene tohí ʻa e ngaahi ʻelemēniti ʻaonga. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e Hexapla naʻe tauhi ai ʻa e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi hono muʻaki faʻunga mataʻitohi ʻe fā faka-Hepelū, naʻe ui ko e Tetakalamatoní. ʻOku tokonaki mai ʻi he meʻá ni ʻa e fakamoʻoni mahuʻinga naʻe ʻiloʻi mo ngāueʻaki ʻe he muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ʻa e huafa fakafoʻituitui ʻo e ʻOtuá—ʻa Sihova. Ka neongo ia, ko ha pēteliake ʻi he siasí ʻi he senituli hono nimá ko hono hingoá ko Tiofilusi naʻá ne fakatokanga ʻi ha taimi: “Ko e ngaahi tohi ʻa ʻOlisení ʻoku hangē ia ko ha feituʻu ʻo e faʻahinga kotoa ʻo e matalaʻiʻakaú. Kapau te u maʻu ha matalaʻiʻakau fakaʻofoʻofa ai, te u pakiʻi ia; ka ʻo kapau ʻoku ʻi ai ha meʻa ʻe hā ngali matuitui kiate au te u fakaʻehiʻehi mei ai ʻo hangē ko ia te u fai ki ha meʻa ʻe mahuhú.”
ʻI hono fio ʻa e ngaahi akonaki faka-Tohitapú mo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e teolosia ʻa ʻOlisení ʻo fele ʻi he fehālaakí, pea ko e ngaahi nunuʻá naʻe fakatupu ʻauha ia ki Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiane. Hangē ko ení, neongo ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fakakaukau fakamahalo taʻehamakatuʻunga ʻa ʻOlisení naʻe talitekeʻi ia ki mui, ko ʻene ngaahi fakakaukau fekauʻaki mo e “toʻutangata taʻengata” ʻo Kalaisí naʻe tokoni ia ki hono fakatoka ʻa e makatuʻunga ki he tokāteline ʻikai faka-Tohitapu ʻo e Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá. Ko e tohi The Church of the First Three Centuries ʻoku fakamatala ai: “Ko e manako ki he filōsofia [naʻe ʻomai ʻe ʻOlisení] naʻe tomuʻa fakapapauʻi ia ke ʻoua ʻe vave ʻa ʻene ngatá.” Ko e hā hono olá? “Ko e tuʻunga faingofua ʻo e tui faka-Kalisitiané naʻe fakameleʻi, pea naʻe tafe mai ai ha ngaahi fehālaaki taʻehanongataʻanga ki he Siasí.”
ʻI heʻene tafaʻakí, naʻe mei lava ke tokanga ʻa ʻOliseni ki he enginaki ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá pea fakaʻehiʻehi ʻi he tokoni ki he tafoki ko eni mei he moʻoní ʻaki ʻene “tafoki mei he ngaahi lea taʻeʻaonga ʻa ia ʻoku maumauʻi ai ʻa e meʻa ʻoku māʻoniʻoní pea mei he ngaahi fepakipaki ʻo e meʻa ʻoku ui halaʻi ko e ‘ʻiló.’” ʻI hono kehé, ʻi hono fakatuʻunga lahi ʻa ʻene akonakí ʻi he “ʻilo” peheé, naʻe “mavahe [ai] mei he tuí” ʻa ʻOliseni.—1 Timote 6:20, 21, NW; Kolose 2:8.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 31]
ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻi he “Hexapla” ʻa ʻOlisení naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻa e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi he Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané
[Maʻuʻanga]
Published by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library, T-S 12.182
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 29]
Culver Pictures