Ko e Tohi Tapú ʻi he Faka-ʻĪtalí—Ko ha Hisitōlia Fakatupu Hohaʻa
“ʻOKU kau ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻi he ngaahi tohi tufaki lahi taha ʻi homau fonuá [ʻĪtali], kae mahalo ʻoku kau foki ia ʻi he tohi ʻoku siʻi taha hono laú. Ko e kau Katolika faitōnungá ʻoku kei siʻi pē ʻa e fakalototoʻa ʻoku nau maʻu ke hoko ʻo maheni mo e Tohi Tapú pea ʻoku siʻi ʻa e tokoni ke lau ia ko e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá. ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e faʻahinga ʻoku nau loto ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e Tohi Tapú, ka ʻoku faʻa ʻikai ha taha ke ne vahevahe kiate kinautolu ʻa e mā ko e Folofolá.”
Ko e fakamatalá ni, naʻe fai ʻi he 1995 ʻe ha kulupu ʻo e Konifelenisi ʻa e Kau Pīsope ʻĪtalí, ʻoku langaʻi hake ai ha ngaahi fehuʻi. Naʻe lahi fēfē hono lau ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻi ʻĪtali ʻi he ngaahi senituli kuohilí? Ko e hā naʻe tuai ai ʻa hono tufaki ʻi aí ʻi hono fakahoa ki he ngaahi fonua kehé? Ko e hā ʻoku kei kau ai ia ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi tohi ʻoku siʻi taha hono lau ʻi ʻĪtalí? Ko hano sivisiviʻi ʻa e hisitōlia ʻo e ngaahi liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú ki he lea faka-ʻĪtalí ʻoku ʻomai ai ha ngaahi tali.
Naʻe feʻunga mo e laui senituli ke tupu mai ai ʻa e ngaahi lea felāveʻi mo e—faka-Falaniseé, Potukalí, Sipeiní, ʻĪtalí mo e hā fua—mei he lea faka-Latiná. ʻI he ngaahi fonua ʻIulope kehekehe fakataha mo e puipuituʻa faka-Latiná, ko e lea ʻa e fonuá, ʻa e lea ʻa e kakai lāuvalé, naʻe fiemaʻu māmālie ki ai ha tuʻunga ngeia foʻou pea naʻe aʻu ʻo ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he ngaahi ngāue fakaefaʻutohí. Ko e tupulaki ʻa e lea ʻo e fonuá naʻe ʻi ai hono kaunga fakahangatonu ki he liliu Tohi Tapú. Anga-fēfē? ʻI ha taimi pau, naʻe hoko ai ʻo fuʻu lahi ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he lea faka-Latiná, ʻa e lea toputapu ʻa e siasí, mo e lea ʻa e fonuá, pea mo hono ngaahi lea fakafeituʻú mo e ngaahi kehekehe fakafeituʻú, ʻo ʻikai ai kei mahinoʻi ʻa e lea faka-Latiná ʻe he faʻahinga naʻe ʻikai hanau tuʻunga fakaako tefitó.
ʻI he aʻu mai ki he taʻu 1000, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai ʻi he muitolotolo ʻĪtalí ne nau mei ʻiloʻi ʻa e faingataʻa ke lautohi ʻi he Vulgate faka-Latiná, neongo kapau naʻe lava ke nau maʻu hano tatau. ʻI he laui senituli, naʻe hanga ai ʻe he haʻa faifekau ʻi he siasí ʻo puleʻi ʻa e akó, ʻo kau ai ʻa e meʻa naʻe akoʻi ʻi he ngaahi ʻunivēsiti siʻisiʻi naʻe ʻi aí. Ko ha kulupu māʻolunga tokosiʻi pē naʻe maʻu ʻaonga mei aí. Ko ia ai, naʻe iku ʻo hoko ʻa e Tohi Tapú “ko ha tohi taʻeʻiloa.” Neongo ia, naʻe holi ʻa e tokolahi ke nau maʻu ʻa e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá pea mahinoʻi ia ʻi heʻenau leá tonu.
Ko e tokolahi ʻo e haʻa faifekaú naʻa nau ongoʻi ko e ngaahi liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú naʻe fakaʻaiʻai ai hono fakamafola ʻa e ngaahi tui naʻe taku ko e tui-heé. Fakatatau ki he faihisitōlia ko Māsimo Fipo, ko e “ngāueʻaki ʻa e lea ʻo e fonuá [ʻe ʻuhinga iá] ko hono toʻo ʻo ha ʻā vahevahe fakaelea [ʻa e ngāueʻaki ʻa e faka-Latiná] ʻa ia naʻá ne maluʻi ʻa e pule tāfataha ʻa e haʻa faifekaú ki he ngaahi meʻa fakalotú.” Ko ia ai, ko ha fakatahaʻi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa tefito fakafonuá, fakalotú, mo e fakasōsialé ʻokú ne fakatupunga ai ʻa e ʻikai ha ako Fakatohitapu lahi ʻa ia ʻoku kei hoko lahi ʻi ʻĪtalí.
Muʻaki Ngaahi Liliu Fakakonga ʻo e Tohi Tapú
Naʻe ʻi he senituli hono 13 ʻa e muʻaki ngaahi liliu ʻo e ngaahi tohi Fakatohitapú mei he faka-Latiná ki he lea ʻa e fonuá. Ko e ngaahi liliu fakakonga ko iá naʻe tohinimaʻi hono tataú pea naʻe mamafa ʻaupito. ʻI he lahi fakautuutu ʻa e ngaahi liliú ʻi he senituli hono 14, naʻe meimei ala maʻu ai ʻa e Tohi Tapú fakakātoa ʻi he lea ʻa e fonuá, neongo ko hono ngaahi tohí naʻe liliu ia ʻe he kakai kehekehe ʻi he ngaahi taimi mo e feituʻu kehekehe. Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi liliú ni, ʻi hono faʻu ʻe ha kau liliu naʻe ʻikai fakahaaʻi honau hingoá, naʻe ʻi he nima ia ʻo e kau tuʻumālié pe kakai akó, ʻa e faʻahinga pē naʻe ʻi ai ʻenau paʻanga ke maʻu iá pe maʻu ʻa e malava ke lau iá.
ʻI he laui senituli, naʻe kei ʻikai ai pē ke poto ʻa e fuʻu tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí ʻi he lautohí. Naʻa mo e taimi ʻo hono fakafāʻūtahaʻi ʻo ʻĪtali ʻi he 1861, ko e peseti ʻe 74.7 ʻo e kakaí naʻe ʻikai te nau poto he lautohí. Ko e meʻa mālié, ʻi he taimi naʻe teuteu ai ʻa e puleʻanga ʻĪtali foʻoú ke fakaʻatā mo fai ha tuʻutuʻuni ke ʻatā ʻa e ako fakapuleʻangá ki he faʻahinga kotoa peé, naʻe tohi ai ʻa Tuʻitapu Pio IX ki he tuʻí ʻi he 1870 ʻo fakaʻaiʻai ia ke ne fakafepakiʻi ʻa e laó, ʻa ia naʻe fakamatalaʻi ʻe he tuʻitapú ko ha “mala” naʻe fakataumuʻa ki hono “fakaʻauha fakaʻaufuli ʻa e ngaahi ʻapiako Katoliká.”
Ko e ʻUluaki Tohi Tapu ʻi he Lea Faka-ʻĪtalí
Ko e ʻuluaki Tohi Tapu kakato ʻi he lea faka-ʻĪtalí naʻe pulusi ia ʻi Vēnisi ʻi he 1471, ko e taʻu nai ia ʻe 16 mei hono ʻuluaki ngāueʻaki ʻi ʻIulope ʻa e mataʻi taipe fetongitongí. Ko Nīkolo Mālepi, ko ha mōnike Camaldoli, naʻá ne faʻu ʻene liliú ʻi he māhina ʻe valu. Naʻá ne fakafalala lahi ki he ngaahi liliu naʻe ʻosi ʻi aí, ʻo fakaleleiʻi ia makatuʻunga ʻi he Vulgate faka-Latiná, pea fetongi ʻa e ngaahi lea ʻe niʻihi ʻaki ʻa e lea ko ia naʻe ngāue anga-maheniʻaki ʻi hono feituʻú, ʻa e lea faka-Vīnetí. Ko ʻene liliú ʻa e ʻuluaki pulusinga ʻo e Tohi Tapú naʻe pulusi ʻi he lea faka-ʻĪtalí ʻa ia naʻe tufaki lahí.
Ko e toe tangata ʻe taha ʻa ia naʻá ne pulusi ha liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻi he lea faka-Vēnisí ko ʻAnitonio Pulusioli. Ko ha tokotaha naʻe kau ʻi he ngaʻunu Fakaakeake ʻi ʻIulopé fakataha mo e ngaahi fakakaukau faka-Palotisaní, ka naʻe ʻikai ʻaupito te ne mavahe mei he Siasi Katoliká. ʻI he 1532, naʻe pulusi ai ʻe Pulusioli ʻa e Tohi Tapu naʻá ne liliu mei he muʻaki lea faka-Hepeluú mo e faka-Kalisí. Ko e ʻuluaki Tohi Tapu eni naʻe liliu mei he muʻaki ngaahi konga tohí ki he lea faka-ʻĪtalí. Neongo ʻoku ʻikai ʻi he tuʻunga fakaetohi faka-ʻĪtali lelei ʻaupitó, ko e faitōnunga ʻa e liliú ki he muʻaki ngaahi konga tohí ʻoku taau ke tokangaʻi, ʻi hono fakakaukauʻi ʻa e ngaahi lea motuʻa ʻo e ngaahi ʻaho ko iá. ʻI he ngaahi feituʻu mo e ngaahi pulusinga ʻe niʻihi, naʻe fakafoki ai ʻe Pulusioli ʻa e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá ki he faʻunga “Ieova.” ʻI ha meimei senituli, naʻe manakoa ʻaupito ai ʻa ʻene Tohi Tapú ʻi he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e kau Palotisani ʻĪtalí mo e kau taʻelototatau fakalotú.
Naʻe pulusi ʻa e ngaahi liliu kehe faka-ʻĪtali—ko hono moʻoní ko e ngaahi fakaleleiʻi ʻo e Tohi Tapu ʻa Pulusiolí—ko e niʻihi ai naʻe liliu ʻe he kau Katolika. Naʻe ʻikai ha taha ʻo kinautolu naʻe lavameʻa ʻi ha ʻiloa ʻi hono tufakí. ʻI he 1607, ko Siovani Tiotati, ko ha faifekau ʻi he lotu Kalaviní ʻa ia naʻe hola ʻa ʻene ongo mātuʻá ki Suisalani ke kalofi ʻa e ngaahi fakatanga fakalotú, naʻá ne pulusi ʻi Siniva ha toe liliu ʻe taha ki he lea faka-ʻĪtalí mei he muʻaki ngaahi leá. Naʻe hoko ʻa ʻene liliú ko e Tohi Tapu ia ʻa e kau Palotisani ʻĪtalí ʻi he laui senituli. ʻI he vahaʻa taimi ʻa ia naʻe faʻu aí, naʻe vakai ki ai ko ha liliu faka-ʻĪtali lelei ʻaupito. Naʻe tokoniʻi ʻe he Tohi Tapu ʻa Tiotatí ʻa e kau ʻĪtalí ke nau mahinoʻi ʻa e ngaahi akonaki Fakatohitapú. Ka naʻe taʻofi ʻe he pule ʻa e haʻa faifekaú ʻa hono tufaki ení pea mo e ngaahi liliu kehé.
Ko e Tohi Tapú—“Ko ha Tohi Taʻeʻiloa”
“Kuo fakahoko maʻu pē ʻe he Siasí ʻa hono fatongia ke siofi ʻa e ngaahi tohí, ka ki muʻa ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e pulusi tohí, naʻe ʻikai te ne ongoʻi ʻa e fiemaʻu ke tātānaki ha katiloka ʻo e ngaahi tohi naʻe tapuí koeʻuhi he ko e ngaahi tohi ko ē naʻe vakai ki ai ʻoku fakatuʻutāmakí naʻe tutu ia,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e Enciclopedia Cattolica. Naʻa mo e hili ʻa e kamata ʻa e Fakalelei-Lotu Palotisaní, ko e haʻa faifekau ʻo e ngaahi fonua ʻIulope ʻe niʻihi naʻa nau feinga tūkuingata ke fakangatangata ʻa hono tufaki ʻo e ʻū tohi naʻe taku ko ha tui tokāteline kehé. Naʻe hoko ha liliu mahuʻinga ʻi he hili ʻa e Kosilio ʻo Trent ʻi he 1546, ʻi he taimi naʻe lāulea ai ki hono fehuʻia ʻo e ngaahi liliu ki he lea ʻa e fonuá. Naʻe eʻa hake ai ʻa e ongo tuʻunga makehe ʻe ua. Ko e faʻahinga naʻa nau leleiʻia ʻi hono tapuí naʻa nau taukaveʻi ko e Tohi Tapu ʻi he lea anga-mahení “ʻa e faʻē mo e tupuʻanga ʻo e ngaahi lotu-hē kotoa pē.” Ko e faʻahinga naʻa nau fakafepaki ki he tapuí naʻa nau fakahaaʻi ko honau “ngaahi filí,” ʻa e kau Palotisaní, te nau fakakikihiʻi naʻe tapui ʻe he siasí ʻa e Tohi Tapu ʻi he lea ʻa e fonuá ke fufuuʻiʻaki ʻa e “kākaá mo e mākamió.”
Ko e ʻikai ha felotoí naʻe ʻuhinga iá ko e ʻikai ke fai ʻe he Kosilió ha tuʻutuʻuni pau ki he ʻīsiú kae fakangatangata pē ki hono tali ʻa e tuʻunga alafalalaʻanga ʻo e Vulgate, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ko e tohi tefito ia maʻá e Siasi Katoliká. Kae kehe, ko Kalo Paseti, ko ha Faiako ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti Salesianum Faka-ʻEpikopō ʻi Lomá, ʻokú ne pehē ko hono ui ʻoku “alafalalaʻanga” ʻa e Vulgate naʻe “poupouʻi ai ʻa e fakakaukau, ʻa ia ko hono moʻoní, naʻe pau ke hoko ia ko e faʻunga fakalao ʻo e Tohi Tapú.” Ko e ngaahi meʻa naʻe hoko atu aí ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e meʻá ni.
ʻI he 1559, naʻe pulusi ai ʻe Tuʻitapu Paulo IV ʻa e ʻuluaki ʻiniteki ʻo e ngaahi tohi naʻe tapuí, ko ha lisi ʻo e ʻū tohi naʻe tapui ke lau, fakatau atu, liliu, pe maʻu ʻe he kau Katoliká. Ko e ngaahi voliumé ni naʻe vakai ki ai ʻoku kovi mo fakatuʻutāmaki ki he tuí mo e anga-tonu fakaeʻulungāangá. Naʻe tapui ʻi he ʻinitekí ʻa hono lau ʻa e ngaahi liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú ki he lea ʻa e fonuá, ʻo kau ai ʻa e liliu ʻa Pulusiolí. Ko e faʻahinga naʻe talangataʻá naʻe tuʻusi kinautolu mei he siasí. Ko e ʻiniteki ʻo e 1596 naʻe toe fakataputapui lahi ange ia. Naʻe ʻikai fiemaʻu ke toe foaki ha mafai ke liliu pe pulusi ʻa e ngaahi Tohi Tapú ʻi he lea ʻa e fonuá. Ko e ngaahi Tohi Tapu ko iá naʻe pau ke fakaʻauha.
Ko hono olá, ko e tutu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻi he loto ʻataʻatā ʻo e siasí naʻe fakautuutu ia ʻi he hili ʻa e ngataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 16. ʻI he ʻatamai ʻo e kakaí fakalūkufua, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e Tohi Tapú ko e tohi ia ʻa e kau lotu-heé pea ko e fakakaukau ko iá ʻoku kei hoko lahi ia. Meimei ko e Tohi Tapú mo e ngaahi fakamatala Fakatohitapu kotoa pē ʻi he ngaahi laipeli fakapuleʻangá mo fakatāutahá naʻe fakaʻauha, pea ʻi he taʻu ʻe 200 hono hokó, naʻe ʻikai ke liliu ai ʻe ha Katolika ha Tohi Tapu ki he lea faka-ʻĪtalí. Ko e ngaahi Tohi Tapu pē naʻe tufaki ʻi he muitolotolo ʻo ʻĪtalí—ʻo fai fakapulipuli, ʻi he manavahē naʻa faʻao fakamālohí—ko e ngaahi Tohi Tapu ko ē naʻe liliu ʻe he kau mataotao Palotisaní. Ko ia ai, ko e faihisitōlia ko Malio Sikinoní ʻokú ne pehē: “Ko hono moʻoní, ko e lau Tohi Tapu ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e siasí naʻe ngata fakaʻaufuli ia ʻi he laui senituli. Naʻe meimei hoko ai ʻa e Tohi Tapú ko ha tohi taʻeʻiloa, pea naʻe teʻeki ai ʻaupito lau naʻa mo hano peesi ʻe taha ʻe he kau ʻĪtali ʻe laui miliona ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻenau moʻuí.”
Holoki ʻa e Tapuí
Ki mui ai, ko Tuʻitapu Penitiketo XIV, ʻi ha tuʻutuʻuni ʻi he ʻiniteki ʻi he ʻaho 13 ʻo Sune, 1757, naʻá ne liliu ʻa e tuʻutuʻuni ki muʻá, “ʻo fakaʻatā ʻa hono lau ʻo e ngaahi liliu ʻi he lea ʻa e fonuá naʻe tali ʻi he Vakai ʻa e Tuʻitapú pea pulusi ʻi he malumalu ʻo e fakahinohino ʻa e kau pīsopé.” Ko hono olá naʻe teuteu ai ʻa ʻAnitonio Mātini, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ki mui ko e pīsope pule ʻo Florence, ke ne liliu ʻa e Vulgate. Ko e konga ʻuluakí naʻe pulusi ia ʻi he 1769, pea naʻe kakato ʻa e ngāué ʻi he 1781. Fakatatau ki ha maʻuʻanga fakamatala Katolika ʻe taha, ko e liliu ʻa Mātiní, ʻa e liliu faka-ʻĪtali naʻe “ʻuluaki taau moʻoni ke lave tefito ki aí.” Ki muʻa aí, ko e kau Katolika naʻe ʻikai te nau mahinoʻi ʻa e lea faka-Latiná naʻe ʻikai te nau malava ke lau ha Tohi Tapu naʻe fakamafaiʻi ʻe he siasí. ʻI he taʻu ʻe 150 hokó, ko e liliu pē ʻa Mātiní naʻe tali ki he kau Katolika ʻĪtalí.
ʻI he kosilio Vatikano II ʻa e siasi fakatahatahá naʻe aʻu ia ai ki ha tuʻunga mahuʻinga. ʻI he 1965 ko e tohi Dei Verbum naʻe fakalototoʻaʻi ai ʻi he ʻuluaki taimí ʻa e “ngaahi liliu feʻungamālie mo tonu . . . ki he ngaahi lea kehekehe, tautefito mei he muʻaki ngaahi konga tohi ʻo e ngaahi tohi toputapú.” Taimi nounou ki muʻa ai, ʻi he 1958, naʻe pulusi ai ʻe he Pontificio istituto biblico (Akoʻanga Tohi Tapu Faka-ʻEpikopō) “ʻa e fuofua liliu Katolika kakato mei he muʻaki ngaahi konga tohí.” Ko e liliu ko ení naʻe fakafoki ki ai ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi ʻasi ko ia ʻa e huafa fakaʻotuá ʻi he faʻunga “Jahve.”
Ko e fakafepaki ki he ngaahi Tohi Tapu ʻi he lea ʻa e fonuá kuo hoko ia ʻo fakatupu maumau, pea ʻoku kei ongo pē ʻa hono ngaahi nunuʻá. Hangē ko ia naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe Sīliola Falakinitó, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e nunuʻa ko hono “fakahūhū ki he kau tuí ʻa e veiveiua ki heʻenau tauʻatāina tonu ʻi he mafai fakaeʻiló mo e falala ki honau konisēnisí.” Tānaki atu ki ai, kuo hilifaki mai ai ha ngaahi talatukufakaholo fakalotu, ʻa ia ʻoku vakai ki ai ʻa e kau Katolika tokolahi ʻoku mahuʻinga ange ia ʻi he Tohi Tapú. Ko e meʻá ni kotoa kuó ne fakatupunga ke hoko ai ʻa e kakaí ʻo mavahe mei he Tohi Tapú, neongo naʻe meimei mole ʻosi atu ʻa e ʻikai poto he lautohí.
Kae kehe, ko e ngāue fakaʻevangeliō ʻa e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová, kuo langaʻi ai ʻa e mahuʻingaʻia foʻou ʻi he Tohi Tapú ʻi he lea faka-ʻĪtalí. ʻI he 1963 naʻe pulusi ai ʻe he Kau Fakamoʻoní ʻa e New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures ʻi he lea faka-ʻĪtalí. ʻI he 1967 naʻe ala maʻu kakato ai ʻa e Tohi Tapú. Ko e ngaahi tatau ʻo e liliú ni laka hake he 4,000,000 kuo tufaki ia ʻi ʻĪtali ʻataʻatā pē. Ko e New World Translation, ʻa ia ʻoku fakafoki ki ai ʻa e huafa fakaʻotuá, ʻa e Sihová, ʻi hono konga tohí, ʻokú ne ʻai ai ia ke makehe ʻi heʻene pipiki fefeka ki he ʻuhinga ʻo e muʻaki ngaahi konga tohí.
ʻOku ʻalu ʻa e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová ʻi he fale ki he fale, ʻo lau mo fakamatalaʻi ʻa e pōpoaki Fakatohitapu ʻo e ʻamanaki ki he faʻahinga kotoa te nau fanongó. (Ngāue 20:20) Ko e taimi hoko mai te ke fetaulaki ai mo e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová, fēfē ke ke kole kia kinautolu ke nau fakahaaʻi atu ʻa e meʻa ʻoku leaʻaki ʻe hoʻo Tohi Tapú tonu fekauʻaki mo e talaʻofa fakaofo ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻe vavé ni ke ne fokotuʻu ha “fonua foʻou” ʻa ia ʻe “nofoʻanga ai ʻa maʻoniʻoni”?—2 Pita 3:13.
[Mape ʻi he peesi 13]
(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakato, sio ki he tohi)
Vēnisi
LOMA
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 15]
Ko e liliu ʻa Pulusiolí naʻe ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e huafa fakaʻotua ko e Ieova ʻi hono konga tohí
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 15]
Ko e ʻiniteki ʻo e ngaahi tohi naʻe tapuí naʻe fakakau ai ʻa e ngaahi liliu Tohi Tapu ki he lea ʻa e fonuá
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 13]
Peesi ʻuluaki ʻo e Tohi Tapú: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 15]
Liliu ʻa Pulusiolí: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma; ʻIniteki: Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali