Ko ha Sio ki he Koloa Mahuʻinga ʻOku Kau ki he Chester Beatty

“MAHU ʻi he koloa mahuʻinga lahi fakaʻulia ʻo e ngaahi sivilaise lahi kuo mole atú, . . . ulo ngingila ʻi he fakaʻofoʻofa ʻo hono fanga kiʻi fakatātā leí mo e ngaahi tā valivalí.” Ko e anga ia hono fakamatalaʻi nounou ʻe he pule misiume ki muʻa ko R. J. Hayes ʻa e Laipeli Chester Beatty ʻi Dublin, ʻAilani. Ko e tukuʻanga ia ʻo ha tānekinga lahi fau ʻo e ngaahi meʻa motuʻa mahuʻinga taʻehanotatau, ngaahi ngāue fakaeʻaati lelei ʻaupito mo e ngaahi tohi hāhāmolofia mo e ngaahi maniusikilipi ʻoku meimei ʻikai ala fakafuofua hono mahuʻingá. Ko ia ko hai ʻa Chester Beatty? Pea ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi koloa mahuʻinga naʻá ne tānakí?

Ko Alfred Chester Beatty, naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻi Niu ʻIoke U.S.A. ʻi he 1875, naʻe tupuʻi Sikotilani, ʻAilani mo e Pilitānia. ʻI he taimi naʻá ne taʻu 32 aí, naʻá ne koloaʻia lahi fakafoʻituitui ʻi he tuʻunga ko ha ʻenisinia mo e tokotaha faleʻi keli malala. ʻI he kotoa ʻo ʻene moʻuí, naʻá ne ngāueʻaki ʻa ʻene koloa lahí ke tānaki ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakaʻofoʻofa mo lelei ʻaupito. ʻI heʻene mate ʻi he 1968 ʻi hono taʻu 92, naʻe tuku ai ʻe Beatty ʻa ʻene tānekingá kotoa maʻá e kakai ʻo ʻAilaní.

Ko e Hā Naʻá Ne Tānakí?

Ko e tānekinga ʻa Beatty ʻoku lahi ia mo kehekehe. Ko e peseti nai pē ʻe taha ʻoku fakaʻaliʻali ʻi ha taimi ʻe taha. Naʻá ne tānaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa hāhāmolofia mo mahuʻinga mei he ngaahi vahaʻa taimi kehekehe lahi mo e ngaahi anga fakafonua ʻoku aʻu ki he taʻu ʻe laui afe—mei he kuonga lotolotó mo ʻIulope Fakaakeake pea pehē foki mei he ngaahi fonua ʻĒsia mo e ngaahi fonua ʻAfilika lahi. Ko e fakatātaá, ko ʻene tānekinga ʻo e fakatātā Siapani naʻe tongi mei he papá ʻoku pehē ko e taha ia ʻo e meʻa fakaʻofoʻofa taha ʻi he māmaní.

ʻI heʻene tuʻu ʻo kehe fakaʻaufuli mei he ngaahi ngāue fakaeʻaati leleí ko ha tānekinga fakatoʻoaloto ia ʻo e ngaahi lauʻi ʻumea faka-Pāpilone mo faka-Sumēlia laka hake he teaú ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e tohi mata-tōtao motuʻá. Ko e kakai naʻe nofo ʻi Mesopotēmia laka hake he taʻu ʻe 4,000 kuohilí naʻa nau tongi ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala fakaikiiki ʻo kau ki heʻenau moʻuí ʻi he ngaahi lauʻi ʻumea viku, ʻa ia naʻe toki taʻo leva. Ko e ngaahi lauʻi ʻumea lahi peheé ʻoku aʻu mai ia ki hotau ʻahó ni, ʻo ne ʻomai kia kitautolu ʻa e fakamoʻoni mahino ʻo e motuʻa ʻa e tohí.

Ko ha Toʻoa-Loto ʻi he Ngaahi Tohí

ʻOku hā ngali naʻe tohoakiʻi ʻa Chester Beatty ʻe he pōtoʻi fekauʻaki mo hono ngaohi ʻa e ngaahi ʻū tohi leleí. Naʻá ne tānaki ʻa e ngaahi voliume fakamāmani mo fakalotu ʻe laui afe, ʻo kau ai ʻa e ngaahi tatau teuteuʻi fihi ʻo e Kōlaní. ʻOku pehē ʻe ha faʻu-tohi ʻe taha naʻá ne “fakatumutumu ʻi he ngaahi vahevahe tatau fakafika ʻo e konga tohi faka-ʻAlepeá, . . . pea ko ʻene fakafuofuaʻi ʻo e lanú naʻe ueʻi ia ʻe he teuteu ʻo e tohinima fakasanisani fakataha mo e lauʻiʻakau koula mo e siliva mo e ngaahi maka mataʻāʻā kehe.”

Naʻe toʻoa ʻa Chester Beatty ʻi he maka mahuʻinga lanu matá, ʻo hangē pē ko ia naʻe hoko ki he niʻihi ʻo e kau ʻemipola ʻo Siaina ʻi he muʻaki ngaahi senitulí. Naʻa nau vakai ki he maka mahuʻinga lanu mata haohaoá ko e mahuʻinga taha ia ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi maká, ʻo mahuʻinga mamaʻo ange ia ʻi he koulá. Ko e kau pule ko ení naʻa nau fekauʻi ʻa e kau tangata ngāue fakameaʻa pōtoʻí ke nau liliu ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻo e maka mahuʻinga lanu matá ki he ngaahi fuʻu lauʻi maka molemole mo manifi. ʻOku fakafonuʻaki leva ʻe he kau ʻaati talēnitiʻiá ʻa e ngaahi peesi maka lanu mata mahuʻinga ko ení ʻa e ngaahi tohi fakasanisani mo e ngaahi fakatātā tapa koula, ʻo faʻu ai ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi tohi fakaofo taha kuo faifai pea ngaohí. Ko e tānekinga ʻo e ngaahi tohi ko eni ʻa Beatty ʻoku ʻiloa ia ʻi he māmaní.

Ngaahi Maniusikilipi Fakatohitapu Mahuʻinga Taʻehanotatau

Ki he kau ʻofa ʻi he Tohi Tapú, ko e ngaahi koloa mahuʻinga lahi taha ʻa Chester Beatty ʻoku ʻi heʻene tānekinga lahi faufaua ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi Fakatohitapu ʻi he kuonga lotolotó. Ko e ngaahi maniusikilipi teuteuʻi fakaʻofoʻofá ʻoku tapua mai ai ʻa e kātaki mo e pōtoʻi fakaeʻaati ʻa e kau sikalaipe naʻa nau tohinimaʻi hono tataú. Ko e ʻū tohi kuo pākí ʻoku fakahāhā ai ʻa e pōtoʻi mo e tuʻunga ngāue fakameaʻa ʻo e kau ngaohi tohi mo e kau paaki tohi ki muʻá. Hangē ko ení, ko e Biblia Latina naʻe paaki ia ʻi Nuremberg ʻi he 1479 ʻe Anton Koberger, ʻa ia naʻe moʻui ʻi he taimi nai ʻo Johannes Gutenberg pea ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ia ko e “taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa kuo paaki mahuʻinga mo ola lelei tahá.”

Ko e fakaʻaliʻali makehe ʻe taha ʻi he Laipeli Chester Beatty ko ha maniusikilipi kiliʻimanu ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e senituli hono faá ʻa ʻIfalemi, ko ha mataotao Sīlia. ʻOku hiki lea lahi ʻa ʻIfalemi mei ha tohi he senituli hono uá ʻoku ui ko e Diatessaron. ʻI aí naʻe fakatahaʻi ai ʻe he faʻu-tohi ko Tatiani ʻa e fakamatala Kōsipeli ʻe fā ʻo e moʻui ʻa Sīsū Kalaisí ki ha foʻi talanoa feongoongoi ʻe taha. Naʻe fai ki mui ʻe he kau faʻu-tohí ʻa e lave ki he Diatessaron, ka ʻoku ʻikai ke kei ʻi ai ha ngaahi tatau ʻo ia. ʻOku aʻu ʻo veiveiua ʻa e kau mataotao ʻe niʻihi ʻi he senituli hono 19 ki heʻene ʻi aí. Kae kehe, ʻi he 1956, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe Beatty ʻa e fakamatala ʻa ʻIfalemí ʻi he Diatessaron ʻa Tatianí​—ko e ʻilo ko iá naʻe tānaki atu ia ki he fakamoʻoni lahi ange ʻoku ʻi ai, fekauʻaki mo e alafalalaʻanga pea mo e moʻoni ʻa e Tohi Tapú.

Ko ha Tānekinga Koloa Mahuʻinga ʻo e Ngaahi Maniusikilipi Pepailo

Naʻe toe tānaki ʻe Beatty ha ngaahi maniusikilipi pepailo lahi ʻaupito, fakamāmani mo fakalotu fakatouʻosi. Ko e maniusikilipi pepailo laka hake he 50 ʻoku fakafuofua ia ki muʻa ʻi he senituli hono fā T.S. Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi pepailo ko ení naʻe maʻu mai ia mei ha ngaahi fuʻu fokotuʻunga pepailo lalahi—ʻi ha lakuʻanga pepa liʻaki tefito—naʻe ʻikai ʻiloʻi ia ʻi he laui senituli ʻi he toafa ʻIsipité. Ko e ngaahi tohi pepailo lahi naʻe ʻi he tuʻunga mātuʻaki kongokonga ʻi hono tuʻuaki fakatau atú. Naʻe haʻu ʻa e kau tilá mo e kau ngaahi puha pepa naʻe fonu ʻi he ngaahi kongokonga pepailó. “Ko e faʻahinga naʻe mahuʻingaʻia ʻi hono fakatau iá naʻa nau ala ʻo toʻo hake ʻa e kongokonga lahi taha naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e tohi lahi tahá,” ko e lau ia ʻa Charles Horton, ko ha pule misiume ʻo e Tānekinga Fakahihifo ʻo e Laipeli Chester Beatty.

Ko e “meʻa fakaofo taha naʻe ʻilo” ʻe Beatty, ko e lau ia ʻa Horton, naʻe kau ki ai ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi Fakatohitapu mahuʻinga naʻe “kau ai ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e muʻaki ngaahi tatau motuʻa taha ʻo e Fuakava Motuʻá mo e Fuakava Foʻou faka-Kalisitiané.” Ko e kau tila naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipí naʻa nau hae nai ia ke fakatau atu ʻa e ngaahi konga mavahevahe ki he kau fakatau kehekehe. Kae kehe, naʻe malava ʻa Beatty ke fakatau mai ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipí. ʻOku mahuʻinga fēfē ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi ko ení? ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe Sir Frederic Kenyon ʻa e meʻa ko ia naʻe maʻú ko e “mahuʻinga taha ia kuo aʻu ki aí” talu mei hono ʻiloʻi ʻe Tischendorf ʻa e Codex Sinaiticus ʻi he 1844.

ʻOku fakafuofua ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi ko ení ki he vahaʻa ʻo e senituli hono ua mo hono fā T.S. ʻOku ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ʻū tohi ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepelū ʻi he Sepituakini Kalisí ʻa e tatau ʻe ua ʻo e Senesí. ʻOku mahuʻinga makehe eni, ko e lau ia ʻa Kenyon, “koeʻuhi ko e tohi [ʻa Senesí] ʻoku meimei ʻikai ke ʻi ai kakato ia ʻi he [ngaahi maniusikilipi kiliʻimanu] Vaticanus mo e Sinaiticus” ʻi he senituli hono faá. ʻOku ʻi he maniusikilipi ʻe tolu ʻa e ʻū tohi ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané. ʻOku ʻi he maniusikilipi ʻe taha ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e faaʻi Kōsipelí mo e konga lahi ʻo e tohi Ngāué. Ko e maniusikilipi hono uá, mo hono toe ngaahi peesi naʻe maʻu mai ki mui ʻe Beatty, ʻoku ʻi ai ha meimei tatau kakato ʻo e ngaahi tohi ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá, ʻo kau ai ʻa ʻene ʻipiseli ki he kau Hepeluú. Ko e maniusikilipi hono tolú ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e vahe tolu ʻe taha nai ʻo e tohi Fakahaá. Fakatatau kia Kenyon, ko e ngaahi pepailo ko ení kuo nau “ʻai ke mālohi mātuʻaki hā mahino ʻa e makatuʻunga—ʻa ia kuo ʻosi mālohi ʻaupito—ʻo ʻetau tuipau ki he konga tohi ʻo e Fuakava Foʻoú ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku tau maʻu he taimi ní.”

Ko e pepailo Fakatohitapu Chester Beatty ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai naʻe kamata ke ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau Kalisitiané ʻa e maniusikilipí, pe tohi fakapēsí, ʻo fetongiʻaki ʻa e takainga tohi faingataʻa hono ngāueʻakí ʻi ha taimi ki muʻa ʻaupito, ngalingali ki muʻa ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e ʻuluaki senituli T.S. ʻOku toe fakahaaʻi ʻi he pepailó ʻi he nounou ʻa e ngaahi naunau ki he tohí, naʻe faʻa toe ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau hiki tataú ʻa e ngaahi lauʻi pepailo motuʻá. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e maniusikilipi Kopitiki ʻe taha ʻo e konga ʻo e Kōsipeli ʻa Sioné ʻoku hiki ia “ʻi he meʻa ʻoku hā ngali hangē ko ha pepa ako ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fika faka-Kalisi.”

Ko e ngaahi tohi pepailo ko ení ʻoku ʻikai te nau hā fakaʻofoʻofa, ka ʻoku nau mahuʻinga taʻehanotatau. Ko e fehokotaki hāmai fefeka kinautolu ki he muʻaki ngaahi kamakamata ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiané. “ʻI heni, ʻi hoʻo sió tonu,” ko e lau ia ʻa Charles Horton, “ʻoku lava ke ke sio ai ki he ngaahi faʻahinga tohi naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he niʻihi ʻo e muʻaki ngaahi kolo Kalisitiané—ko e ngaahi tohi ʻa ia naʻa nau koloaʻaki.” (Palovepi 2:​4, 5) Kapau te ke maʻu ha faingamālie ke vakaiʻi ai ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi koloa mahuʻinga ko ení ʻi he Laipeli Chester Beatty, ʻe ʻikai ke siva ʻa hoʻo ʻamanakí.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 31]

Fakatātā Siapani naʻe tongi mei he papá ʻe Katsushika Hokusai

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Ko e “Biblia Latina” naʻe ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e muʻaki ngaahi tatau paaki ʻo e Tohi Tapú

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Ko e fakamatala ʻa ʻIfalemí ʻi he “Diatessaron” ʻa Tatianí ʻokú ne ʻai ke mālohi ʻa e alafalalaʻanga ʻo e Tohi Tapú

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 31]

Ko e Chester Beatty P45, ʻa e taha ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻa taha ʻi he māmaní, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e faaʻi Kōsipelí mo e konga lahi ʻo e tohi Ngāué ʻi ha voliume pē ʻe taha

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 29]

Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 31]

Ngaahi ʻīmisí kotoa: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin