Ukulondoloza Iinkumbulo Ngokuchukumisa Nje Iqhosha!
Uya ungxamile kwivenkile yeefoto yasekuhlaleni ukuya kuphuthuma loo mifanekiso mihle kunene nowawuyifote xa wawukwiholide yakho edlulileyo. Kodwa hayi indlela odana ngayo xa uyibona! Eminye yemifanekiso imfiliba, eminye itshile okanye okufotiweyo akulungele-lananga. Udanile uthi, ‘Esi simanga sekhamera!’ Kodwa ngaba ngokwenene yikhamera? Okanye ngaba ngumntu ofotayo?
UMTSHATO wakho, iindawo ezintle gqitha obukhe watyelela kuzo, abahlobo abafudukileyo, oomawokhulu bakho nezinye izalamane, ukuqalisa komntwana wakho ukuhamba—zonke ezi nkumbulo zinokugcinwa emfanekisweni ngokuchukumisa nje iqhosha. Noko ke, hayi indlela okudanisa ngayo xa imifanekiso yakho iphuma ingacacanga—okanye ingaphumi konke konke! Ikhamera entsha isenokungabi sisicombululo. Undoqo wempumelelo kukwazi imigaqo esisiseko yokufota.
Isebenza Njani Ikhamera?
Xa siyichaza ngokulula, ikhamera yibhokisi engenakungenwa kukhanya ‘eneliso,’ isilanga, ekuphumela kuso ukukhanya kuze kulungelelaniswe ukuze kwakheke umfanekiso kwifilimu. Umphezulu wefilimu unemichiza ethi isebenze ngokudibana kwayo nokukhanya nefanele ifumane ukukhanya okwaneleyo ukuze umfanekiso uphume kakuhle. Ukukhanya okuninzi kuyayitshisa imifanekiso yakho. Ukukhanya okuncinane kakhulu kuyenza imifanekiso yakho ibe mnyama kakhulu.
Xa ufota, isivalo (shutter) sekhamera siyavuleka kangangeqhezu lomzuzwana, sibangela ukuyileka komfanekiso kwifilimu yakho. Ngoko enye indlela yokulawula ukukhanya okungena kwifilimu kukulawula ubude bexesha esihlala eso sivalo sivulekile. Ngokukhanya okuqhelekileyo kwasemini ifoto eqhelekileyo inokuthatyathwa ngomlinganiselo wokuvuleka kwesivalo osisi-1/125 somzuzwana. Iikhamera ezininzi zinemilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo yobude bokuvuleka kwesi sivalo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ufanele usebenzise umlinganiselo wobude bokuvuleka kwesivalo ohambisana nomlinganiselo wokukhanya okwaneleyo. Okukhona isivalo siyekwa sivulekile kangangethuba elide, kokukhona umfanekiso wakho unokwenziwa mfiliba kukushukuma kwekhamera. Kwiimeko ezinyanzelisayo oku kunokuthintelwa ngokubeka ikhamera phezu kwesixhasi esinemilenze emithathu uze usivule isivalo ngentambo yaso okanye ngesibali-xesha sekhamera.
Enye indlela yokulawula ukukhanya kwefilimu kukulungelelanisa ubukhulu bentunja (aperture) yesilanga (ekwabizwa ngokuba yif-stop). Oku kunokuthelekiswa nokulivula kakhulu iliso lakho, ukulivala kancinane okanye ukuncin’ iliso. Oku kulawula umlinganiselo wokukhanya okungenayo. Izilanga ezininzi zinesixhobo onokusilungelelanisa ngokwahlukahlukeneyo, okanye iif-stops, onokukhetha kuzo. Okukhona intunja ivuleka kakhulu kokukhona kungena ukukhanya okungakumbi ibe kokukhona ifilimu ifumana ukukhanya okuninzi. Okudidayo kumntu oqalayo ukufota kukuba, ukuba inani lef-stop lincinane oko kuthetha ukuba intunja inkulu. Ngokomzekelo, kuf-2.8 intunja ivuleka kakhulu; kuf-32 ivuleka kancinane. Ngoku iikhamera ezininzi zenziwe zanezinto ezifana nesilawuli-kukhanya okungenayo esizisebenzelayo kwanezixhobo zokulinganisa ukukhanya ezakhelwe kuzo ezikuxelela ngokuchanileyo apho umele uzibeke khona izilungelelanisi. Ngokwenene, kwiikhamera ezizisebenzelayo ngokupheleleyo, konke ukulungelelanisa okuyimfuneko ukwenzelwe. Iikhamera ezinjalo zisenokude zikulungelelanisele umfanekiso!
Yiyiphi Ifilimu Ofanele Uyikhethe?
Ngokufanayo neekhamera, kukho iintlobo zeefilimu ezifumanekayo nezihlala ziguquka. Inegative yefilimu yemibala ngemibala isetyenziselwa ukwenza iifoto eziyimibala-bala. Ezi kulula ukuzithumela komnye umntu yaye ngokwentelekiso kubiza imali encinane ukuzihlamba kwakhona okanye ukuzandisa. Enye into ezilunge ngayo kukuba ngenxa yokwahlukana kwazo, okanye ukuba nemifanekiso emininzi kwazo, kwanenegative ephume kakubi inokuvelisa ifoto eyamkelekileyo. Iifilimu ezivelisa imibala ngemibala zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iislides. Noko ke, ukuze uzibone kakuhle ezi, ufanele uthenge umatshini wokubonisa iislides (projector) nebala lokuzibonisa (screen). Iislides azibizi mali ininzi yaye zifuna ukuchana okungakumbi xa zifotwa. Noko ke, unokufumana imifanekiso emihle kuzo.
Iifilimu ziyahluka ngokwemilinganiselo yesantya sazo (ukusebenza kwazo ekukhanyeni) ibe zahlulwa ngamabinzana anjengelithi ISO okanye ASA.a Ezinye zinomlinganiselo omncinane weISO 25 yaye ezinye mkhulu kangangeISO 3200. Ifilimu eyenza umsebenzi oqhelekileyo nomhle iya kuba yi-ISO 100 Daylight, njengoko le filimu inesantya esiphakathi isebenza kakuhle kwimifanekiso eqhelekileyo ethatyathwe ekukhanyeni kwasemini. Ifilimu enesantya esikhawulezayo eyi-ISO 400 isebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezingakhanyi kakuhle, njengangongcwalazi, iimini ezisibekeleyo naphakathi endlwini. Noko ke, umgaqo oqhelekileyo uthi, okukhona usebenzisa ifilimu yomlinganiselo omncinane, kokukhona ucaca umfanekiso ewuvelisayo. Iifilimu ezinomlinganiselo omkhulu wesantya zidla ngokungaphumi kakuhle xa iifoto zandisiwe.
Ukuba ikhamera yakho inesixhobo sokukhetha isantya sefilimu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusibeka kwinani elifanelekileyo leISO okanye iASA. Ngoku masize kwingongoma ebalulekileyo.
Indlela Yokuyila Ifoto Entle
Abantu abaninzi abasaqalayo ukufota bathatha nje ifoto eqhelekileyo bengasebenzisi buchule. Baphakamisa nje ikhamera baze bacofe iqhosha. Umntu onamava ngokufota uthabatha ixesha ibe uqala acinge aze ayile umfanekiso. Uyawubumba. Ukubeka umntu okanye loo nto uyifotayo ngendlela efanelekileyo kuthiwa kukubumba. Ukubeka kanye embindini oko ukufotayo akuthethi ukuba leyo yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Kumzekelo onikelweyo (kwiphepha 26), phawula indlela oko ukufotayo kunokuba nomdla ongakumbi ngayo xa kususwe kancinane embindini—masithi malunga nesinye esithathwini somgama osuka ngasentla okanye ecaleni kwefoto. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukusebenzisa umgaqo wezithathu.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukuvelisa ngokucacileyo oko ukufotayo kwizinto ezingasemva kwayo. Izinto ezingasemva ezininzi, okanye eziphithizelayo, zinokuyiphazamisa ingqalelo yomntu ofotayo koko akufotayo. Ngaba kukho udonga olunombala okhanyayo okanye okuthile okuzolileyo onokukusebenzisa ukumisa abantu obafotayo phambi kwako? Ukuba akuyifumani indawo efanelekileyo yokumisa abantu phambi kwayo, yilungelelanise intunja ukuba ivuleke kakhudlwana (inani elincinane lef-stop). Oku kuya kukwenza kubonakale kakuhle oko ukufotayo, kodwa kuya kwenza okungasemva kungabonakali.—Bona umzekelo, kwiphepha 24.
Ukuqiniseka ngomfanekiso omhle, usenako ukufota iifoto ezimbini ezongezelelekileyo, enye ngesantya sesivalo esikhawulezayo enye ngesicothayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ufota kuf-8 nesi-1/125 somzuzwana, usekwanokufota kuf-5.6 nakuf-11 ngesantya esilinganayo. Ngale ndlela, unokukwazi ukubona ukukhanya okufanelekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ufuna ukufota ngokucacileyo ukuze kuphume yonke into, ngoko fota ezinye iifoto ezimbini enye ibe kwisantya sesivalo esincitshisiweyo, enye ibe kwesandisiweyo (1/60, 1/125 no-1/250 womzuzwana) ngoxa if-stop imi ndaweni-nye.
Ukukhanya nako kubalulekile. Ukuba kukho okuthile okukhanyayo okungasemva okanye ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo okungasemva koko ukufotayo (ikhephu, ulwandle okanye unxweme olunelanga), oku kunokukuphazamisa ukusebenza kwekhamera yakho yaye kunokubangela ukuba ifoto yakho ibe mfiliba. Siyintoni isicombululo? Sondela koko ukufotayo, uze uqiniseke ngokukhanya okukhoyo. Buyela kwakhona kwindawo obumi kuyo, uze ufote umfanekiso wakho kwiindawo oyilungelelanise kuyo ikhamera yakho. Abantu abafotayo nabanamava badla ngokusebenzisa iflash ye-elektroniki ekukhanyeni kwasemini njengendlela yokuvelisa ukukhanya okuphelisa izithunzi ezibangelwa kukukhanya okuqaqambileyo okungasemva okanye ithunzi elimnyama.
Ilanga eliqaqambileyo nelime nkqo phezu kwaloo nto uyifotayo (okanye ngasemva) lisenokuvelisa izithunzi ezibi ngezantsi kwamehlo, kwempumlo nesilevu somntu. Ukuba kunjalo, loo mntu umfotayo makeme emthunzini okanye usebenzise iflash ukufota kukhanya. Usekwanokwenza ukuba ilanga likhanyise kanye emva okanye ecaleni komntu omfotayo ukuze kuzobeke isangqa sokukhanya kwelanga esibangelwa kukumenyezeliswa kweenwele zomntu lilanga, ngoxa nje ilanga lingakhanyisi ngokuthe ngqo kwisilanga sakho.
Iflash ye-elektroniki isebenza ngokulinganiselweyo, ekubeni iiflash ezininzi zisebenza ukuya kutsho kumgama oziimitha ezilishumi kuphela. Ngoko ke, ukuzama ukufota iqonga leholo (njengakwindibano yamaKristu) okanye oorhec’ izulu bezakhiwo zesixeko ngeflash kukubulala nje ibhetri yakho. Ukudanyaza okuthe ngqo kudla ngokubangela isithunzi okanye kubonakalise ngokucacileyo amabala asebusweni. Siyintoni isicombululo? Zama ukuyigquma iflash yakho (kungekhona isilanga) ngephepha eliyacuyacu okanye ngetshefu ukuze uphelise amabala atshileyo okanye kuya kufuneka iflash uyijolise esilingini emhlophe ukuze ukukhanya kwayo kubetheke khona kuze kubuyele kulowo umfotayo. Nako oku kuya kufuna ukuba ulungise ukuma komntu omfotayo. Unokummisa phambi kwendawo emnyama ukuze uphelise izithunzi.
Ukuphuma komfanekiso womntu enamehlo abomvu lolunye uphawu olungaqhelekanga oluvelayo xa ufota ngokusebenzisa iflash, ngokukodwa xa ufota ngeekhamera ezineflash eyakhelwe kuzo. Ukuba akukwazi ukuyahlula ikhamera yakho kwiflash yakho (njengakwisixhasi esibamba iflash), ngoko umntu omfotayo makaqale ajonge ekukhanyeni okuqaqambileyo khon’ ukuze amehlo akhe angavuleki kakhulu xa uthabatha umfanekiso. Okanye umntu omfotayo makakuphephe ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo kwisilanga.
Ukuvelisa Imifanekiso Yobuso
Umfanekiso omhle wobuso wenza okungakumbi kunokuvelisa nje inkangeleko yobuso bomntu. Unokunikela iinkcukacha ezithile ezinzulu ngobuntu nohlobo lomntu alulo. Ukuze uvelise imifanekiso emihle ngolo hlobo, ufanele ubazi kakuhle ubuchule bokufota. Ngale ndlela unokunikela ingqalelo kumntu omfotayo, ingekuko koko ukusebenzisayo.
Okokuqala, umntu omfotayo menze akhululeke. Sebenzisa isilanga esisisibonakude (telephoto lens) khon’ ukuze ufote ukude ungayisondezanga loo khamera ibangela ixhala. Umculo ofanelekileyo unokubangela ukuba athob’ izibilini. Ukuthetha kukwayenye indlela yokunceda umntu ofotwayo alibale ngekhamera aze abe nembonakalo yokoqobo. Sebenzisa imibuzo yokumenza athethe ngokukhululekileyo nokuze uvelise iimvakalelo ofuna ukumfota enazo. Xa ufota abantwana, kwenze oku kube ngumdlalo okanye babalisele ibali. Benze badlamke yaye badlale. Izinto eziyenza imekobume ibe yeyokoqobo zinokumnceda umntu omfotayo ukuba akhululeke. Ngoko misa imvumi nesixhobo sayo somculo okanye umsébenzi nezixhobo zakhe zokusebenza.
Ifoto yeqela ayithethi ukuba bonke abantu abafotwayo bafanele beme ngokufanelekileyo nangomgca. Banike into abanokuyingqonga—isitulo esinye okanye ezibini—yaye ubamise ukuba basijikeleze, mhlawumbi benze unxantathu. Akuyomfuneko ukuba bonke bancume xa bejonga ikhamera. Ngoku jonga ngenyameko koko ukufotayo ngaphambi kokucofa iqhosha. Ngaba iimpahla neenwele zabo zilungiswe kakuhle? Ngaba kukho izinto ezingasemva eziphazamisayo? Ngaba ikhamera uyimise ngeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo? (Ikhamera ehliswe kancinane kunobuso inokuyenza mfutshane impumlo ende okanye ingayibonakalisi kakuhle indawo eziqala kuyo iinwele ebunzi.) Ngoku qhubeka uthabathe iifoto eziliqela, ibe xa zihlanjiwe, khetha eyona ifanelekileyo.
Ngomgudu omncinane—nangoqheliselo—ikhamera yakho inokukuzisela ulonwabo olukhulu ize ikuncede ulondoloze iinkumbulo ezixabisekileyo, iinkumbulo ezifunyenwe ngokuchukumisa ngobunono iqhosha lekhamera yakho!
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a I-ISO sisifinyezo seInternational Standards Organization; iASA sisifinyezo seAmerican Standards Association. Kwiindawo ezithile zaseYurophu, kukwasetyenziswa iDIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm). Ifilimu ebhalwe ngokuthi ISO 100/21 yiASA 100 okanye i-21 DIN.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 26]
Ezinye Zeendlela Zokuthintela Imifanekiso Edanisayo
1. Funda uze ulandele ngenyameko imiyalelo yekhamera.
2. Qiniseka ukuba usilungelelanise ngokuchanileyo isantya sekhamera.
3. Qiniseka ukuba isilanga neflash azisithwanga yiminwe yakho okanye isiciko sesilanga.
4. Bumba uze ulungelelanise umfanekiso wakho ngokutshintsha indawo omi kuyo okanye ngokusebenzisa isilanga esandisa nesinciphisa imifanekiso.
5. Yibambe ikhamera yakho ingashukumi, uze ucofe iqhosha lokufota.
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 24]
Intunja evuleke kakhulu (i-“f-stop” esezantsi) iyayikhetha intyatyambo kokungasemva kwayo; intunja evuleke kancinane ikugcina oko ukufotayo nokungasemva kwako kubonakala
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 25]
I-“flash” ithintela ubukho bezithunzi ezimnyama ezikwifoto engasentla
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]
Ngokusebenzisa indlela enye, “umgaqo wezithathu,” umdla awubikho sekugcineni umfanekiso usembindini wefoto