Ngaba Inzululwazi Inokuhlangabezana Nocelomngeni Lwenkulungwane Yama-21?
“Ngoku kukho ubungqina obeyisayo obungokwenzululwazi obubonisa ukuba uMama onguMhlaba akanako ukuqhubana nabantwana bakhe abangakhathaliyo, nabangalawulekiyo kangangethuba elide gqitha.”—IThe European, kaMatshi 19-25, 1992.
ABAFUNDI ngezinto zendalo nendawo eziphila kuyo ngokwandayo banoluvo lokuba ukusongelwa komhlaba, kungekhona ukuba benza nje imbambano ngonobenani, kungumbandela onzulu yaye ngokuqinisekileyo kufanele kunikelwe ingqalelo kuko. Enyanisweni, bathi kubalulekile ukuba kuthatyathwe inyathelo elithile ngokukhawuleza ukuze kuphetshwe intlekele. Umongameli Weziko Elondela Iziganeko Zehlabathi wathetha oku kulandelayo ekupheleni nje kweminyaka yee-1980: “Asinazo izizukulwana. Kuphela nje sineminyaka yokuzama ukubuyisela izinto emva.”
Abahleli bencwadi enomxholo othi, 5000 Days to Save the Planet babengqale ngakumbi xa bapapasha incwadi yabo ngowe-1990. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukubala kwabo besiza kwixesha lamanqam kuyaqhubeka. Ngokwexesha labo elimisiweyo, ngoku ixesha eliseleyo lokulondoloza isijikelezi-langa lilengalenga kufuphi nosuku lwama-4 000. Yaye ngexesha inkulungwane yama-21 iqalisa, inani liya kuba lehle ukusa kwimihla emalunga ne-1 500, ngaphandle kokuba kukho nto ithile engaqhelekanga eyenzekayo okwalo mzuzu.
Ziziphi iimeko ezingaqhelekanga ezibe ngunobangela weli xesha liphawulekayo lamanqam? Luluphi ucelomngeni oluziswa yile nkulungwane izayo?
Iingxaki Azinciphi
Abantu abathanda uxolo bayavuya kuba iMfazwe Yomlomo iphelile. Kodwa ucelomngeni lokuzuza nokulondoloza uxolo lwehlabathi alunto iqinisekileyo. NgoJanuwari 1990 uMongameli uMitterrand waseFransi, ethetha ngeengxaki ezingomanyano lwaseYurophu, wathi: “Siphila kwihlabathi elingekho sikweni kodwa elizinzileyo, kuba ihlabathi esijonge phambili kulo liya kuba lelisesikweni ngakumbi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo liya kuba lelingazinzanga ngakumbi.” Yaye kwiphephandaba iThe European kwabhalwa oku: “Inkululeko [kumazwe amanyeneyo awayesakuba ngaphantsi kweSoviet] iye yabangela ukungazinzi okukhulayo, nto leyo eye yawabangela anda amathuba okubakho kwemfazwe yenyukliya ebisabonakala ikude.”
Eneneni, lumbi ucelomngeni ihlabathi elijamelene nalo ngoku ngokusisiseko lwalungaziwa ekuqaliseni kweMfazwe Yomlomo. Kunjengokuba incwadi ethi 5000 Days to Save the Planet isithi: “Kuphela kwiminyaka nje engamashumi amahlanu edluleyo imeko-bume yehlabathi ibiyelungelelene kakhulu. . . . Ihlabathi laliyindawo enkulu, entle neyomeleleyo; kwakunokwenzeka njani ukuba silonakalise? Namhlanje sixelelwa ukuba isijikelezi-langa sethu sikwixesha lamanqam, kuba siyasitshabalalisa yaye sisingcolisa ukusa kwintlekele enkulu yomhlaba ngokubanzi.”
Iintlekele ekufane kuthiwe zezemvelo—izikhukula, uqhwithela, iinyikima zomhlaba, ugqabhuko-dubulo lweentaba-mlilo—zikho kuyo yonke indawo. Kusenokungaqinisekwa ngokuba abantu baya kuzamazamana nale meko-bume ukusa kuwuphi na umkhamo. Kukho ubungqina bokuba umaleko okhusela umhlaba ekugqatsweni yimitha yelanga eyingozi uye waceketheka ngokuyingozi kwiindawo ezithile. Zimbi izazinzulu zilumkisa ngelithi ukuguquguquka kwemo yezulu okunokubangela iintlekele, kunokwenzeka nje ngephanyazo kunokuba kuvele ngokuthe ngcembe.
Umhlaza, isifo sentliziyo, iingxaki zokutyhutyha kwegazi emzimbeni, nentlaninge yezinye izifo ziye zabucel’ umngeni kangangethuba elide ubuchule beengcali zamayeza. Phezu kwayo nje iminyaka yokwenza inkqubela kwezamayeza, ezi zifo zisaqhubeka ziqengq’ ugodo. EYurophu kuphela, abantu abathelekelelwa kwi-1 200 000 babulawa ngumhlaza minyaka le, phantse bangaphezu kwama-65 ekhulwini kuneminyaka elishumi edluleyo. Ngenxa yokunxunguphaliswa sisibetho esitsha—uGawulayo, osabulele abantu abambalwa gqitha ngokwentelekiso—ubukhulu becala le lahleko inkulu ayiphawulwa.
Nalu olunye ucelomngeni: Kwiminyaka engaPhantsi kwengama-200, abemi behlabathi baye banda ukususela kubantu abaliwaka lezigidi ukusa kubantu abangamawaka amahlanu anesiqingatha ezigidi. Phezu kwako nje ukuhla kwakutshanje komlinganiselo wolwando lwaminyaka le, bambi bathelekelela ukuba ngonyaka wama-2025, mhlawumbi umlinganiselo wabemi behlabathi uya kube udlule kumawaka asibhozo ezigidi, yaye ngonyaka wama-2050 uya kube usondele kumawaka alishumi ezigidi. Baya kuhlala phi bonke aba bantu? Baya kutya ntoni? Ingxelo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ekhutshwe ngowe-1991 yathelekelela ukuba abantu abaliwaka lezigidi sele behlala kubuhlwempu bokwenene, ubomi babo “buthwaxwa kukungondleki, ukungafundi nezifo kangangokuba bude bube ngaphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imo esengqiqweni yesidima sobuntu.”
UPaul R. Ehrlich, unjingalwazi wezifundo zabemi behlabathi kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford eUnited States, uphawula ubukhulu bale ngxaki, xa esithi: “Ngoxa ukuphuphuma kwabemi kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kubenza bathwaxwe bubuhlwempu, ukuphuphuma kwabemi kumazwe anobutyebi kubenza ukuba bawatshabalalise amandla okuxhasa ubomi aso sonke isijikelezi-langa.”
Into yokuba ezi meko zikhankanywe ngaphambilana—okanye ezinye ezinjengokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukunqongophala kweendawo zokuhlala, ulwaphulo-mthetho, nongquzulwano ngokobuhlanga—kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwikamva elingekude zizise intlekele emhlabeni ngokubanzi oku kungunobangela wenkxalabo yokwenene. Ucelomngeni lucacile. Into efihlakeleyo yindlela yokuqhubana nalo.
Ukufuna Iindlela Zokuqhubana Nalo
Noko ke, ngenxa yobunzulu bezi ngxaki, oorhulumente, ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zongxamiseko, bafuna izicombululo. Ngokomzekelo, kwicala lemeko-bume, eyona ntlanganiso inkulu kwezakha zaqhutywa engezinto zendalo nendawo eziphila kuyo yaqhutyelwa eRio de Janeiro kwinyanga kaJuni ophelileyo. Le Ntlanganiso yoMhlaba Wonke eyayiququzelelwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yayiyeyesibini yohlobo lwayo, ilandela enye eyaqhutywa eStockholm, eSweden ngowe-1972. Ngelo xesha ilungu elidumileyo lezobupolitika laseJamani lathi: “Le nkomfa inokubangela inguqulelo kwikamva lesijikelezi-langa.”
Licacile elokuba, intlanganiso yowe-1972 yawa nganeno koko kwakulindelwe. UMaurice F. Strong, umququzeleli oyintloko wazo zombini ezi nkomfa, eyowe-1972 neyowe-1992, wavuma esithi: “Ngale minyaka ingama-20 ukususela kwintlanganiso eyayiseStockholm sifundile ukuba umgaqo ongokwemeko-bume, okuphela kwesixhobo amaziko oncedo kwimeko-bume anaso, ubalulekile kodwa awanele. Ufanele uphelekwe ziinguqulelo ezibalulekileyo kwiintshukumisa ezisisiseko zemo yethu yezoqoqosho.”
Noko ke, ngaba inkomfa yowe-1992, iya kungqineka iphumelela ngakumbi ekufikeleleni ezi ‘nguqulelo zibalulekileyo’ ukudlula leyo yowe-1972? Yaye ukuba akunjalo, ngaba kwesi sijikelezi-langa sethu kusaya kubakho ithuba kweminye iminyaka engama-20, ngowama-2012, lokuqhutywa kweNtlanganiso yesithathu yoMhlaba Wonke?
Ukujamelana Nolona Celomngeni Lwayo Lukhulu
Abantu ngokubanzi baya besiba ngabangaqinisekanga kwaphela ngamandla onqulo nawezobupolitika okucombulula iingxaki zehlabathi. Kodwa ukuba asilulo unqulo, asizizo ezobupolitika, yintoni enako ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni olunzima lwenkulungwane yama-21?
Incwadana enemifanekiso eyapapashwa liSebe Elimanyeneyo LaseJamani Lezophando Nobugcisa (German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology) iyawucacisa lo mbuzo. “Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuna ubuchule bokukwazi ukuqhubana nezobupolitika obunokunceda kungekuphela nje ekuphepheni naziphi na iinguqulelo ezingakumbi ezibangelwa ngumntu kodwa kwakhona obunokuthintela imiphumo engafanelekanga yeenguqulelo zomhlaba uphela. Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kweengxaki esijongene nazo, izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zezobupolitika ziya kusekelwa kuphela kwizinto ezomeleleyo ezifunyenwe yinzululwazi nakwizinto ezinokuthenjwa ezibonwe kwangaphambili. Le kubonakala ikuphela kwendlela yokuphepha oku kwenzekayo okuziindleko okanye okunganqwenelekiyo nokubangela intlekele. Ukulungiselelwa kwale nkcazelo kubangela olona celomngeni lukhulu kwibutho lezenzululwazi kwixesha langoku.”
Inzululwazi ikhe yajamelana nocelomngeni oluxhalabisayo ngaphambili yaye iye yaqhubana nalo, ubuncinane ukusa kumlinganiselo othile. Sekunjalo, asinto iphosakeleyo ukubuza enoba inzululwazi inako kusini na ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni olungaqhelekanga olubangelwa yinkulungwane ezayo yama-21. Ngaba likho ithemba lokuba izinto ziya kulunga ekugqibeleni?
UVukani! uyakuvuyela ukukwazisa ukuba uza kunikela ingxubusho yezi meko zinzima, ingxubusho eza kugutyungelwa kungcelele lwamanqaku aqalisa kule nkupho. Nali iCandelo 1.
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 4]
Yintoni enokwenziwa yinzululwazi ngongcoliso, ngesifo, nokuphuphuma kwabemi?
[Inkcazelo]
WHO photo by P. Almasy
WHO photo by P. Almasy