Ukhetho Neengxaki Ezibandakanyekileyo

Khawucinge ngentlungu esiba kuyo isibini esitshatileyo esifuna umntwana kodwa esingakwaziyo ukumfumana ngenxa yobudlolo. Sibhenela kwabezonyango ukuze sifumane uncedo yaye sifumanisa ukuba buninzi ubugcisa nonyango oluvelisiweyo ukuze koyiswe ingxaki yobudlolo. Ukuba kukho unyango esilukhethayo, ngaba kubalulekile ukuba sikhetha luphi?

NAMHLANJE izibini ezingamadlolo ziyakwazi ukwenza ukhetho olwalungafumaneki kumashumi eminyaka adluleyo. Kodwa ke ngokuphathelele olo khetho kuphakama lo mbuzo ubalulekileyo, Iindlela zobugcisa zokuvelisa inzala ziyichaphazela njani imilinganiselo yokuziphatha? Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele lo mbandela masibone indlela iicawa ezahlukahlukeneyo ezizijonga ngayo ezi ndlela zokuvelisa inzala.

Athini Amaqela Onqulo?

Ngowe-1987 iCawa yamaKatolika yakhupha uxwebhu olwaluthetha ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokunxulumene neendlela zokuvelisa inzala. Ibinzana elithi Donum Vitae (Isipho Sobomi), libonisa ukuba xa ubugcisa bezonyango buluncedo ekuvelisweni kwenzala, unyango olunjalo lunokugqalwa njengendlela efanelekileyo yokuziphatha. Kwelinye icala, olu xwebhu lwabonisa ukuba ukuba unyango oluthile luthabathel’ indawo indlela yokuveliswa kwenzala ngokwemvelo alwamkelekanga ngokwemilinganiselo efanelekileyo yokuziphatha. Ngokuphathelele le ngcamango, utyando lokulungisa ingxaki ekwiifallopian tubes nokusetyenziswa kwamayeza okwenza umntu akwazi ukuvelisa inzala kunokugqalwa njengento eyamkelekileyo kodwa ukukhawulelwa komntwana kwitest-tube akwamkelekanga ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Kunyaka olandelayo iU.S. Congressional yabuza amaqela onqulo ngoluvo lwawo ngokuphathelele unyango lobudlolo. Ingxelo yabonisa ukuba inkoliso yawo iyakwamkela ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okunyanga ubudlolo, ukufakwa kwamadlozi omyeni esibelekweni somfazi wakhe ngendlela engeyoyamvelo nenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-in vitro fertilization (ukukhawulelwa ebhotileni), xa kudityaniswa iqanda lomfazi nedlozi lendoda atshate nayo. Ngapha koko, inkoliso yaloo maqela ayebuzwa uluvo lwawo ngalo mbandela yathi ukutshatyalaliswa kweembumba, ukusetyenziswa kwamadlozi omnye umntu nokumitha umntwana wabanye abantu akwamkelekanga ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.a

Ngowe-1997 iEuropean Ecumenical Commission for Church and Society (iEECCS), iqela elibunjwa ngamalungu ecawa yamaProtestanti, amaTshetshi namaOthodoki, kuxwebhu lokuchaza izimvo, labonisa ukuba kukho ukwahlukahlukana kwezimvo phakathi kwalo ngokuphathelele umba wokuveliswa kwenzala ngendlela engeyoyamvelo. Ligxininisa ukuba kuxhomekeke kwisazela somntu ngamnye yaye yimbopheleleko yomntu ngamnye ukugqiba ngalo mbandela, eli phepha lathi: “Ingongoma kukuba kunzima ukuthethela iqela le-EECCS liphela. Kuba mntu ngamnye unembono eyahlukileyo ngokuphathelele lo mbandela.”

Kucacile ukuba kukho ukwahluka okukhulu kwezimvo ngokuphathelele ukuveliswa kwenzala ngendlela engeyoyamvelo. I-UN World Health Organization iyavuma ukuba iindlela zobugcisa zokuvelisa inzala “zisoloko zibangela amathandabuzo ngokuphathelele imigaqo yobuntu, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha neenkqubo zasemthethweni.” Ziziphi ezinye izinto abantu abafanele baziqwalasele ngaphambi kokuba benze isigqibo sokwamkela iindlela zokuveliswa kwenzala ngendlela engeyoyamvelo?

Ziziphi Iimbambano Ezibandakanyekileyo?

Into esisiseko esifanele siyiqwalasele bubume bemveku engekazalwa. Oku kunokuthanani nombuzo obalulekileyo, Buqalisa nini ubomi—ekukhawulweni okanye kamva xa sele umntu ekhulelwe? Ngokuqinisekileyo, impendulo yalo mbuzo inokusichaphazela isigqibo esenziwa zizibini ezininzi ezitshatileyo ngokuphathelele uhlobo lonyango ezilukhethayo. Ukuba ngokomzekelo zikholelwa ukuba ubomi buqalisa ekukhawulweni, ngoko kukho imibuzo esisiseko efanele iqwalaselwe.

● Ngaba isibini sifanele sivumele oogqirha basebenzise inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokufaka amaqanda angakumbi xa kudityaniswa iqanda namadlozi, ukuze kubekho iimbumba ezininzi ezinokusetyenziswa kwixa elizayo?

● Kuya kwenziwa ntoni ngezo mbumba ziye zagcinwa ukuba isibini asikwazi okanye asinamdla wokuphinda sibe nabanye abantwana?

● Kuya kwenziwa ntoni ngeembumba ezigciniweyo ukuba isibini siqhawula umtshato okanye omnye wabo uyafa?

● Ngubani oya kwenza isigqibo esinzima sokutshatyalaliswa kwezo mbumba?

Umbandela woko kumele kwenziwe ngeembumba ezingakhange zisetyenziswe okanye ebezigciniwe awunakuthatyathwa lula. Kwamanye amazwe kukho umgaqo osemthethweni onyanzelisa ukuba isibini size noxwebhu olubhaliweyo oluchaza into emayenziwe ngeembumba eziseleyo—enoba zifanele zigcinwe, kuphiswe ngazo, zisetyenziswe xa kusenziwa uphando okanye zitshatyalaliswe kusini na. Izibini zifanele ziyiqonde into yokuba kwezinye iindawo yamkelekile into yokuba ikliniki izitshabalalise iimbumba ezigciniweyo enoba akukho xwebhu lubhaliweyo lugunyazisa oko, ukuba kuye kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu kungekho mntu uzikhathaleleyo. Namhlanje, ehlabathini lonke kukho iikliniki ezigcine amakhulu amawaka eembumba emkhenkceni.

Enye into izibini ezimele ziyiqwalasele kukuba zisenokucelwa ukuba ziphise ngeembumba ezingakhange zisetyenziswe ukuze zisetyenziswe xa kusenziwa uphando ngestem cell. Ngokomzekelo, iAmerican Infertility Association, iye yakhuthaza izibini ukuba ziphise ngeembumba zazo eziselugcinweni ukuze zisetyenziswe xa kusenziwa uphando. Enye injongo yokwenza uphando ngestem cell kukuzama ukufumana iindlela ezintsha zokunyanga izifo. Kodwa olu hlobo lophando luye lwabangela impikiswano enkulu ngenxa yokuba xa kukhutshwa istem cells kwimbumba, iyafa.b

Ubugcisa bakutshanje bemizila yemfuza buye bavusa enye impikiswano. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ngokuxilongwa kwemizila yemfuza ngaphambi kokuba imbumba ifakwe kumama. (Bona ibhokisi ethi “Kuthekani Ngokuxilongwa Kwemizila Yemfuza Ngaphambi Kokuba Imbumba Ifakwe Kumama?”) Obu bugcisa buquka ukuxilongwa kwembumba kuze kukhethwe leyo—mhlawumbi yobuni obufunwayo okanye leyo kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ayinasifo sithile—iza kufakwa esibelekweni. Abagxeki balumkisa ngelithi obu bugcisa bunokukhokelela ekubeni kukhethwe ubuni obuthile ngaphezu kobunye okanye ekugqibeleni bunokubangela ukuba izibini zikhethele abantwana bazo imizila ethile yemfuza, kuquka ibala leenwele okanye lamehlo. Olu hlobo lobugcisa lubangela ukuba kuphakame lo mbuzo, Kwenzeka ntoni kwiimbumba ezingakhange zikhethwe?

Ngaba Iqhina Lomtshato Liya Kuchaphazeleka?

Xa sicinga ngeendlela ezithile zokunyanga ubudlolo, kukho nenye inkalo esifanele siyiqwalasele. Ukusetyenziswa kwebhinqa elithile ukuba likhulelwe umntwana wabanye abantu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamadlozi okanye amaqanda abanye abantu kuya kulichaphazela njani iqhina lomtshato? Kwinkqubo yokuzalwa komntwana, ezinye iindlela zobugcisa zifaka umntu wesithathu (lowo uza kuphisa ngembewu yenzala) okanye wesine (abantu ababini abaza kuphisa ngembewu yenzala) okanye wesihlanu (abantu ababini abaza kuphisa ngembewu yenzala, nebhinqa eliza kukhulelwa umntwana).

Ngokuphathelele unyango oluquka ukusebenzisa amadlozi namaqanda abanye abantu, abo bantu babandakanyekileyo bafanele baqwalasele nezinye izinto.

● Ukuzalwa kwaloo mntwana kunokuba nawuphi umphumo ngokweemvakalelo kubazali xa emnye kuphela—okanye kungekho namnye kubo—ongumzali wokwenene waloo mntwana?

● Unyana okanye intombi iya kuvakalelwa njani xa ifumanisa ukuba yakhawulwa ngaloo ndlela ingaqhelekanga?

● Ngaba umntwana ufanele axelelwe ngabazali bakhe aze avunyelwe ukuba aye kukhangela uyise okanye unina wokwenene?

● Loo mntu okanye abo bantu baphise ngamaqanda namadlozi abo banawaphi amalungelo okanye iimbopheleleko zasemthethweni?

Kuthekani Ngokungachazwa Kwamagama?

Umthetho osetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi ngowokuba amagama abo baphise ngamadlozi namaqanda abo angachazwa. IHuman Fertilisation and Embryology Authority elawula ukusetyenziswa kwembewu yabantu yokuvelisa inzala eBritani, ithi: “Ngaphandle kokuba umntu uphiwe imbewu yokuvelisa inzala ngumntu amaziyo, amagama abantu abaphise ngamadlozi namaqanda abo akayi kuchazwa kwizibini ezinikwe loo madlozi naloo maqanda yaye nabantwana abaya kuveliswa abayi kuchazelwa amagama abo bantu.”

Noko ke, kwezinye iindawo lo mbandela wokungachazwa kwamagama ubangela enkulu impikiswano. Amazwe aliqela aye ayitshintsha imigaqo okanye imithetho yawo. Abo bachaseneyo nalo mthetho wokungachazwa kwamagama abantu babethelela ingongoma yokuba abantwana bafanele bayazi kakuhle imvelaphi yabo. Enye ingxelo ithi: “Abantwana abangaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini kwabo bakhuliswa ngabazali abangengobabo baye bafune izalamane zabo zegazi, abaninzi kubo, njengoko kunjalo ngenkoliso yabantu bafuna ukwazi ngomlibo wabo wokuzalwa. Abamalunga nama-70 ekhulwini bafuna inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele imizila yemfuza enokubangela ukuba babe sesichengeni sokugula zizifo ezithile abagula zizo abazali babo bokwenene.”

Enye ingxelo, esekelwe kudliwano-ndlebe olwenziwa nabantu abadala abali-16 abakhawulwa ngendlela engeyoyamvelo, yabonisa ukuba “abaninzi bothuka bakukwazi abazali babo bokwenene.” Le ngxelo yahlabela mgama yathi: “Abantwana abaninzi babenengxaki yokungayazi imvelaphi yabo yaye babeziva beshiywe enyanyeni. Babeziva beqhathiwe yaye bengazithembi iintsapho zabo.”

Uya Kufikelela Kwesiphi Isigqibo?

Ngokuqinisekileyo inzululwazi yezonyango iza kuhambela phambili ekuveliseni abantwana ngendlela engeyoyamvelo. Abanye bathi kwixa elizayo, ama-30 ekhulwini abo bonke abantwana abaya kuzalwa aya kuveliswa ngolu hlobo lobugcisa. Impikiswano ngokuphathelele imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ebandakanyekileyo koku, iya kuqhubeka.

AmaKristu okwenyaniso akhokelwa yinto ebaluleke nangakumbi—imbono yoMdali wethu, lowo walungiselela ukuba kuveliswe inzala. (INdumiso 36:9) Kakade ke, iBhayibhile ayithethi ngokuthe ngqo ngobugcisa bezi mini bokuveliswa kwenzala kuba ubugcisa obunjalo babungekho ngamaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile. Noko ke, iBhayibhile inikela imigaqo ecacileyo ebonisa iingcinga neembono zikaThixo. (Bona ibhokisi ethi “Ithini IBhayibhile?”) Loo migaqo iyasinceda xa sisenza izigqibo ezinokuthanani nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yaye ifanele isishiye sinezazela ezicocekileyo phambi koThixo.—1 Timoti 1:5.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24]

Buqalisa Nini Ubomi?

Ubomi buqalisa ekukhuleni kwemveku esesiswini kwiintsuku zokuqala ezili-14 emva kokuba iqanda lidibene nedlozi. Emva koko, ibizwa ngokuba yimbumba de kube sekupheleni kweveki yesibhozo. Ukususela ngoko ibizwa ngokuba yimveku engekazalwa.

Ngokutsho kwe-International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, ibinzana elibhekisela kubomi bemveku kwiintsuku zokuqala zokuphila kwayo “lalisetyenziswa njengesiseko sokuvumela ukuba kwenziwe uphando kwimbumba engekazalwa” ebudeni beentsuku ezili-14 zokuqala emva kokudibana kweqanda nedlozi. Enye incwadi ithi: “Ukuba umntu uchaza imbumba njengento egqibela ngokuba lusana, iziqalelo zayo ziyileka malunga neeveki ezimbini emva kokudibana kwedlozi neqanda.” Kodwa ngaba le mbumba kunokuthiwa sisicuku nje seeseli, esinokusetyenziswa kuphela ekwenzeni uphando? Phawula oko kwenzekayo ebudeni bezi veki zimbini.

Emva kokuba idlozi lingene eqandeni, kwisithuba esimalunga neeyure ezingama-24 iichromosomes zendoda nezebhinqa ziyadibana. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezilandelayo iseli iyaziphindaphinda. Kwiintsuku ezine okanye ezintlanu emva kokudibana kweqanda nedlozi, isicuku seeseli siba yingqukuva (ngelo xesha sisengaphantsi kwentloko kanotaka) enomcu ongaphandle nesicuku seeseli ngaphakathi. Esi sicuku sibizwa ngokuba yiblastocyst. Uninzi lweeseli ezingaphandle aluyi kuba yinxalenye yemveku. Noko ke, isicuku seeseli ezingaphakathi siya kukhula sibe lusana.

Malunga neveki emva kokuba iqanda lidibene nedlozi, imbumba inamathela esibelekweni. Iblastocyst inamathela esibelekweni kuze kwakheke umkhaya (placenta), oluncedo ekudluliseni ioxygen nokutya okuvela egazini likamama nasekukhutshweni kokungcola. Ngokutsho kwencwadi ethi Incredible Voyage—Exploring the Human Body, malunga nosuku lwesithoba isicuku seeseli siqalisa “ukwakha umntu omtsha.” Yongezelela ithi: “Ezo seli zimalunga nama-20 zimele zitshintshatshintshe kwisithuba seentsuku ezintlanu okanye ezintandathu ukuze kwakheke isiyilelo sokuqala sembumba.” Ngoko ekupheleni kweveki yesibini, kuqala ukuvela esi ‘siyilelo sokuqala sembumba,’ ekuthi ekugqibeleni kwakheke kuso imithambo-luvo.

Ngenxa yokuba imbumba ikhula ngokwala manqanaba, abanye bathi “akukho nqanaba okanye sihlandlo sikhethekileyo esinokugqalwa njengesiqalo sobomi bemveku.”

Noko ke, amaKristu okwenyaniso akholelwa ukuba ubomi buqalisa ekukhawulweni. Isibakala sokuba iseli yokuqala eyileka ekudibaneni kwedlozi neqanda inenkqubo yokwakha umkhaya, ibangela ukunamathela kwesicuku seeseli esibelekweni, ukondliwa kwemveku ngemithambo-luvo kanina nezinye izinto ezongezelelekileyo, sandisa uxabiso lwawo ngoMyili, uYehova uThixo.

[Umfanekiso]

Imbumba kwiintsuku ezintathu (yandisiwe, malunga nama-400X)

[Inkcazelo]

Courtesy of the University of Utah Andrology and IVF Laboratories

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 25]

KUTHEKANI NGOKUHLOLWA KWEMIZILA YEMFUZA NGAPHAMBI KOKUBA IMBUMBA IFAKWE KUMAMA?

Inkqubo entsha ephathelele ukudityaniselwa kwamadlozi namaqanda ebhotileni ibizwa ngokuba kukuhlolwa kwemizila yemfuza ngaphambi kokuba imbumba ifakwe kumama. Oku kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwemizila yemfuza yeembumba kuze kukhethwe leyo iza kufakwa esibelekweni. Igqabaza ngoko kubandakanyekileyo kolu hlobo lobugcisa, incwadi ethi Choosing Assisted Reproduction—Social, Emotional and Ethical Considerations ithi:

“Kungekudala [izazinzulu] ziza kukwazi ukuhlola iimbumba zize zibone iimpawu zomzimba, ubukrelekrele yaye mhlawumbi iimvakalelo nendlela loo mntwana aya kuqhubana ngayo nabanye abantu. Ngoko ke, kungekudala abazali baza kukwazi ukukhetha iimpawu abazifunayo kubantwana babo. Yaye nangona abantu abaninzi besenokuyixhasa into yokuba izibini ezinemfuza yesifo esithile esoyikekayo zihlole imizila yemfuza yembumba ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe kumama, abaninzi abayi kuluxhasa olu hlobo lobugcisa kwizibini ezifuna umntwana wobuni obuthile—okanye ezo kwixa elizayo ziya kufuna umntwana onamehlo aluhlaza okanye oyinkunkqele kwezomculo okanye omde ngesithomo.

“Njengazo zonke ezinye izinto ezinokuthanani nenkqubela yobugcisa, ukuhlolwa kwemizila yemfuza ngaphambi kokuba imbumba ifakwe kumama kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba ngaba into imele yenziwe kuba nje inokwenzeka. . . . Ingxaki kukuba kunokumiselwa wuphi umqathango—ukuba phofu unokumiselwa—kule ntsinda-badala idalwe yinkqubela yobugcisa.”

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]

ITHINI IBHAYIBHILE?

Eneneni, iBhayibhile ayinanto iyithethayo ngokuthe ngqo ngeenkqubo zanamhlanje zokunceda abantu bakwazi ukuvelisa inzala. Noko ke, iyasinceda sazi imbono kaThixo ngemibandela ethile ebalulekileyo. Yaye ukwazi iimpendulo zemibuzo emibini esisiseko kunokuwanceda amaKristu okwenyaniso enze izigqibo ezikholisa uThixo.

Buqala nini ubomi bomntu? IBhayibhile ibonisa ukuba ubomi buqalisa ekukhawulweni. Phawula amazwi omdumisi uDavide, owaphefumlelwa ukuba athi ngoThixo: “Amehlo akho andibona ndiseyimbumba, yaye zonke iinxalenye zam zazibhalwe phantsi encwadini yakho.” (INdumiso 139:16) Phawula ne-Eksodus 21:22, 23, ulwimi lwantlandlolo olusetyenziswe kwesi sibhalo lubonisa ukuba umntu wayeya kubekw’ ityala xa eye wenzakalisa umntwana ongekazalwa. Into esiyifundayo apha kukuba uMdali ugqala ubomi njengobuxabisekileyo kwanaxa usana lusaqala ukukhula esibelekweni. Ukutshatyalaliswa ngabom kwembumba esakhulayo, uThixo ukugqala njengokuqhomfa.c

Ngaba kukho imiqathango ethile ngokuphathelele indlela umntu afanele awasebenzise ngayo amandla akhe okuvelisa inzala? Imbono kaThixo inokufunyanwa kwiLevitikus 18:20, ethi: “Uze ungakhupheli amadlozi akho kumfazi wesinxulumani sakho, uzenze ongahlambulukanga ngawo.” Umgaqo osisiseko ofumaneka kumyalelo okwesi Sibhalo ngowokuba: Amadlozi endoda awafanele afakwe komnye umntu ongengomfazi wayo yaye umfazi akafanele amithe umntwana womnye umntu ongengomyeni wakhe. Ngamany’ amazwi, amandla okuvelisa inzala akafanele asetyenziswe komnye umntu ongeloqabane lomtshato. Ngoko ke, amaKristu okwenyaniso ayakuphepha ukumitha umntwana wabanye abantu nazo naziphi na iinkqubo ezibandakanya ukusebenzisa amadlozi, amaqanda okanye iimbumba zabanye abantu.d

Xa esenza isigqibo esibandakanya iindlela zokuvelisa inzala ezingezozamvelo, amaKristu okwenyaniso amele acingisise ngoko kutyhilwa yiBhayibhile ngendlela uThixo acinga ngayo.e Ngapha koko, unguMsunguli wobomi bomtshato nobentsapho.—Efese 3:14, 15.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]

Iimbumba ezigcinwe emkhenkceni

[Inkcazelo]

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